Pub Date : 2020-10-20DOI: 10.23919/SMAGRIMET48809.2020.9264013
Yu. N. Bulatov, A. Cherepanov, A. Kryukov, K. Suslov
The aim of studies presented in this article is to determine energy efficiency of distributed generation (DG) plants in railroads power supply systems (RPSS). The study was carried out using Fazonord software application designed for power supply systems simulation in phase coordinates. The results obtained proved that the following positive results can be obtained based on DG plants: reduction in energy supply costs due to the lower cost of electricity generated at its own cogeneration plants (CGP), compared with the rates of the energy supplying entity; reduction of power losses at the main sections of supplying power line on average by 53-58%, in traction transformers - by 18–32%. The use of automatic excitation controllers of CGP generators that maintain constant voltage levels on 10 kV buses allows to increase the effect of power line losses reduction by up to 80%, as well as to stabilize voltages on load utilizing equipment of electric locomotives; in which case the amplitude of these voltages decreases by about 25%.
{"title":"Distributed Generation in Railroad Power Supply Systems","authors":"Yu. N. Bulatov, A. Cherepanov, A. Kryukov, K. Suslov","doi":"10.23919/SMAGRIMET48809.2020.9264013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/SMAGRIMET48809.2020.9264013","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of studies presented in this article is to determine energy efficiency of distributed generation (DG) plants in railroads power supply systems (RPSS). The study was carried out using Fazonord software application designed for power supply systems simulation in phase coordinates. The results obtained proved that the following positive results can be obtained based on DG plants: reduction in energy supply costs due to the lower cost of electricity generated at its own cogeneration plants (CGP), compared with the rates of the energy supplying entity; reduction of power losses at the main sections of supplying power line on average by 53-58%, in traction transformers - by 18–32%. The use of automatic excitation controllers of CGP generators that maintain constant voltage levels on 10 kV buses allows to increase the effect of power line losses reduction by up to 80%, as well as to stabilize voltages on load utilizing equipment of electric locomotives; in which case the amplitude of these voltages decreases by about 25%.","PeriodicalId":272673,"journal":{"name":"2020 3rd International Colloquium on Intelligent Grid Metrology (SMAGRIMET)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123805279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-20DOI: 10.23919/SMAGRIMET48809.2020.9264016
Ž. Nakutis, Vytautas Daunoras, Tadas Rybelis, P. Kuzas, Kipras Jasiūas
In this paper a case study of two network nodes interconnected over power line communication technology is provided. Standard ping utility was modified to generate timestamps corresponding to those used in SNTP. Experimental estimation of the round trip delay and clock offset was carried out utilizing ST8500 PLC-G3 modems from ST Microelectronics. It was found that uplink and downlink delays exhibit a jitter causing communication channel asymmetry which is detrimental for the accuracy of the SNTP clock synchronization. It is suspected that the reason of uplink and downlink delays jitter is mainly due to RTOS controlled software implementing communication stacks on both client and server sides. Nevertheless, the accuracy of clock adjustment may be improved by averaging a group of clock offset estimates. In particular, to achieve approximately 10 ms accuracy 100 SNTP transactions has to be completed and the mean offset used to adjust the client clock.
{"title":"Clock Synchronization Accuracy of Power Line Communication Connected Devices: a Case Study","authors":"Ž. Nakutis, Vytautas Daunoras, Tadas Rybelis, P. Kuzas, Kipras Jasiūas","doi":"10.23919/SMAGRIMET48809.2020.9264016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/SMAGRIMET48809.2020.9264016","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper a case study of two network nodes interconnected over power line communication technology is provided. Standard ping utility was modified to generate timestamps corresponding to those used in SNTP. Experimental estimation of the round trip delay and clock offset was carried out utilizing ST8500 PLC-G3 modems from ST Microelectronics. It was found that uplink and downlink delays exhibit a jitter causing communication channel asymmetry which is detrimental for the accuracy of the SNTP clock synchronization. It is suspected that the reason of uplink and downlink delays jitter is mainly due to RTOS controlled software implementing communication stacks on both client and server sides. Nevertheless, the accuracy of clock adjustment may be improved by averaging a group of clock offset estimates. In particular, to achieve approximately 10 ms accuracy 100 SNTP transactions has to be completed and the mean offset used to adjust the client clock.","PeriodicalId":272673,"journal":{"name":"2020 3rd International Colloquium on Intelligent Grid Metrology (SMAGRIMET)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124386706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-20DOI: 10.23919/SMAGRIMET48809.2020.9264015
Filip Barišić, Kristijan Špoljarić, H. Hegedus, P. Mostarac
In this paper, a simulation system is presented that measures the stress and contraction of a displacement transducer. The displacement transducer specifications are achieved by the voltage divider described in the paper. Structure of voltage reference, voltage divider, DC voltage generator, instrumentation amplifier and two different data loggers is presented. System was tested in a way that voltage divider produced three voltage levels of -4 mV, 0 mV and +4 mV. Analyzing these three voltage levels conclusions were made about resolution, noise and accuracy. Particular system is tested in laboratory conditions.
{"title":"High precision data acquisition system for resistance measurement with Wheatstone bridge","authors":"Filip Barišić, Kristijan Špoljarić, H. Hegedus, P. Mostarac","doi":"10.23919/SMAGRIMET48809.2020.9264015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/SMAGRIMET48809.2020.9264015","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a simulation system is presented that measures the stress and contraction of a displacement transducer. The displacement transducer specifications are achieved by the voltage divider described in the paper. Structure of voltage reference, voltage divider, DC voltage generator, instrumentation amplifier and two different data loggers is presented. System was tested in a way that voltage divider produced three voltage levels of -4 mV, 0 mV and +4 mV. Analyzing these three voltage levels conclusions were made about resolution, noise and accuracy. Particular system is tested in laboratory conditions.","PeriodicalId":272673,"journal":{"name":"2020 3rd International Colloquium on Intelligent Grid Metrology (SMAGRIMET)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128009566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-20DOI: 10.23919/SMAGRIMET48809.2020.9264022
Saeed Mohammadi, M. Hesamzadeh, A. Vafamehr, F. Ferdowsi
Liberalized electricity markets have been studied for the past few decades with different mathematical techniques. Operating these markets under the growing uncertainties has been challenging in many jurisdictions. Given the recent advances in machine learning techniques and big-data analysis, applications of such techniques have been growing in recent years. In this paper we review state-of-the-art developments of machine learning techniques and their applications in electricity market studies. We briefly provide current market challenges around the world. Then we show how these challenges are addressed using different machine learning approaches. Later, we provide a comparative table where all relevant papers are compared. This table can guide future studies on the machine learning applications in electricity markets by highlighting the promising potential areas. Then, we suggest directions for future researches to pursue machine learning applications in electricity market. Consequently, these approaches can be employed to resolve the uncertainties.
{"title":"A Review of Machine Learning Applications in Electricity Market Studies","authors":"Saeed Mohammadi, M. Hesamzadeh, A. Vafamehr, F. Ferdowsi","doi":"10.23919/SMAGRIMET48809.2020.9264022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/SMAGRIMET48809.2020.9264022","url":null,"abstract":"Liberalized electricity markets have been studied for the past few decades with different mathematical techniques. Operating these markets under the growing uncertainties has been challenging in many jurisdictions. Given the recent advances in machine learning techniques and big-data analysis, applications of such techniques have been growing in recent years. In this paper we review state-of-the-art developments of machine learning techniques and their applications in electricity market studies. We briefly provide current market challenges around the world. Then we show how these challenges are addressed using different machine learning approaches. Later, we provide a comparative table where all relevant papers are compared. This table can guide future studies on the machine learning applications in electricity markets by highlighting the promising potential areas. Then, we suggest directions for future researches to pursue machine learning applications in electricity market. Consequently, these approaches can be employed to resolve the uncertainties.","PeriodicalId":272673,"journal":{"name":"2020 3rd International Colloquium on Intelligent Grid Metrology (SMAGRIMET)","volume":"263 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114840348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-20DOI: 10.23919/SMAGRIMET48809.2020.9264018
Nathan Baeckeland, M. Kleemann
In the present paper, the influence of reactive current settings of converters on traditional distance protection schemes is investigated. Contemporary grid codes demand converter-based generation to inject additional reactive current during faults to support the grid voltage. Through steady state simulations, it is illustrated that the amount of reactive current, defined by a fixed gain factor, impacts the calculated fault impedance by distance protection. It is illustrated that with a fixed gain factor for reactive current contribution, correct operation of traditional distance protection schemes to protect lines connected to converter-based generation is not feasible.
{"title":"Influence of reactive current settings of converters on distance protection","authors":"Nathan Baeckeland, M. Kleemann","doi":"10.23919/SMAGRIMET48809.2020.9264018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/SMAGRIMET48809.2020.9264018","url":null,"abstract":"In the present paper, the influence of reactive current settings of converters on traditional distance protection schemes is investigated. Contemporary grid codes demand converter-based generation to inject additional reactive current during faults to support the grid voltage. Through steady state simulations, it is illustrated that the amount of reactive current, defined by a fixed gain factor, impacts the calculated fault impedance by distance protection. It is illustrated that with a fixed gain factor for reactive current contribution, correct operation of traditional distance protection schemes to protect lines connected to converter-based generation is not feasible.","PeriodicalId":272673,"journal":{"name":"2020 3rd International Colloquium on Intelligent Grid Metrology (SMAGRIMET)","volume":"146 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125225766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-20DOI: 10.23919/SMAGRIMET48809.2020.9264011
Denisa Galzina, A. Ajduk, Tonka Garma
All high-voltage installations are subject to a series of legislation and regulations to limit the permitted noise levels. Considering area, levels are divided into public areas, areas of increased sensitivity and occupational exposure areas. In addition, it is well known that there is a connection between load harmonics and noise in certain frequency spectrum. In order to investigate this phenomenon in more details, the in-situ field measurements of power harmonic and sound pressure levels are conducted in two high voltage substations The results showed that the noise values at all observed voltage levels are within the limits prescribed by the regulations. Moreover, dominant peaks in sound pressure level spectra typical for power transformers (fundamental, third, fifth and seventh harmonic) are visible in the corresponding current spectra. However, sound spectra peaks without obvious electrical counterpart have been detected as well, which will be subject of our future research.
{"title":"Power transformer sound pressure level spectra versus electrical current spectra: experimental findings","authors":"Denisa Galzina, A. Ajduk, Tonka Garma","doi":"10.23919/SMAGRIMET48809.2020.9264011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/SMAGRIMET48809.2020.9264011","url":null,"abstract":"All high-voltage installations are subject to a series of legislation and regulations to limit the permitted noise levels. Considering area, levels are divided into public areas, areas of increased sensitivity and occupational exposure areas. In addition, it is well known that there is a connection between load harmonics and noise in certain frequency spectrum. In order to investigate this phenomenon in more details, the in-situ field measurements of power harmonic and sound pressure levels are conducted in two high voltage substations The results showed that the noise values at all observed voltage levels are within the limits prescribed by the regulations. Moreover, dominant peaks in sound pressure level spectra typical for power transformers (fundamental, third, fifth and seventh harmonic) are visible in the corresponding current spectra. However, sound spectra peaks without obvious electrical counterpart have been detected as well, which will be subject of our future research.","PeriodicalId":272673,"journal":{"name":"2020 3rd International Colloquium on Intelligent Grid Metrology (SMAGRIMET)","volume":"12 12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116170283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-20DOI: 10.23919/smagrimet48809.2020.9264017
S. Bahramirad, ComEd, An, Exelon Company
Building a More Sustainable and Resilient Grid
建设更具可持续性和弹性的电网
{"title":"Building a More Sustainable and Resilient Grid","authors":"S. Bahramirad, ComEd, An, Exelon Company","doi":"10.23919/smagrimet48809.2020.9264017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/smagrimet48809.2020.9264017","url":null,"abstract":"Building a More Sustainable and Resilient Grid","PeriodicalId":272673,"journal":{"name":"2020 3rd International Colloquium on Intelligent Grid Metrology (SMAGRIMET)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130767992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-20DOI: 10.23919/SMAGRIMET48809.2020.9264007
Jasna Janković, L. Šikić, Petar Afrić, M. Šilić, Ž. Ilić, H. Pandžić, M. Živić, M. Dzanko
This work presents an IoT-based smart grid system implementation as proof of concept to examine the emerging business and technological needs in smart grids and analyze the efficiency of smart grid communications. As part of the work, we describe the smart grid system architecture consisting of a physical photovoltaic-powered microgrid laboratory, communication subsystem, and cloud-based smart grid management system along with the implementation details. Next, we discuss the obtained results in terms of messaging service quality and system availability, flexibility, and robustness. We show that our system can exchange telemetry and control messages in less than 1 s, depending on message size. Finally, lessons learned and future challenges are outlined, including communication transparency and efficiency, scalability of management and communication subsystems, characterization of message severity associated with quality of service requirements, and other non-technical considerations.
{"title":"Empirical study: IoT-based microgrid","authors":"Jasna Janković, L. Šikić, Petar Afrić, M. Šilić, Ž. Ilić, H. Pandžić, M. Živić, M. Dzanko","doi":"10.23919/SMAGRIMET48809.2020.9264007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/SMAGRIMET48809.2020.9264007","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents an IoT-based smart grid system implementation as proof of concept to examine the emerging business and technological needs in smart grids and analyze the efficiency of smart grid communications. As part of the work, we describe the smart grid system architecture consisting of a physical photovoltaic-powered microgrid laboratory, communication subsystem, and cloud-based smart grid management system along with the implementation details. Next, we discuss the obtained results in terms of messaging service quality and system availability, flexibility, and robustness. We show that our system can exchange telemetry and control messages in less than 1 s, depending on message size. Finally, lessons learned and future challenges are outlined, including communication transparency and efficiency, scalability of management and communication subsystems, characterization of message severity associated with quality of service requirements, and other non-technical considerations.","PeriodicalId":272673,"journal":{"name":"2020 3rd International Colloquium on Intelligent Grid Metrology (SMAGRIMET)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123952101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-20DOI: 10.23919/SMAGRIMET48809.2020.9263998
J. Kitzig, G. Bumiller
The timebase inaccuracy of an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) is an important systemic error to consider when it comes to fast and precise mains frequency measurement. In this paper, a new calibration method to determine the timebase offset of an ADC in real time to correct the mains frequency measurement is proposed and evaluated in tests. The methods uncertainty with regard to different calibration signal frequencies is assessed.
{"title":"Timebase Offset Calibration of Analog-To-Digital Converters for Mains Frequency Measurement","authors":"J. Kitzig, G. Bumiller","doi":"10.23919/SMAGRIMET48809.2020.9263998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/SMAGRIMET48809.2020.9263998","url":null,"abstract":"The timebase inaccuracy of an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) is an important systemic error to consider when it comes to fast and precise mains frequency measurement. In this paper, a new calibration method to determine the timebase offset of an ADC in real time to correct the mains frequency measurement is proposed and evaluated in tests. The methods uncertainty with regard to different calibration signal frequencies is assessed.","PeriodicalId":272673,"journal":{"name":"2020 3rd International Colloquium on Intelligent Grid Metrology (SMAGRIMET)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128048467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-20DOI: 10.23919/SMAGRIMET48809.2020.9264012
M. Kovacic, M. Jurčević, R. Malarić, A. Kunac
In this paper the most commonly used algorithms for estimating phasor parameters are presented. The most algorithms based on recursive and non-recursive DFT algorithm are presented too. For each algorithm is shown: advantages, disadvantages, mode of operation and possible future research. Furthermore, algorithms for estimating phasor parameters based on finite and infinite impulse response filters are presented. For each of them the mode of operation, advantages and disadvantages are shown. Future research is possible for a filter with a infinite impulse response due to better characteristics compared to filters with a finite impulse response as; they detect signal more accurately and faster in half cycle period of frequency. Wavelet transform ie. its recursive version is also presented in this paper as they have been proven to be very good for application in PMU devices because these algorithms eliminate DC component and work much faster than algorithms based on finite or infinite impulse responses filters. Wavelet transformations have great potential for future research in the field of estimating phasor parameters using new wavelets, multiresolution analysis, connection to filter records and more.
{"title":"A Review of Phasor Estimation Algorithms","authors":"M. Kovacic, M. Jurčević, R. Malarić, A. Kunac","doi":"10.23919/SMAGRIMET48809.2020.9264012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/SMAGRIMET48809.2020.9264012","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper the most commonly used algorithms for estimating phasor parameters are presented. The most algorithms based on recursive and non-recursive DFT algorithm are presented too. For each algorithm is shown: advantages, disadvantages, mode of operation and possible future research. Furthermore, algorithms for estimating phasor parameters based on finite and infinite impulse response filters are presented. For each of them the mode of operation, advantages and disadvantages are shown. Future research is possible for a filter with a infinite impulse response due to better characteristics compared to filters with a finite impulse response as; they detect signal more accurately and faster in half cycle period of frequency. Wavelet transform ie. its recursive version is also presented in this paper as they have been proven to be very good for application in PMU devices because these algorithms eliminate DC component and work much faster than algorithms based on finite or infinite impulse responses filters. Wavelet transformations have great potential for future research in the field of estimating phasor parameters using new wavelets, multiresolution analysis, connection to filter records and more.","PeriodicalId":272673,"journal":{"name":"2020 3rd International Colloquium on Intelligent Grid Metrology (SMAGRIMET)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115845941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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