Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1080/14616660050200896
J. Burr
This paper explores how biological and social definitions of the family and appropriate maternal behaviour are conflated in the legal and ethical treatment of the surrogate mother with specific reference to genetic surrogacy. It is argued that the discourse of child welfare reinforces biological definitions of procreation and maternal behaviour through a narrow definition of the family in which women are tied to men in order to be classed as appropriate social mothers. The construction of the surrogate mother as the monstrous feminine in perpetuating gender roles is explored in the distinction between altruistic and commercial surrogacy. Ultimately it is argued that the controversy over surrogacy centres upon the innate challenge it presents to biological and patriarchal notions of procreation and appropriate maternal behaviour.
{"title":"'Repellent to proper ideas about the procreation of children': Procreation and motherhood in the legal and ethical treatment of the surrogate mother","authors":"J. Burr","doi":"10.1080/14616660050200896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14616660050200896","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores how biological and social definitions of the family and appropriate maternal behaviour are conflated in the legal and ethical treatment of the surrogate mother with specific reference to genetic surrogacy. It is argued that the discourse of child welfare reinforces biological definitions of procreation and maternal behaviour through a narrow definition of the family in which women are tied to men in order to be classed as appropriate social mothers. The construction of the surrogate mother as the monstrous feminine in perpetuating gender roles is explored in the distinction between altruistic and commercial surrogacy. Ultimately it is argued that the controversy over surrogacy centres upon the innate challenge it presents to biological and patriarchal notions of procreation and appropriate maternal behaviour.","PeriodicalId":280659,"journal":{"name":"Psychology, Evolution & Gender","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127516940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1080/14616660110049609
J. Archer, A. Vaughan
There are several evolutionary views of rape, each of which leads to different predictions. Rape can be viewed as itself adaptive or the by-product of other characteristics that are. If adaptive, it can be regarded as conditional in that it either applies only to certain individuals, or to certain circumstances. Evolutionary views of rape are often criticized because they are viewed as being counter to the feminist position that rape is motivated by power. Although this criticism often confuses ultimate and proximate explanations, there is one division between the evolutionary and feminist positions that cannot be bridged, its ultimate origin. Animal behaviour research indicates that forced copulations do occur widely in the natural world, and therefore predate the patriarchal power that is the presumed origin of rape in feminist theories.
{"title":"Evolutionary theories of rape","authors":"J. Archer, A. Vaughan","doi":"10.1080/14616660110049609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14616660110049609","url":null,"abstract":"There are several evolutionary views of rape, each of which leads to different predictions. Rape can be viewed as itself adaptive or the by-product of other characteristics that are. If adaptive, it can be regarded as conditional in that it either applies only to certain individuals, or to certain circumstances. Evolutionary views of rape are often criticized because they are viewed as being counter to the feminist position that rape is motivated by power. Although this criticism often confuses ultimate and proximate explanations, there is one division between the evolutionary and feminist positions that cannot be bridged, its ultimate origin. Animal behaviour research indicates that forced copulations do occur widely in the natural world, and therefore predate the patriarchal power that is the presumed origin of rape in feminist theories.","PeriodicalId":280659,"journal":{"name":"Psychology, Evolution & Gender","volume":"923 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132132410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1080/1461666021000013742
D. Benson, J. Archer
This paper describes an ethnographic study of male values and interpersonal conflict in the context of evening social events in the North of England. The study involved participant observations, assisted by discussions with ‘guides’, and interviews with participants. It became apparent that the understanding of conflict required appreciation of the social context, ‘the night out’. Important themes that are described include the following: the perceived aim of the night out (‘to have a laff’) and different ways this was achieved; the appraisal of other men; provoking situations; the sequence leading up to aggressive verbal exchanges and to fights; the role of alcohol; the importance of physical aggression in gaining status; the importance attached to responding to a challenge or insult by men and women; age differences; and ‘banter’ and story-telling among all-male groups. The findings are discussed in relation to previous ethnographic observations of physical aggression between men in bars, and are interp...
{"title":"An ethnographic study of sources of conflict between young men in the context of the night out","authors":"D. Benson, J. Archer","doi":"10.1080/1461666021000013742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1461666021000013742","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes an ethnographic study of male values and interpersonal conflict in the context of evening social events in the North of England. The study involved participant observations, assisted by discussions with ‘guides’, and interviews with participants. It became apparent that the understanding of conflict required appreciation of the social context, ‘the night out’. Important themes that are described include the following: the perceived aim of the night out (‘to have a laff’) and different ways this was achieved; the appraisal of other men; provoking situations; the sequence leading up to aggressive verbal exchanges and to fights; the role of alcohol; the importance of physical aggression in gaining status; the importance attached to responding to a challenge or insult by men and women; age differences; and ‘banter’ and story-telling among all-male groups. The findings are discussed in relation to previous ethnographic observations of physical aggression between men in bars, and are interp...","PeriodicalId":280659,"journal":{"name":"Psychology, Evolution & Gender","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124718640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1080/14616660110067357
A. Vaughan
The aim of this study was to assess the association between a rapist's social status and the relationship with his victim. Research based on an evolutionary theory of rape suggests that low-status males are more likely to rape (Thornhill and Thornhill, Ethology and Sociobiology , 1983, 4: 137-73), as the relative benefits are higher for them. However, costs and benefits may depend on the relationship with the victim (e.g. victims of a stranger rape are more likely to report it than those raped by an acquaintance; Russell, Sexual Exploitation: Rape, Child Abuse, and Workplace Harassment , Sage, 1984). This study collected data on 255 rape offences from the Prison Service, the Probation Service and Law Reports. The offenders were classified as either high or low status, and the relationship with the victim was categorized. The first hierarchical log-linear analysis found no support for the prediction that there would be a relationship between status and the victim-offender relationship. The second analysis ...
这项研究的目的是评估强奸犯的社会地位和他与受害者的关系之间的联系。基于强奸进化理论的研究表明，地位低的男性更有可能强奸(Thornhill and Thornhill, Ethology and Sociobiology, 1983, 4: 137-73)，因为他们的相对利益更高。然而，成本和收益可能取决于与受害者的关系(例如，陌生人强奸的受害者比熟人强奸的受害者更有可能报告;罗素:《性剥削:强奸、虐待儿童和工作场所骚扰》，Sage, 1984年版。这项研究从监狱服务、缓刑服务和法律报告中收集了255起强奸案的数据。罪犯被分为地位高低两类，与受害者的关系也被分类。第一个层次对数线性分析没有发现地位与受害者-犯罪者关系之间存在关系的预测支持。第二个分析……
{"title":"The association between offender socioeconomic status and victim-offender relationship in rape offences","authors":"A. Vaughan","doi":"10.1080/14616660110067357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14616660110067357","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to assess the association between a rapist's social status and the relationship with his victim. Research based on an evolutionary theory of rape suggests that low-status males are more likely to rape (Thornhill and Thornhill, Ethology and Sociobiology , 1983, 4: 137-73), as the relative benefits are higher for them. However, costs and benefits may depend on the relationship with the victim (e.g. victims of a stranger rape are more likely to report it than those raped by an acquaintance; Russell, Sexual Exploitation: Rape, Child Abuse, and Workplace Harassment , Sage, 1984). This study collected data on 255 rape offences from the Prison Service, the Probation Service and Law Reports. The offenders were classified as either high or low status, and the relationship with the victim was categorized. The first hierarchical log-linear analysis found no support for the prediction that there would be a relationship between status and the victim-offender relationship. The second analysis ...","PeriodicalId":280659,"journal":{"name":"Psychology, Evolution & Gender","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128761038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1080/1461666021000013670
Linda Miller, P. Lietz, D. Kotte
Encouraging the entry of women into science-related careers remains problematic in the UK and Australia. Although recent initiatives have resulted in increased participation of girls in science-related subjects in schools, there remains a significant gender divide in entry to scientific programmes of study at post-compulsory and university levels. In this study, datasets for 13-year-old pupils in Australia and England taken from the Third International Maths and Science Survey (TIMSS) were used to derive path models that identify factors influencing the extent to which science-related careers were viewed as desirable by Australian and English pupils. Results indicated that, in both countries, attitudes to science were the strongest factor influencing desire for a job in science. While gender was not found to impact on attitudes, the teaching approach adopted influenced the development of pupil attitudes towards science.
{"title":"On decreasing gender differences and attitudinal changes: factors influencing Australian and English pupils' choice of a career in science","authors":"Linda Miller, P. Lietz, D. Kotte","doi":"10.1080/1461666021000013670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1461666021000013670","url":null,"abstract":"Encouraging the entry of women into science-related careers remains problematic in the UK and Australia. Although recent initiatives have resulted in increased participation of girls in science-related subjects in schools, there remains a significant gender divide in entry to scientific programmes of study at post-compulsory and university levels. In this study, datasets for 13-year-old pupils in Australia and England taken from the Third International Maths and Science Survey (TIMSS) were used to derive path models that identify factors influencing the extent to which science-related careers were viewed as desirable by Australian and English pupils. Results indicated that, in both countries, attitudes to science were the strongest factor influencing desire for a job in science. While gender was not found to impact on attitudes, the teaching approach adopted influenced the development of pupil attitudes towards science.","PeriodicalId":280659,"journal":{"name":"Psychology, Evolution & Gender","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120840038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1080/14616660010024382
E. Govier, G. Salisbury
This study investigated age-related patterns in the magnitude of sex differences in a spatial ability task involving left-/right-side naming. Participants were divided into three age categories, 9 years, 13 years and 21-35 years, and asked to complete a paper-and-pencil test of spatial ability. Participants indicated whether crosses were on the left or right limbs of a series of stick-figures in a variety of orientations. A male superiority was found at each age level, with speed of correct responding increasing as a function of age in both sexes. Effect-size analyses indicated that the sex difference was greatest in the 13-year-old group, while homogeneity of performance in both sexes increased with age. The results are discussed in an evolutionary context.
{"title":"Age-related sex differences in performance on a side-naming spatial task","authors":"E. Govier, G. Salisbury","doi":"10.1080/14616660010024382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14616660010024382","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated age-related patterns in the magnitude of sex differences in a spatial ability task involving left-/right-side naming. Participants were divided into three age categories, 9 years, 13 years and 21-35 years, and asked to complete a paper-and-pencil test of spatial ability. Participants indicated whether crosses were on the left or right limbs of a series of stick-figures in a variety of orientations. A male superiority was found at each age level, with speed of correct responding increasing as a function of age in both sexes. Effect-size analyses indicated that the sex difference was greatest in the 13-year-old group, while homogeneity of performance in both sexes increased with age. The results are discussed in an evolutionary context.","PeriodicalId":280659,"journal":{"name":"Psychology, Evolution & Gender","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114909490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1080/1461666021000013715
J. Burr
This study reports findings from a qualitative study exploring women from South Asian communities resident in the UK and their ‘experiences of depression’. The paper aims to provide an apparently contrasting social context to the evolutionary perspective on women's experiences of depression. The theoretical foundation for the analysis of these findings is a ‘material-discursive approach’. Depression is recognized as ‘embodied’, that is as grounded in the materiality of the body which is immersed in subjective experiences and the social context of women's lives.
{"title":"Providing a contrasting view to evolutionary psychology's hypotheses on depression: using a ‘material-discursive’ approach to interpret the experiences of depression in women from South Asian communities","authors":"J. Burr","doi":"10.1080/1461666021000013715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1461666021000013715","url":null,"abstract":"This study reports findings from a qualitative study exploring women from South Asian communities resident in the UK and their ‘experiences of depression’. The paper aims to provide an apparently contrasting social context to the evolutionary perspective on women's experiences of depression. The theoretical foundation for the analysis of these findings is a ‘material-discursive approach’. Depression is recognized as ‘embodied’, that is as grounded in the materiality of the body which is immersed in subjective experiences and the social context of women's lives.","PeriodicalId":280659,"journal":{"name":"Psychology, Evolution & Gender","volume":"2014 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130076807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1080/14616660110072801
Tim Megarry
Stereotypical images of human prehistory projected by popular media, which frequently consign female hominids to a subordinate role in palaeolithic society, are reinforced by ideas of 'Man the Hunter' as a leading selection pressure in our evolution. Yet, an overwhelming consensus among scholars has long since rejected these deterministic notions as little more than cliches which serve to obscure the real significance of sexual differences during human evolution and the importance of gender relations in the rise of a hominid economy and society. This article presents the case that specific issues which relate directly to sex and gender were formative influences which directed human evolution. Accordingly, sexual dimorphism in primates is reviewed in relation to human evolution: the long-term reduction of major differences in the body weight and size of males and females is seen in terms of an emerging culturally directed foraging strategy 2 million years ago. The economic importance, and frequent superior...
{"title":"What made us human? Reflections on sex and gender in human evolution","authors":"Tim Megarry","doi":"10.1080/14616660110072801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14616660110072801","url":null,"abstract":"Stereotypical images of human prehistory projected by popular media, which frequently consign female hominids to a subordinate role in palaeolithic society, are reinforced by ideas of 'Man the Hunter' as a leading selection pressure in our evolution. Yet, an overwhelming consensus among scholars has long since rejected these deterministic notions as little more than cliches which serve to obscure the real significance of sexual differences during human evolution and the importance of gender relations in the rise of a hominid economy and society. This article presents the case that specific issues which relate directly to sex and gender were formative influences which directed human evolution. Accordingly, sexual dimorphism in primates is reviewed in relation to human evolution: the long-term reduction of major differences in the body weight and size of males and females is seen in terms of an emerging culturally directed foraging strategy 2 million years ago. The economic importance, and frequent superior...","PeriodicalId":280659,"journal":{"name":"Psychology, Evolution & Gender","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132988789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1080/14616660050200913
Linda Miller, Rakhee N. Bilimoria, N. Pattni
Traditional cultures are associated with more strongly conserved sex-role stereotypes. Members of the Asian and Caucasian populations in Britain were sampled as representing traditional and liberal cultures, respectively. In two studies participants rated how characteristic and desirable they believed masculine and feminine traits to be in their own and in the opposite sex. While Asian respondents believed sex-appropriate traits were more characteristic of themselves and the opposite sex, and rated these as more desirable in their own sex than did Caucasians, both groups believed sex-typed traits to be equally desirable in the opposite sex. While masculinity was thought desirable in females, femininity in males was strongly disliked by all females, indicating that a more behavioural latitude exists for females. Results are discussed in the context of the evolution of sex-role stereotypes.
{"title":"Do women want 'new men'? Cultural influences on sex-role stereotypes","authors":"Linda Miller, Rakhee N. Bilimoria, N. Pattni","doi":"10.1080/14616660050200913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14616660050200913","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional cultures are associated with more strongly conserved sex-role stereotypes. Members of the Asian and Caucasian populations in Britain were sampled as representing traditional and liberal cultures, respectively. In two studies participants rated how characteristic and desirable they believed masculine and feminine traits to be in their own and in the opposite sex. While Asian respondents believed sex-appropriate traits were more characteristic of themselves and the opposite sex, and rated these as more desirable in their own sex than did Caucasians, both groups believed sex-typed traits to be equally desirable in the opposite sex. While masculinity was thought desirable in females, femininity in males was strongly disliked by all females, indicating that a more behavioural latitude exists for females. Results are discussed in the context of the evolution of sex-role stereotypes.","PeriodicalId":280659,"journal":{"name":"Psychology, Evolution & Gender","volume":"263 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133645185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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