Kanō Jigorō (1860-1938), the founder of Kōdōkan Jūdō, is one of the most prominent representatives of modern Japanese martial arts and numerous books and articles have been written about his life. In this article I will focus on the biographical manga “Jūdō no rekishi – Kanō Jigorō no shōgai” (1987). This graphic biography was published under the editorship of the Kōdōkan and by analysing the techniques that are applied on the textual as well as pictorial level to create authenticity and historical facticity, we will get a better understanding of the strategies by which collective ideas and norms within a specific historical and cultural context are created in jūdō. Biographies are a hybrid genre that unfolds its effect and its power in the space between fiction and non-fiction. Biographies tell a life story by applying literary techniques: creating a narrative, (pre)structuring and – retrospectively - giving meaning to life in and for a preconceived context. Historians, accordingly, – and despite Hayden White’s general reflections on Clio’s influence on historical writings –, as well as sociologists have questioned the value of biographies for understanding the past, criticizing the genre for its “artificial creation of meaning” (Bourdieu, 1986) and reducing the biographer to a literary writer. With biographies becoming a success in popular culture, e.g. in films, manga, etc., the genre finally seems to comfortably settled in the land of fiction, far beyond reach and – maybe more important – the interest of historians. I will, however, argue that it is to early to discard biographies in popular media as ‘historical writing’.
Kōdōkan Jūdō的创始人菅井五郎(1860-1938)是现代日本武术最杰出的代表之一，有许多关于他的生活的书籍和文章。在这篇文章中，我将把重点放在传记漫画“Jūdō no rekishi - kanhi jigorichi no shōgai”(1987)上。这个图文传记是在Kōdōkan的编辑下出版的，通过分析在文本和图像层面上应用的技术来创造真实性和历史真实性，我们将更好地理解jūdō在特定的历史和文化背景下创造集体思想和规范的策略。传记是一种混合体裁，在小说和非小说之间展现了它的影响和力量。传记通过运用文学技巧来讲述一个人生故事:创造一种叙事，(预先)构建，并(回顾性地)在一个先入为主的背景中赋予生活意义。因此，尽管海登·怀特(Hayden White)对克利奥对历史著作的影响进行了总体反思，但历史学家和社会学家都质疑传记对理解过去的价值，批评传记“人为创造意义”(Bourdieu, 1986)，并将传记作者贬低为文学作家。随着传记在流行文化中取得成功，例如在电影、漫画等中，这一类型似乎终于舒适地定居在小说的土地上，远远超出了历史学家的兴趣，也许更重要的是。然而，我想说的是，在大众媒体中将传记作为“历史著作”抛弃还为时过早。
{"title":"Narrating history in the manga ‘Jūdō no rekishi – Kanō Jigorō no shōgai’ (1987)","authors":"A. Niehaus","doi":"10.18573/MAS.58","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18573/MAS.58","url":null,"abstract":"Kanō Jigorō (1860-1938), the founder of Kōdōkan Jūdō, is one of the most prominent representatives of modern Japanese martial arts and numerous books and articles have been written about his life. In this article I will focus on the biographical manga “Jūdō no rekishi – Kanō Jigorō no shōgai” (1987). This graphic biography was published under the editorship of the Kōdōkan and by analysing the techniques that are applied on the textual as well as pictorial level to create authenticity and historical facticity, we will get a better understanding of the strategies by which collective ideas and norms within a specific historical and cultural context are created in jūdō. Biographies are a hybrid genre that unfolds its effect and its power in the space between fiction and non-fiction. Biographies tell a life story by applying literary techniques: creating a narrative, (pre)structuring and – retrospectively - giving meaning to life in and for a preconceived context. Historians, accordingly, – and despite Hayden White’s general reflections on Clio’s influence on historical writings –, as well as sociologists have questioned the value of biographies for understanding the past, criticizing the genre for its “artificial creation of meaning” (Bourdieu, 1986) and reducing the biographer to a literary writer. With biographies becoming a success in popular culture, e.g. in films, manga, etc., the genre finally seems to comfortably settled in the land of fiction, far beyond reach and – maybe more important – the interest of historians. I will, however, argue that it is to early to discard biographies in popular media as ‘historical writing’.","PeriodicalId":272694,"journal":{"name":"Martial Arts Studies","volume":"310 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115909915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Book Review: Tetsuya NAKAJIMA, Kindai Nihon no budoron – mondai no tanjo [Discourse on Budo in Modern Japan – The Origins of the ‘Sportification of Budo’ Problem (Tokyo: Kokusho kankokai, 2017), 608 pp","authors":"Hiromasa Fujita","doi":"10.18573/MAS.71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18573/MAS.71","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":272694,"journal":{"name":"Martial Arts Studies","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125034066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper will address the theme of ‘truth in the martial arts’, a phrase from Mitsugi Saotome’s recent reflection on his relationship as Uchi Deshi to Morihei Ueshiba, the founder of Aikido. I will frame this theme sociologically, exploring it as an aspect of the martial arts as contemporary practices of the self. What is distinct about the practice of the martial arts in this context is their sustained reflection on violence, not simply as violent contest, but as a condition of irreducible insecurity per se. I would like to propose that Aikido (not unlike other martial arts) offers a response to violence by articulating a form-of-life – ‘a life that can never be separated from its form’ (Giorgio Agamben) – that is centred on the understanding that complete martial fluidity is immanent to life. The martial arts are therefore very interesting contemporary practices of the self because their paths to knowledge address key biopolitical issues of life and power through a freeing relation to violence. I would also like to propose that the framework of transcendental empiricism, which Gilles Deleuze develops to describe the dynamics of affectual as opposed to representational (i.e. mediated) experience, is both promising to characterize the experience of martial fluidity and to expand the self-understanding martial artists themselves. Martial artists are uniquely positioned to decipher Agamben’s and Deleuze’s theoretical texts because of the deep, embodied knowledge that emerges through practice.
{"title":"Putting the Harm Back into Harmony: Aikido, Violence and ‘Truth in the Martial Arts’","authors":"W. Little","doi":"10.18573/MAS.57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18573/MAS.57","url":null,"abstract":"This paper will address the theme of ‘truth in the martial arts’, a phrase from Mitsugi Saotome’s recent reflection on his relationship as Uchi Deshi to Morihei Ueshiba, the founder of Aikido. I will frame this theme sociologically, exploring it as an aspect of the martial arts as contemporary practices of the self. What is distinct about the practice of the martial arts in this context is their sustained reflection on violence, not simply as violent contest, but as a condition of irreducible insecurity per se. I would like to propose that Aikido (not unlike other martial arts) offers a response to violence by articulating a form-of-life – ‘a life that can never be separated from its form’ (Giorgio Agamben) – that is centred on the understanding that complete martial fluidity is immanent to life. The martial arts are therefore very interesting contemporary practices of the self because their paths to knowledge address key biopolitical issues of life and power through a freeing relation to violence. I would also like to propose that the framework of transcendental empiricism, which Gilles Deleuze develops to describe the dynamics of affectual as opposed to representational (i.e. mediated) experience, is both promising to characterize the experience of martial fluidity and to expand the self-understanding martial artists themselves. Martial artists are uniquely positioned to decipher Agamben’s and Deleuze’s theoretical texts because of the deep, embodied knowledge that emerges through practice.","PeriodicalId":272694,"journal":{"name":"Martial Arts Studies","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121852593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Martial Arts Studies. Issue 6: New research on Japanese Martial Arts","authors":"P. Bowman, Benjamin N. Judkins","doi":"10.18573/mas.i6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18573/mas.i6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":272694,"journal":{"name":"Martial Arts Studies","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131573454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Japan, the study of Japanese martial arts is rooted in historiography. Other approaches are comparatively rare. Yet, it would be extremely enlightening to undertake fieldwork on the classical Japanese martial arts, and to ask a broader range of questions. In this spirit, this study is interested in exploring the issue of violence. The martial arts are understood by researchers to fundamentally be fighting techniques, but the aspects of martial arts that have attracted the attention of researchers in the past have been the psychology of fighting and the pedagogy of the martial arts. I wish to argue that one of the objectives of the classic Japanese martial arts was to learn through the practice of the art the wisdom that could be used to overcome violence. This study, then, proposes that martial arts are motivated by the ‘sublimation of violence’. Through an ethnographic study of shrinkage-ryu, this study explores how the sublimation of violence is practiced in the dojo and elucidates the structure and practice of classical kata that have largely remained hidden.
{"title":"Japanese martial arts and the sublimation of violence: An ethnographic study of Shinkage-ryu","authors":"T. Nakajima","doi":"10.18573/MAS.68","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18573/MAS.68","url":null,"abstract":"In Japan, the study of Japanese martial arts is rooted in historiography. Other approaches are comparatively rare. Yet, it would be extremely enlightening to undertake fieldwork on the classical Japanese martial arts, and to ask a broader range of questions. In this spirit, this study is interested in exploring the issue of violence. The martial arts are understood by researchers to fundamentally be fighting techniques, but the aspects of martial arts that have attracted the attention of researchers in the past have been the psychology of fighting and the pedagogy of the martial arts. I wish to argue that one of the objectives of the classic Japanese martial arts was to learn through the practice of the art the wisdom that could be used to overcome violence. This study, then, proposes that martial arts are motivated by the ‘sublimation of violence’. Through an ethnographic study of shrinkage-ryu, this study explores how the sublimation of violence is practiced in the dojo and elucidates the structure and practice of classical kata that have largely remained hidden.","PeriodicalId":272694,"journal":{"name":"Martial Arts Studies","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128140149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This essay discusses the background of this current issue of Martial Arts Studies , followed by an overview and critique of the current state of Japanese-language research on martial arts. My critique is intended as a provocation and does not purport to be a balanced, dispassionate survey of the field. I argue that while much of the research published in Japanese is of the highest quality, the nation’s research on the martial arts has developed largely in isolation and, as a result, is exceedingly narrow in scope. After considering the reasons for this situation, I offer some thoughts about productive areas for future development.
{"title":"Introduction: On Martial Arts Studies in Japan: A Provocation","authors":"Michael S. Molasky","doi":"10.18573/MAS.69","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18573/MAS.69","url":null,"abstract":"This essay discusses the background of this current issue of Martial Arts Studies , followed by an overview and critique of the current state of Japanese-language research on martial arts. My critique is intended as a provocation and does not purport to be a balanced, dispassionate survey of the field. I argue that while much of the research published in Japanese is of the highest quality, the nation’s research on the martial arts has developed largely in isolation and, as a result, is exceedingly narrow in scope. After considering the reasons for this situation, I offer some thoughts about productive areas for future development.","PeriodicalId":272694,"journal":{"name":"Martial Arts Studies","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125209706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Japan, the history of overseas diffusion of judo tends to be depicted with ethnocentricity. In particular, the success of the spread of it has often been discussed in the same way as the victory or defeat of war, through the historical view that the origin and legitimacy of judo was prescribed essentially. What is drawn there is nothing but the history of cultural conflict without reconciliation. The purpose of this research is to reexamine such an ossified historical view from the viewpoint of cultural transformation. In this paper, I will deal with "negotiations" by both sides of acceptance and transmission, and variations of judo “generated” through those process. What is noticed in this thesis is the United States of the Russo-Japanese War period when Judo was transmitted to foreign countries for the first time. This article will focus on three key dimensions (1) Discussing the role expected of judo in modern Japan by paying attention to the ideal of "kokushi (patriots who dedicated themselves to national development)". Also, it shows that the practitioners of judo acted as "evangelist" faithful to the founder. (2) Some meanings given to judo in the recipient society are shown in relation to jujutsu (one of the original forms of judo) or jiu-jitsu (a variant of jujutsu created by local society) which was accepted ahead of judo. (3) Two opportunities for cultural change of judo are shown. One is jiu-do based on the needs of the recipient's society. The other is a new style judo devised by judo practitioner himself.
{"title":"Diffusion of Judo in the United States during the Russo-Japanese War: Aiming to overcome the ‘match-based historical view’","authors":"K. Yabu","doi":"10.18573/MAS.67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18573/MAS.67","url":null,"abstract":"In Japan, the history of overseas diffusion of judo tends to be depicted with ethnocentricity. In particular, the success of the spread of it has often been discussed in the same way as the victory or defeat of war, through the historical view that the origin and legitimacy of judo was prescribed essentially. What is drawn there is nothing but the history of cultural conflict without reconciliation. The purpose of this research is to reexamine such an ossified historical view from the viewpoint of cultural transformation. In this paper, I will deal with \"negotiations\" by both sides of acceptance and transmission, and variations of judo “generated” through those process. What is noticed in this thesis is the United States of the Russo-Japanese War period when Judo was transmitted to foreign countries for the first time. This article will focus on three key dimensions (1) Discussing the role expected of judo in modern Japan by paying attention to the ideal of \"kokushi (patriots who dedicated themselves to national development)\". Also, it shows that the practitioners of judo acted as \"evangelist\" faithful to the founder. (2) Some meanings given to judo in the recipient society are shown in relation to jujutsu (one of the original forms of judo) or jiu-jitsu (a variant of jujutsu created by local society) which was accepted ahead of judo. (3) Two opportunities for cultural change of judo are shown. One is jiu-do based on the needs of the recipient's society. The other is a new style judo devised by judo practitioner himself.","PeriodicalId":272694,"journal":{"name":"Martial Arts Studies","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134467149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The self-image of kendo (Japanese swordsmanship) in modern times is a complicated historical fabrication and an ‘invented tradition’ [Hobsbawm and Ranger 1983] involving ‘ethno-symbolism’ [Smith 2009] relating to images and ideas of history, heritage and cultural identity in modern Japan. This means that, despite the high current value and status of Japanese swordsmanship, its cultural identity is shot through with paradoxes and contradictions. This article aims to examine the formation of this self-image through the invention of traditions, and how swordsmanship came to be bound by these inventions. There are numerous components to the invented traditions of Japanese swordsmanship, but this article will focus on three key dimensions: (1) how the tradition was reconstructed, accompanied by the name change from kenjutsu or gekiken/gekken to kendo; (2) the fabrication of historical facts around methods for swordsmanship competition; and (3) the recasting of ‘levels of mastery’ in supposedly traditional styles of teaching and learning swordsmanship. In conclusion, the article reflects on the possibility of freedom from such constraints in the future and explores the question of possible further changes in the future of kendo.
近现代剑道(日本剑术)的自我形象是一种复杂的历史虚构和“发明的传统”[Hobsbawm and Ranger 1983]，涉及“民族象征主义”[Smith 2009]，与现代日本的历史、遗产和文化认同的形象和观念有关。这意味着，尽管日本剑术具有很高的价值和地位，但其文化身份却充满了悖论和矛盾。本文旨在探讨这种自我形象的形成是通过传统的发明，以及剑术是如何被这些发明所束缚的。日本剑术的发明传统有许多组成部分，但本文将重点关注三个关键方面:(1)传统是如何重建的，伴随着名称从kenjutsu或gekiken/gekken / kendo的变化;(二)围绕击剑比赛方法编造史实的;(3)在所谓的传统剑术教学风格中重新定义“精通水平”。总之，这篇文章反映了未来从这些限制中解放出来的可能性，并探讨了剑道未来可能进一步变化的问题。
{"title":"The Historical Creation of Kendo’s Self-Image from 1895 to 1942: A Critical Analysis of an Invented Tradition","authors":"Yasuhiro Sakaue","doi":"10.18573/MAS.66","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18573/MAS.66","url":null,"abstract":"The self-image of kendo (Japanese swordsmanship) in modern times is a complicated historical fabrication and an ‘invented tradition’ [Hobsbawm and Ranger 1983] involving ‘ethno-symbolism’ [Smith 2009] relating to images and ideas of history, heritage and cultural identity in modern Japan. This means that, despite the high current value and status of Japanese swordsmanship, its cultural identity is shot through with paradoxes and contradictions. This article aims to examine the formation of this self-image through the invention of traditions, and how swordsmanship came to be bound by these inventions. There are numerous components to the invented traditions of Japanese swordsmanship, but this article will focus on three key dimensions: (1) how the tradition was reconstructed, accompanied by the name change from kenjutsu or gekiken/gekken to kendo; (2) the fabrication of historical facts around methods for swordsmanship competition; and (3) the recasting of ‘levels of mastery’ in supposedly traditional styles of teaching and learning swordsmanship. In conclusion, the article reflects on the possibility of freedom from such constraints in the future and explores the question of possible further changes in the future of kendo.","PeriodicalId":272694,"journal":{"name":"Martial Arts Studies","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116073886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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