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Design of Smart Alu with Error Detection and Correction at Input Side 设计具有输入端错误检测和纠正功能的智能 Alu
Pub Date : 2023-12-30 DOI: 10.54105/ijvlsid.a1212.092222
Abinet Arba
We are moving towards the era of scaling down of transistor size, short channel effects (SCEs) and errors are becoming major concern. NSFET is emerging transistors, which gives better SCEs performance compared to conventional MOSFET and FinFET transistors. In this paper, (7, 4) Hamming code was implemented at input side of ALU to prevent error which occur when the transistors size decreases (scale down). The efficiency of any system depends on the performance of internal components. If internal components satisfy the criteria of area, power and delay, the system will always be a efficient system, therefore in this paper the smart ALU was designed by making the internal components to satisfy criteria of area, power and delay. All internal components of ALU including (7, 4) Hamming code was designed by using MICROWIND 3.9 and DSCH 3.9 software and each component design was started from schematic diagram and moved up to automatic physical design by using Verilog code and including post layout simulation with spice netlist which contains parasitic parameters and finally area, power consumption, propagation delay including global delay analysis with RC information and operating frequency of each internal components of ALU was measured and compared with existing one and also Number of error detected and corrected was measured. Two kind of technology was used depending on their advantages (3nm technology for arithmetic design and 7nm technology for remain component design).
我们正迈向缩小晶体管尺寸的时代,短沟道效应(SCE)和误差正成为人们关注的主要问题。与传统的 MOSFET 和 FinFET 晶体管相比,新兴的 NSFET 晶体管具有更好的 SCE 性能。本文在 ALU 的输入端实施了 (7, 4) Hamming 编码,以防止晶体管尺寸减小(缩放)时出现错误。任何系统的效率都取决于内部元件的性能。如果内部元件满足面积、功耗和延迟标准,系统就会始终是一个高效的系统,因此本文设计了智能 ALU,使内部元件满足面积、功耗和延迟标准。使用 MICROWIND 3.9 和 DSCH 3.9 软件设计了包括 (7, 4) Hamming 代码在内的 ALU 的所有内部组件,每个组件的设计都从原理图开始,然后使用 Verilog 代码进行自动物理设计,包括使用包含寄生参数的 spice 网表进行布局后仿真,最后测量了 ALU 每个内部组件的面积、功耗、传播延迟(包括使用 RC 信息进行全局延迟分析)以及工作频率,并与现有组件进行了比较,还测量了错误检测和纠正的次数。根据各自的优势,采用了两种技术(3 纳米技术用于算术设计,7 纳米技术用于剩余元件设计)。
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引用次数: 0
Low Power Embedded SoC Design 低功耗嵌入式SoC设计
Pub Date : 2023-03-30 DOI: 10.54105/ijvlsid.a1216.033123
Dr. G. Sasikala, G. S. Krishna
Now a days all embedded processors are manufactured in such a way that it may consume low power to provide longer life to the system using various low power techniques like clock gating, data gating, variable frequency mechanism, variable voltage mechanism and variable threshold techniques. In this paper these techniques are implemented using VHDL language in Vivado and results are compared to identify the better one among all possible ones. There are various characteristics compared here are power consumption, number of look up tables and number of flip flops consumed.
现在,所有的嵌入式处理器都是以这样一种方式制造的,它可以消耗低功耗,使用各种低功耗技术,如时钟门控,数据门控,变频机制,可变电压机制和可变阈值技术,为系统提供更长的寿命。本文在Vivado中使用VHDL语言实现了这些技术,并对结果进行了比较,以确定所有可能的技术中较好的一种。这里比较了功耗,查找表的数量和消耗的人字拖的数量。
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引用次数: 0
A Comparative Study of CMOS Transimpedance Amplifier (TIA) CMOS跨阻放大器(TIA)的比较研究
Pub Date : 2023-03-30 DOI: 10.54105/ijvlsid.a1215.033123
Priya Singh, Dr. Vandana Niranjan, Prof. Ashwni Kumar
In this paper a comparative study of different CMOS transimpedance amplifier has been presented. Standard device parameters of transimpedance amplifier such as gain, input refereed noise, power dissipation and group delay are studied and compared. Here the transimpedance amplifier is divided on the basis of its topology and device technology used and performance is summarized to get the overview. Most of the analysis taken are performed on 0.18 μm technology and some are implemented using 45nm, 0.13μm, 65nm, and 90nm.
本文对不同的CMOS跨阻放大器进行了比较研究。对跨阻放大器的增益、输入参考噪声、功耗和群延迟等标准器件参数进行了研究和比较。这里对跨阻放大器按其拓扑结构进行了划分,并对所采用的器件技术和性能进行了概述。大多数分析采用的是0.18 μm工艺,也有一些采用了45nm、0.13μm、65nm和90nm工艺。
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引用次数: 0
Review of 6T SRAM for Embedded Memory Applications 嵌入式存储器应用的6T SRAM综述
Pub Date : 2023-03-30 DOI: 10.54105/ijvlsid.a1217.033123
P. S. Yadav, Harsha Jain
Due to the substantial impact embedded Static Random Access Memory (SRAM)s have on the overall system and their relatively limited design, it is essential to manage embedded SRAM trade-offs strategically. SRAMs have power, performance and density trade-offs in general. In all applications, all three dimensions are necessary to some extent; accordingly, embedded SRAM design must incorporate the most crucial system-specific requirements when developing embedded SRAM. This paper discusses many SRAM factors, including Static Noise Margin (SNM), Read Access Time (RAT),Write Access Time (WAT), Read Stability and Write Ability, Power, Data Retention Voltage (DRV), and Process Control. All these factors are crucial when designing SRAM for embedded memory applications. There has also been a discussion of the parameter comparisons and the literature review of the current papers.
由于嵌入式静态随机存取存储器(SRAM)对整个系统及其相对有限的设计具有重大影响,因此有必要从战略上管理嵌入式SRAM的权衡。sram通常需要在功率、性能和密度方面进行权衡。在所有应用中,这三个维度在某种程度上都是必要的;因此,在开发嵌入式SRAM时,嵌入式SRAM设计必须包含最关键的系统特定要求。本文讨论了SRAM的许多因素,包括静态噪声余量(SNM)、读访问时间(RAT)、写访问时间(WAT)、读稳定性和写能力、电源、数据保留电压(DRV)和进程控制。在为嵌入式存储器应用设计SRAM时,所有这些因素都是至关重要的。本文还讨论了参数比较和文献综述。
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引用次数: 0
An Approach for the Reduction of Unwanted Edges in Contour Detection Based on Local Filtering 一种基于局部滤波的轮廓检测中多余边缘减少方法
Pub Date : 2023-03-30 DOI: 10.54105/ijvlsid.a1213.033123
Hadi Kolivand, M. Hayati
In this paper, an approach for the reduction of unwanted edges in contour detection based on local filtering is presented. Our approach can be used as a preprocessing step before contour detection. Also our approach is useful for object recognition based on feature extraction tasks, because many contour detection methods can’t delete all unwanted edges carefully. Our method consists of a computational algorithm that has 7 steps. Including smoothing, edge detection, smoothing, decreasing of pixels, thresholding, local filtering, and mask creation respectively. We use smoothing for adhering neighbor edge pixels and weakening alone edge pixels. So we can amplify the correct edge pixels and attenuate unwanted edge pixels by smoothing the edge image. In local filtering, we use a proposed casual template that determines noisy regions and correct regions and therefore can create a mask matrix that its elements related to mentioned regions. Finally we can use the "mask matrix" for improving contours by using a “And” operator and we ensure final contour that has a few context effect.
本文提出了一种基于局部滤波的轮廓检测中多余边缘的去除方法。我们的方法可以作为轮廓检测前的预处理步骤。此外,我们的方法对于基于特征提取任务的目标识别也很有用,因为许多轮廓检测方法不能仔细地删除所有不需要的边缘。我们的方法包括一个有7个步骤的计算算法。分别包括平滑、边缘检测、平滑、像素降低、阈值化、局部滤波和蒙版创建。我们使用平滑来粘附相邻的边缘像素,并单独削弱边缘像素。因此,我们可以放大正确的边缘像素,并通过平滑边缘图像来衰减不需要的边缘像素。在局部滤波中,我们使用提出的随机模板来确定噪声区域和校正区域,因此可以创建一个掩模矩阵,其元素与所述区域相关。最后,我们可以使用“掩模矩阵”通过使用“与”算子来改进轮廓,并确保最终轮廓具有一些上下文效果。
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引用次数: 0
Low Power ALU using Wave Shaping Diode Adiabatic Logic 采用整形二极管绝热逻辑的低功耗ALU
Pub Date : 2022-09-30 DOI: 10.54105/ijvlsid.d1209.091422
Ishita Khindria, Kashika Hingorani, V. Niranjan
The evolution of portable electronic devices and their widespread application has led to an increased focus on power dissipation as one of the critical parameters. An increase in functionality requirement and design complexity on a single chip has resulted in increased power dissipation. High power dissipation has motivated study and innovation on low power circuit design techniques. Adiabatic logic has been studied as one of the design techniques to reduce power dissipation by reusing the power that was getting dissipated in conventional designs. This paper presents the application of Wave Shaping Diode Adiabatic Logic (WSDAL) to implement an ALU and analyse the improvement in power dissipation as compared to the conventional CMOS design. The WSDAL design uses a slow and time-fluctuating 2-phase sinusoidal Power Clock (PC), which supplies power as well as a clock to the designs. WSDAL uses an Ultra-Low Power Diode (ULPD) structure that operates as a wave shaping device and reduces glitches at the output. The design has been implemented in OrCAD Capture and simulated using Pspice in TSMC 180nm technology. The simulations were performed at 200MHz PC frequency and power dissipation was studied over a range of voltages from 1.4V to 2.2V. The simulations show that WSDAL ALU dissipates less power than the CMOS design. This study indicates that WSDAL-based designs have the potential to be deployed for power dissipation reduction in portable devices.
随着便携式电子设备的发展和广泛应用,功耗作为关键参数之一受到越来越多的关注。单个芯片上功能需求和设计复杂性的增加导致了功耗的增加。高功耗激发了低功耗电路设计技术的研究和创新。绝热逻辑是一种利用传统设计中消耗的功率来降低功耗的设计技术。本文介绍了用波形整形二极管绝热逻辑(WSDAL)来实现ALU,并分析了与传统CMOS设计相比在功耗方面的改进。WSDAL设计使用慢速且时间波动的两相正弦功率时钟(PC),它为设计提供电源和时钟。WSDAL使用超低功率二极管(Ultra-Low Power Diode, ULPD)结构,作为波形整形器件,减少输出端的小故障。该设计已在OrCAD Capture中实现,并使用台积电180nm工艺的Pspice进行了仿真。仿真在200MHz PC频率下进行,并研究了1.4V至2.2V电压范围内的功耗。仿真结果表明,与CMOS设计相比,WSDAL ALU功耗更低。这项研究表明,基于wsdl的设计具有在便携式设备中用于降低功耗的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Low-Power 6T SRAM Cell using 22nm CMOS Technology 采用22nm CMOS技术的低功耗6T SRAM单元
Pub Date : 2022-09-30 DOI: 10.54105/ijvlsid.b1210.092222
Nibha Kumari, Prof. Vandana Niranjan
Static Random-Access Memory (SRAM) occupies approximately 90% of total area on a chip due to high number of transistors used for a single SRAM cell. Therefore, SRAM cell becomes a power-hungry block on a chip and it becomes more prominent at lower technologies from both dynamic and static perspective. Static power consumption is due to leakage current associated with the transistors that are off and dynamic power consumption is due to charging and discharging of the circuit capacitance. As gate length or channel length decreases gate oxide thickness also scales down. Scaling down of conventional transistor results in huge tunneling of electron from gate into channel leading to higher leakage power consumption. So, transistor with metal gate, high-k dielectric and strained-Si is used which shows better result in terms of low-power consumption, better performance with acceptable delay. Among various topologies of SRAM cell 6T is considered as a suitable choice for low power applications.
静态随机存取存储器(SRAM)由于单个SRAM单元使用大量晶体管,大约占据芯片总面积的90%。因此,SRAM单元成为芯片上的耗电块,从动态和静态的角度来看,它在较低的技术中变得更加突出。静态功耗是由于与关闭的晶体管相关的泄漏电流造成的,动态功耗是由于电路电容的充电和放电造成的。随着栅极长度或沟道长度的减小,栅极氧化物的厚度也随之减小。传统晶体管的微缩会导致电子从栅极向沟道的巨大隧穿,从而导致更高的泄漏功耗。因此,采用金属栅极、高k介电介质和应变si晶体管,在低功耗、性能和可接受的延迟方面表现出更好的效果。在SRAM单元的各种拓扑结构中,6T被认为是低功耗应用的合适选择。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis of Velocity Measurement of Radar Signal in Space Vehicle Application using VLSI Chip 基于VLSI芯片的空间飞行器雷达信号测速分析
Pub Date : 2022-03-30 DOI: 10.54105/ijvlsid.c1207.031322
Dr.E.N. Ganesh.
The objective of the project is to design a low cost Spectral Monitor for a Space vehicle velocity measurement application, based on Doppler Shift principle by generating an radar signal source from earth station towards moving target device in space and processing received high speed analog 200MHz radar signal from target vehicle device through Antenna, analog pre-processing and FPGA based spectral analyzer. The hardware reconfigurable spectral analyzer design consist of ADC(500MSPS) Interface block, SRAM Memory(1024x16) block, Radix-2 FFT (16 bit DSP block) and LCD Display (Monitoring) driver algorithm implemented On-Chip SOC-FPGA system. The proposed algorithm can be used to meet the need of many real time application such as space exploration, wideband communication, command and control application. The desired algorithm is implemented on-chip reconfigurable hardware SOC-FPGA while keeping the cost, power and area of device low compared to general purpose processor and Embedded based microcontroller. The code architecture is described using hardware description language, VHDL and synthesized and simulated using Xilinx 12.2 ISE Design suite.
本课题的目标是基于多普勒频移原理,从地面站向空间运动目标装置产生雷达信号源,通过天线、模拟预处理和基于FPGA的频谱分析仪处理接收到的来自目标装置的200MHz高速模拟雷达信号,为空间飞行器测速应用设计一种低成本的频谱监测仪。硬件可重构频谱分析仪设计由ADC(500MSPS)接口块、SRAM (1024x16)内存块、Radix-2 FFT(16位DSP块)和LCD显示(监控)驱动算法组成,实现片上SOC-FPGA系统。该算法可满足空间探测、宽带通信、指挥控制等实时应用的需要。所需的算法在片上可重构硬件SOC-FPGA上实现,同时与通用处理器和嵌入式微控制器相比,保持低成本,低功耗和低面积。采用硬件描述语言VHDL对代码体系结构进行了描述,并使用Xilinx 12.2 ISE Design套件进行了合成和仿真。
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引用次数: 0
A Comparative Analysis of Gain and Bandwidth of CMOS Transimpedance Amplifier CMOS跨阻放大器增益和带宽的比较分析
Pub Date : 2022-03-30 DOI: 10.54105/ijvlsid.c1206.031322
Vineeta Singh, Sarika Parihar, V. Niranjan
The paper presents the various trans-impedance amplifier (TIA) topologies has been studied and presented with an insight of their Gain and Bandwidth. The device parameters such as gain and bandwidth has been studied and compared for various TIA topologies. The performance of the presented topologies of TIA has been compared and summarized to get an overview. The comparison is done on the basis of its topology and device technology along with gain, bandwidth and power supply. In this paper recent advancement and future scope are also discussed.
本文介绍了各种跨阻抗放大器(TIA)拓扑结构,并对其增益和带宽进行了研究。对各种TIA拓扑结构的器件参数如增益和带宽进行了研究和比较。本文对现有TIA拓扑的性能进行了比较和总结,以获得概述。对其拓扑结构和器件技术以及增益、带宽和电源进行了比较。本文还讨论了近年来的研究进展和未来的发展方向。
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引用次数: 0
Hybrid Renewable Energy Generation Through Incremental Conductance Mppt 电导增量式Mppt混合可再生能源发电
Pub Date : 2022-03-10 DOI: 10.35940/ijvlsid.c1204.031322
Shurbhit Surage, M. Chawla
The relevance of electricity generation from renewable energy sources is growing every day in the current global energy environment. The scarcity of fossil fuels and the environmental risks connected with traditional power producing methods are the main reasons behind this. The major sources of non-conventional energy are wind and solar which can be harnessed easily. A new system design for hybrid photovoltaic and wind-power generation is introduced within this study. A Modified M.P.P.T. has been proposed to strengthen productivity of this system. The proposed approach employs the Incremental Conductance (IC) MPPT technique. Under varied climatic conditions (Solar irradiance & Temperature), IC is utilized to determine the optimum voltage output of a photo voltaic generator (P.V.G.) within the photo voltaic system (P.V.) structure. The Incremental Conductance is utilized to manage the converter’s technology having boosting function. The P.M.S.G. is used to determine the maximum voltage output for varied wind flow rates in wind turbine system. Simulations are conducted in Matlab2019b to test efficacy of the proposed MPPT. The proposed scheme's effectiveness can be supported with simulation results.
在当前的全球能源环境中,可再生能源发电的重要性与日俱增。这背后的主要原因是化石燃料的稀缺性和与传统发电方式相关的环境风险。非传统能源的主要来源是风能和太阳能,它们很容易被利用。本文介绍了一种新的光伏与风力混合发电系统设计。为了提高该系统的生产率,提出了一种改进的m.p.p.t。该方法采用增量电导(IC) MPPT技术。在不同的气候条件下(太阳辐照度和温度),集成电路被用来确定光伏系统(pv)结构中的光伏发电机(pv)的最佳电压输出。利用增量电导来管理具有升压功能的变换器技术。P.M.S.G.用于确定风力发电系统在不同风流量下的最大输出电压。在Matlab2019b中进行了仿真,以测试所提出的MPPT的有效性。仿真结果验证了该方案的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Indian Journal of VLSI Design
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