In September 2021, ITU-T released the first international recommendation for computing power networks (CPNs), ITU-T Y.2501 jointly led by China Telecom, China Unicom and Huawei, and started the Y.2500-Y.2599 series of recommendations for computing power networks. The computing power network is a new type of network that integrates multilevel computing resources, realizes the efficient coordination of the cloud, edge and network, improves the utilization efficiency of computing resources and provides users with the optimal computing and network resource services. Since the first proposal of the computing power network in 2019, it has made breakthroughs in its research and standardization work. As a new field of international standards, also a new field of the communication industry, this paper gives a comprehensive analysis of its definition, framework, service model, key technologies and current progress and challenges, summarizing the research direction of future computing power networks which will have strong implications for the research and implementation of the computing power network.
{"title":"Survey of computing power network","authors":"Qianying Zhao, Bo Lei, Min Wei","doi":"10.52953/bxbj6384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52953/bxbj6384","url":null,"abstract":"In September 2021, ITU-T released the first international recommendation for computing power networks (CPNs), ITU-T Y.2501 jointly led by China Telecom, China Unicom and Huawei, and started the Y.2500-Y.2599 series of recommendations for computing power networks. The computing power network is a new type of network that integrates multilevel computing resources, realizes the efficient coordination of the cloud, edge and network, improves the utilization efficiency of computing resources and provides users with the optimal computing and network resource services. Since the first proposal of the computing power network in 2019, it has made breakthroughs in its research and standardization work. As a new field of international standards, also a new field of the communication industry, this paper gives a comprehensive analysis of its definition, framework, service model, key technologies and current progress and challenges, summarizing the research direction of future computing power networks which will have strong implications for the research and implementation of the computing power network.\u0000","PeriodicalId":274720,"journal":{"name":"ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121552789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Toerless Eckert, Lin Han, Richard Li, Cedric Westphal
It has been forty years since TCP/IP was standardized as RFC 793. The spectacular success of the Internet has validated the design choices of its protocols and architecture. However, the evolution of the services and applications running over the Internet, new societal requirements and the general unavoidable obsolescence of any protocol will at some point require rethinking the current protocols and potentially replacing them with new ones. New technology has emerged in limited domains networks, such as data centers, that may hint at a way forward for the overall Internet architecture. We present an overview of the recent and current work on post-IP networking and discuss the drivers and motivations that will push us to reimagine IP.
{"title":"An overview of technical developments and advancements for the future of networking","authors":"Toerless Eckert, Lin Han, Richard Li, Cedric Westphal","doi":"10.52953/nfnj2582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52953/nfnj2582","url":null,"abstract":"It has been forty years since TCP/IP was standardized as RFC 793. The spectacular success of the Internet has validated the design choices of its protocols and architecture. However, the evolution of the services and applications running over the Internet, new societal requirements and the general unavoidable obsolescence of any protocol will at some point require rethinking the current protocols and potentially replacing them with new ones. New technology has emerged in limited domains networks, such as data centers, that may hint at a way forward for the overall Internet architecture. We present an overview of the recent and current work on post-IP networking and discuss the drivers and motivations that will push us to reimagine IP.\u0000","PeriodicalId":274720,"journal":{"name":"ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116087185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shahriar Abdullah Al-Ahmed, Muhammad Zeeshan Shakir
For any time-critical mobile network-dependent applications and services, coverage is one of the prominent factors for providing the best Quality of Service (QoS) and Quality of Experience (QoE). A simple Coverage Hole (CH) may degrade the performance and the reputation of any operator by reducing the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). This is one of the important aspects which need to be planned from the phase of network deployment throughout the whole operational stage. Many factors can cause CH such as attenuation, obstacles and improper network planning. Traditionally, a Drive Test (DT) used to be carried out in order to assess the quality of the mobile network signal. With technological advancement, DT has been replaced by the Minimization of Drive Test (MDT) and included as a part of Self-Organizing Networkss (SONs). The MDT process is applicable to networks that operate in 3G, 4G and 5G technologies. With this method, operators are able to measure network performance with the help of end users' devices. Thus, the network can be managed more conveniently, performance is improved, quality is increased, and maintenance costs are reduced for the network. However, the processing of MDT at the operators' side remains time-consuming and complex especially for CH analysis and detection from mobile network data. Therefore, we present a method by utilising Semi-Supervised Learning (SSL) in this paper so that this task becomes uncomplicated with improved accuracy. Our results show that the proposed method achieves better accuracy than the usual classification algorithm.
{"title":"Semi-supervised learning-based coverage hole detection in cellular networks","authors":"Shahriar Abdullah Al-Ahmed, Muhammad Zeeshan Shakir","doi":"10.52953/tlfd1744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52953/tlfd1744","url":null,"abstract":"For any time-critical mobile network-dependent applications and services, coverage is one of the prominent factors for providing the best Quality of Service (QoS) and Quality of Experience (QoE). A simple Coverage Hole (CH) may degrade the performance and the reputation of any operator by reducing the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). This is one of the important aspects which need to be planned from the phase of network deployment throughout the whole operational stage. Many factors can cause CH such as attenuation, obstacles and improper network planning. Traditionally, a Drive Test (DT) used to be carried out in order to assess the quality of the mobile network signal. With technological advancement, DT has been replaced by the Minimization of Drive Test (MDT) and included as a part of Self-Organizing Networkss (SONs). The MDT process is applicable to networks that operate in 3G, 4G and 5G technologies. With this method, operators are able to measure network performance with the help of end users' devices. Thus, the network can be managed more conveniently, performance is improved, quality is increased, and maintenance costs are reduced for the network. However, the processing of MDT at the operators' side remains time-consuming and complex especially for CH analysis and detection from mobile network data. Therefore, we present a method by utilising Semi-Supervised Learning (SSL) in this paper so that this task becomes uncomplicated with improved accuracy. Our results show that the proposed method achieves better accuracy than the usual classification algorithm.\u0000","PeriodicalId":274720,"journal":{"name":"ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114818663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The vision of autonomous network has become an industry consensus. Leading operators have moved from network automation to network intelligence, and the deep integration of network and AI technology as the main technical method enters the scale adoption in production networks. At the same time, the third-generation AI technology has ushered in a research and development boom driven by both data and knowledge. To build an architectural consensus to further guide technical standards for accelerating industrial cooperation, a data and knowledge dual-driven autonomous network architecture, as well as its design principles, functional modules and deployment options, are given to unleash the power of technology innovation and industry transformation.
{"title":"Data and knowledge dual-driven architecture for autonomous networks","authors":"Lingli Deng, Chengcheng Feng, Yuan Yao","doi":"10.52953/wmup9519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52953/wmup9519","url":null,"abstract":"The vision of autonomous network has become an industry consensus. Leading operators have moved from network automation to network intelligence, and the deep integration of network and AI technology as the main technical method enters the scale adoption in production networks. At the same time, the third-generation AI technology has ushered in a research and development boom driven by both data and knowledge. To build an architectural consensus to further guide technical standards for accelerating industrial cooperation, a data and knowledge dual-driven autonomous network architecture, as well as its design principles, functional modules and deployment options, are given to unleash the power of technology innovation and industry transformation.\u0000","PeriodicalId":274720,"journal":{"name":"ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124325466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Borsatti, G. Davoli, C. Lombardo, D. Selvi, R. Bruschi, W. Cerroni, F. Davoli, C. Raffaelli, R. Trivisonno, R. Bolla
Factory automation in the context of Industry 4.0/5.0 requires safety levels to satisfy more stringent and tight limits than those available so far. This goal is further challenged by the extension to the wireless environment of industrial shop floor communications that were traditionally based on cabled networks. Starting with wireless LANs, the trend towards the use of industrial wireless is fostered by the advent of fifth Generation (5G) private connectivity and is bound to increase its pace in the evolution towards 6G. In particular, the interaction of human operators with industrial robots and autonomous vehicles on the shop floor is posing stringent safety requirements that in turn push forward the dependability and reliability limits of wireless connectivity. To help achieve these limits, this paper proposes a dynamic redundancy mechanism based on the real-time activation/deactivation of radio bearers instantiated between mobile devices carried by humans and machines and multiple base stations, to achieve guaranteed upper bounds on packet loss probability in the communication of data related to operational safety control loops. An optimization problem is posed, and suitable heuristics are evaluated by simulation in a 5G and beyond wireless environment, aiming to dynamically maintain the required reliability levels with small computational effort.
{"title":"Increasing safety levels in human-machine interaction by beyond-5G wireless redundancy","authors":"D. Borsatti, G. Davoli, C. Lombardo, D. Selvi, R. Bruschi, W. Cerroni, F. Davoli, C. Raffaelli, R. Trivisonno, R. Bolla","doi":"10.52953/fjiv5836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52953/fjiv5836","url":null,"abstract":"Factory automation in the context of Industry 4.0/5.0 requires safety levels to satisfy more stringent and tight limits than those available so far. This goal is further challenged by the extension to the wireless environment of industrial shop floor communications that were traditionally based on cabled networks. Starting with wireless LANs, the trend towards the use of industrial wireless is fostered by the advent of fifth Generation (5G) private connectivity and is bound to increase its pace in the evolution towards 6G. In particular, the interaction of human operators with industrial robots and autonomous vehicles on the shop floor is posing stringent safety requirements that in turn push forward the dependability and reliability limits of wireless connectivity. To help achieve these limits, this paper proposes a dynamic redundancy mechanism based on the real-time activation/deactivation of radio bearers instantiated between mobile devices carried by humans and machines and multiple base stations, to achieve guaranteed upper bounds on packet loss probability in the communication of data related to operational safety control loops. An optimization problem is posed, and suitable heuristics are evaluated by simulation in a 5G and beyond wireless environment, aiming to dynamically maintain the required reliability levels with small computational effort.\u0000","PeriodicalId":274720,"journal":{"name":"ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116946585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Kukliński, Lechosław Tomaszewski, Robert Kołakowski, A. Bosneag, Ashima Chawla, A. Ksentini, S. Saad, Xu Zhao, Luis A. Garrido, Anestis Dalgkitsis, Bahador Bakhshi, Engin Zeydan
The future network slicing enabled mobile ecosystem is expected to support a wide set of heterogenous vertical services over a common infrastructure. The service robustness and their intrinsic requirements, together with the heterogeneity of mobile infrastructure and resources in both the technological and the spatial domain, significantly increase the complexity and create new challenges regarding network management and orchestration. High degree of automation, flexibility and programmability are becoming the fundamental architectural features to enable seamless support for the modern telco-based services. In this paper, we present a novel management and orchestration platform for network slices, which has been devised by the Horizon 2020 MonB5G project. The proposed framework is a highly scalable solution for network slicing management and orchestration that implements a distributed and programmable AI-driven management architecture. The cognitive capabilities are provided at different levels of management hierarchy by adopting necessary data abstractions. Moreover, the framework leverages intent-based operations to improve its modularity and genericity. The mentioned features enhance the management automation, making the architecture a significant step towards self-managed network slices.
{"title":"AI-driven predictive and scalable management and orchestration of network slices","authors":"S. Kukliński, Lechosław Tomaszewski, Robert Kołakowski, A. Bosneag, Ashima Chawla, A. Ksentini, S. Saad, Xu Zhao, Luis A. Garrido, Anestis Dalgkitsis, Bahador Bakhshi, Engin Zeydan","doi":"10.52953/ipui5221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52953/ipui5221","url":null,"abstract":"The future network slicing enabled mobile ecosystem is expected to support a wide set of heterogenous vertical services over a common infrastructure. The service robustness and their intrinsic requirements, together with the heterogeneity of mobile infrastructure and resources in both the technological and the spatial domain, significantly increase the complexity and create new challenges regarding network management and orchestration. High degree of automation, flexibility and programmability are becoming the fundamental architectural features to enable seamless support for the modern telco-based services. In this paper, we present a novel management and orchestration platform for network slices, which has been devised by the Horizon 2020 MonB5G project. The proposed framework is a highly scalable solution for network slicing management and orchestration that implements a distributed and programmable AI-driven management architecture. The cognitive capabilities are provided at different levels of management hierarchy by adopting necessary data abstractions. Moreover, the framework leverages intent-based operations to improve its modularity and genericity. The mentioned features enhance the management automation, making the architecture a significant step towards self-managed network slices.\u0000","PeriodicalId":274720,"journal":{"name":"ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114489441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hirley Alves, Gweon Do Jo, JaeSheung Shin, Choongil Yeh, Nurul Huda Mahmood, Carlos H. M. de Lima, Chanho Yoon, Giyoon Park, Nandana Rahatheva, Ok-Sun Park, Seokki Kim, Eunah Kim, Ville Niemel�, Hyeon Woo Lee, Ari Pouttu, Hyun Kyu Chung, Matti Latva-aho
Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC) arose to serve Industrial IoT (IIoT) use cases within 5G. However, currently, it has inherent limitations in supporting future services. Therefore, in this article, based on state-of-the-art research and practical deployment experience, from two distinct test networks from Finland and South Korea, we introduce and advocate for three variants of critical Machine-Type Communications (MTC), namely, broadband, scalable and extreme URLLC. Moreover, we discuss use cases and key performance indicators and identify two critical technology enablers for each new service class. Finally, we bring practical considerations from the IIoT testbed and provide an outlook towards new research directions.
{"title":"Beyond 5G URLLC evolution: New service modes and practical considerations","authors":"Hirley Alves, Gweon Do Jo, JaeSheung Shin, Choongil Yeh, Nurul Huda Mahmood, Carlos H. M. de Lima, Chanho Yoon, Giyoon Park, Nandana Rahatheva, Ok-Sun Park, Seokki Kim, Eunah Kim, Ville Niemel�, Hyeon Woo Lee, Ari Pouttu, Hyun Kyu Chung, Matti Latva-aho","doi":"10.52953/pfek2948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52953/pfek2948","url":null,"abstract":"Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC) arose to serve Industrial IoT (IIoT) use cases within 5G. However, currently, it has inherent limitations in supporting future services. Therefore, in this article, based on state-of-the-art research and practical deployment experience, from two distinct test networks from Finland and South Korea, we introduce and advocate for three variants of critical Machine-Type Communications (MTC), namely, broadband, scalable and extreme URLLC. Moreover, we discuss use cases and key performance indicators and identify two critical technology enablers for each new service class. Finally, we bring practical considerations from the IIoT testbed and provide an outlook towards new research directions.\u0000","PeriodicalId":274720,"journal":{"name":"ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124897030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stephen S. Mwanje, Anubhab Banerjee, Juergen Goerge, Abdelrahman Abdelkader, Gabor Hannak, Peter Szilagyi, Tejas Subramanya, Julian Goser, Tobias Foth
Cognitive autonomous networks imply that networks will independently derive and execute intelligent decisions, and thereby elevating the human operator's role to a higher level of abstraction. At that level, the operator only specifies the desired outcomes, called intents, which must then be supported by corresponding intent-driven capabilities in the network or its management functions. Although, Intent-Driven Management (IDM) has been published in multiple works, there is still no globally agreed end?to?end view of such IDM systems, let alone a globally agreed definition of intents. This paper provides a comprehensive discussion on the core aspects of IDM systems and combines them into an end-to-end system view with the related example solutions. Contrasting against a short review of related scientific and standards literature, the paper introduces a flexible, generic definition of intents and an end-to-end IDM system architecture as well as the related modeling of intents to support their standardization. The paper also introduces implementation examples fitting the architecture and discusses advanced IDM features that need to be provided, including the ability to detect and resolve conflicts between intents.
{"title":"Intent-driven network and service management: Definitions, modeling and implementation","authors":"Stephen S. Mwanje, Anubhab Banerjee, Juergen Goerge, Abdelrahman Abdelkader, Gabor Hannak, Peter Szilagyi, Tejas Subramanya, Julian Goser, Tobias Foth","doi":"10.52953/aoia2456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52953/aoia2456","url":null,"abstract":"Cognitive autonomous networks imply that networks will independently derive and execute intelligent decisions, and thereby elevating the human operator's role to a higher level of abstraction. At that level, the operator only specifies the desired outcomes, called intents, which must then be supported by corresponding intent-driven capabilities in the network or its management functions. Although, Intent-Driven Management (IDM) has been published in multiple works, there is still no globally agreed end?to?end view of such IDM systems, let alone a globally agreed definition of intents. This paper provides a comprehensive discussion on the core aspects of IDM systems and combines them into an end-to-end system view with the related example solutions. Contrasting against a short review of related scientific and standards literature, the paper introduces a flexible, generic definition of intents and an end-to-end IDM system architecture as well as the related modeling of intents to support their standardization. The paper also introduces implementation examples fitting the architecture and discusses advanced IDM features that need to be provided, including the ability to detect and resolve conflicts between intents.\u0000","PeriodicalId":274720,"journal":{"name":"ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126876180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Holographic-Type Communication (HTC) is an important technology that will be supported by 6G and beyond wireless systems. It provides truly immersive experiences for a large number of novel applications, such as holographic telepresence, healthcare, retail, education, training, entertainment, sports, and gaming, by displaying multi-view high resolution 3D holograms of humans or objects/items and creating multi-sensory media (mulsemedia), including audio, haptic, smell, and taste. HTC faces great challenges in transmitting high volume data with guaranteed end-to-end latency which cannot be addressed by existing communication and networking technologies. The contribution of this paper is two-fold. First, it introduces the basics and generic architectures of HTC systems. The encoding and decoding of hologram and mulsemedia are discussed, and the envisioned use cases and technical requirements are introduced. Second, this paper identifies limitations of existing wireless and wired networks in realizing HTC and points out the promising 6G and beyond networking technologies. Particularly, for HTC sources, the point cloud encoding and mulsemedia creation and synchronization are introduced. For HTC networking, new directions and associated research challenges, such as semantic communications, deterministic networks, time sensitive networks, distributed encoding and decoding, and predictive networks, are discussed as they may enable high data rate communications with guaranteed end-to-end latency. For HTC destinations, the heterogeneity of HTC devices, synchronization, and user motion prediction are explored and associated research challenges are pointed out. Video communication with 2D content has profoundly changed our daily life and workin style. HTC is an advanced technology that provides 3D immersive experiences, which will become the next research frontier.
{"title":"Holographic-type communication: A new challenge for the next decade","authors":"Ian F. Akyildiz, Hongzhi Guo","doi":"10.52953/yrll3571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52953/yrll3571","url":null,"abstract":"Holographic-Type Communication (HTC) is an important technology that will be supported by 6G and beyond wireless systems. It provides truly immersive experiences for a large number of novel applications, such as holographic telepresence, healthcare, retail, education, training, entertainment, sports, and gaming, by displaying multi-view high resolution 3D holograms of humans or objects/items and creating multi-sensory media (mulsemedia), including audio, haptic, smell, and taste. HTC faces great challenges in transmitting high volume data with guaranteed end-to-end latency which cannot be addressed by existing communication and networking technologies. The contribution of this paper is two-fold. First, it introduces the basics and generic architectures of HTC systems. The encoding and decoding of hologram and mulsemedia are discussed, and the envisioned use cases and technical requirements are introduced. Second, this paper identifies limitations of existing wireless and wired networks in realizing HTC and points out the promising 6G and beyond networking technologies. Particularly, for HTC sources, the point cloud encoding and mulsemedia creation and synchronization are introduced. For HTC networking, new directions and associated research challenges, such as semantic communications, deterministic networks, time sensitive networks, distributed encoding and decoding, and predictive networks, are discussed as they may enable high data rate communications with guaranteed end-to-end latency. For HTC destinations, the heterogeneity of HTC devices, synchronization, and user motion prediction are explored and associated research challenges are pointed out. Video communication with 2D content has profoundly changed our daily life and workin style. HTC is an advanced technology that provides 3D immersive experiences, which will become the next research frontier.","PeriodicalId":274720,"journal":{"name":"ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126296363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) has recently emerged as a new communications/computing concept that amends the limited computing of IoT devices by completely or partially offloading the computational tasks to the MEC servers at the network edge (typically co-located with the base stations). Because IoT devices are typically power limited, the potential of the MEC is further enhanced by its integration with wireless power transfer technology, especially for those IoT devices with a high duty cycle that requires frequent battery replacement. This paper develops fairness-aware resource allocation schemes for a WPT-assisted MEC system whose Energy Harvesting Users (EHUs) employ either binary or partial offloading. Specifically, the proposed schemes optimize the computational speeds and the energy harvesting and offloading durations of the EHUs with the aim to maximize the minimum of their computed bits (sum of locally and remotely processed bits of each EHU), subject to the RF energy harvested from the base station. When EHUs are concentrated closer to the base station, remote processing is preferred over local processing, as local processing consumes more energy than the Radio Frequency (RF) power for offloading data to the MEC server, but this effect diminishes for lower values of the computational effort needed for the processing of a single bit. Interestingly, in terms of the sum computation rate, the partial offloading scheme only slightly outperforms the binary offloading scheme, but only when the EHUs are moderately away from the base station.
{"title":"Binary vs partial offloading in wireless powered mobile edge computing systems with fairness guarantees","authors":"Marija Poposka, Zoran Hadzi-Velkov","doi":"10.52953/kdpf3099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52953/kdpf3099","url":null,"abstract":"Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) has recently emerged as a new communications/computing concept that amends the limited computing of IoT devices by completely or partially offloading the computational tasks to the MEC servers at the network edge (typically co-located with the base stations). Because IoT devices are typically power limited, the potential of the MEC is further enhanced by its integration with wireless power transfer technology, especially for those IoT devices with a high duty cycle that requires frequent battery replacement. This paper develops fairness-aware resource allocation schemes for a WPT-assisted MEC system whose Energy Harvesting Users (EHUs) employ either binary or partial offloading. Specifically, the proposed schemes optimize the computational speeds and the energy harvesting and offloading durations of the EHUs with the aim to maximize the minimum of their computed bits (sum of locally and remotely processed bits of each EHU), subject to the RF energy harvested from the base station. When EHUs are concentrated closer to the base station, remote processing is preferred over local processing, as local processing consumes more energy than the Radio Frequency (RF) power for offloading data to the MEC server, but this effect diminishes for lower values of the computational effort needed for the processing of a single bit. Interestingly, in terms of the sum computation rate, the partial offloading scheme only slightly outperforms the binary offloading scheme, but only when the EHUs are moderately away from the base station.","PeriodicalId":274720,"journal":{"name":"ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies","volume":"189 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133886062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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