Pub Date : 2002-12-01DOI: 10.1080/14616661.2002.10383127
Stephen M. Colarelli, S. Haaland
Abstract Much of what we know about perceptions of hostile‐environment sexual harassment remains unclear; therefore, scholars have called for greater theory development and theory‐guided research. We present an evolutionary psychological framework for understanding sexual harassment perceptions and use that perspective to examine the effects of age, sex, status, and power on perceptions of hostile‐environment harassment. In Study 1, we examined the effects of observer age, sex, and behavioral severity on harassment perceptions. Age had a significant effect, with older women viewing sexually‐toned behaviors as more harassing than younger women. Observer sex also had a significant effect, with females perceiving sexually‐toned behaviors — primarily the severe behaviors — as more harassing. Behavioral severity had a strong and significant effect on perceptions of both sexes. In Study 2, we examined how initiator status and power affected harassment perceptions. As expected, initiator power had a strong main ...
{"title":"Perceptions of sexual harassment: An evolutionary perspective","authors":"Stephen M. Colarelli, S. Haaland","doi":"10.1080/14616661.2002.10383127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14616661.2002.10383127","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Much of what we know about perceptions of hostile‐environment sexual harassment remains unclear; therefore, scholars have called for greater theory development and theory‐guided research. We present an evolutionary psychological framework for understanding sexual harassment perceptions and use that perspective to examine the effects of age, sex, status, and power on perceptions of hostile‐environment harassment. In Study 1, we examined the effects of observer age, sex, and behavioral severity on harassment perceptions. Age had a significant effect, with older women viewing sexually‐toned behaviors as more harassing than younger women. Observer sex also had a significant effect, with females perceiving sexually‐toned behaviors — primarily the severe behaviors — as more harassing. Behavioral severity had a strong and significant effect on perceptions of both sexes. In Study 2, we examined how initiator status and power affected harassment perceptions. As expected, initiator power had a strong main ...","PeriodicalId":280659,"journal":{"name":"Psychology, Evolution & Gender","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128664360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-12-01DOI: 10.1080/14616661.2002.10383129
R. Thornhill, C. Palmer
For the last quarter of a century, attempts to prevent rape have been guided by a widespread social-science explanation that holds that rape’s causation has little, if anything, to do with sexual desire. Instead, it holds that rape is motivated by men’s attempt to dominate and control women. It also contends that rape occurs only when males are taught (by their culture) to rape. In A Natural History of Rape: Biological Bases of Sexual Coercion (MIT Press, 2000), we scientifically criticize this social-constructionist view of rape. We argue that, although a given rapist may have numerous motivations for committing a rape, social constructionists have not seriously and honestly considered the vast evidence showing that rapists are sexually motivated. Although we agree that culture (that is, social learning, or learning resulting from experience with other members of the same species) plays a significant role in causing rape, we challenge the notion that rape occurs only when males are taught by their culture to rape. The ethnographic record of anthropology indicates that rape occurs in all known cultures. It also occurs in a wide variety of other species in which there is certainly no cultural encouragement of such behavior. We emphasize in our book that the best way to obtain a better understanding of the role of culture in human rape is to approach the subject from the only generally accepted scientific explanation of the behavior of living things: evolution by natural selection. We then show that rape is definitely caused by men’s evolved sexual psychology, and we discuss why this knowledge may be important to society’s efforts to reduce rape.
{"title":"Rape and evolution: A Reply to our critics","authors":"R. Thornhill, C. Palmer","doi":"10.1080/14616661.2002.10383129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14616661.2002.10383129","url":null,"abstract":"For the last quarter of a century, attempts to prevent rape have been guided by a widespread social-science explanation that holds that rape’s causation has little, if anything, to do with sexual desire. Instead, it holds that rape is motivated by men’s attempt to dominate and control women. It also contends that rape occurs only when males are taught (by their culture) to rape. In A Natural History of Rape: Biological Bases of Sexual Coercion (MIT Press, 2000), we scientifically criticize this social-constructionist view of rape. We argue that, although a given rapist may have numerous motivations for committing a rape, social constructionists have not seriously and honestly considered the vast evidence showing that rapists are sexually motivated. Although we agree that culture (that is, social learning, or learning resulting from experience with other members of the same species) plays a significant role in causing rape, we challenge the notion that rape occurs only when males are taught by their culture to rape. The ethnographic record of anthropology indicates that rape occurs in all known cultures. It also occurs in a wide variety of other species in which there is certainly no cultural encouragement of such behavior. We emphasize in our book that the best way to obtain a better understanding of the role of culture in human rape is to approach the subject from the only generally accepted scientific explanation of the behavior of living things: evolution by natural selection. We then show that rape is definitely caused by men’s evolved sexual psychology, and we discuss why this knowledge may be important to society’s efforts to reduce rape.","PeriodicalId":280659,"journal":{"name":"Psychology, Evolution & Gender","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128419975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-12-01DOI: 10.1080/14616661.2002.10383128
A. Campbell
Abstract Gannon's critique of evolutionary psychology contains a number of misunderstandings which the present article attempts to rectify. These include the difference between natural and sexual selection, the unit of selection, genetic drift, different forms of systematic selection, the meaning of the term optimality, the working definition of an adaptation and the role of modularity. Gannon encourages consideration of the role of experience in contributing to the unique phenotype of every individual. The ways in which evolutionary psychologists have addressed this issue are discussed.
{"title":"A defence of evolutionary psychology: Reply to Gannon","authors":"A. Campbell","doi":"10.1080/14616661.2002.10383128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14616661.2002.10383128","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Gannon's critique of evolutionary psychology contains a number of misunderstandings which the present article attempts to rectify. These include the difference between natural and sexual selection, the unit of selection, genetic drift, different forms of systematic selection, the meaning of the term optimality, the working definition of an adaptation and the role of modularity. Gannon encourages consideration of the role of experience in contributing to the unique phenotype of every individual. The ways in which evolutionary psychologists have addressed this issue are discussed.","PeriodicalId":280659,"journal":{"name":"Psychology, Evolution & Gender","volume":"2022 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133160162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-08-01DOI: 10.1080/14616660110067366
O. Akker
The aim of this exploratory study was to investigate a small group of infertile women's perceptions of their need to create a family within current postmodern societal family practices. The relative weightings of biological relatedness and cultural conformity are interpreted within theoretical models of parenthood, and the need for cognitive consistency. Forty-two women attending infertility clinics for treatment to overcome childlessness were given a retrospective questionnaire to determine what the effects of the infertility diagnosis were. The importance of a genetic link was assessed in relation to choices made on treatment options to overcome infertility. Half the sample was devastated by their inability to have a child, and nearly two-thirds could not foresee a future without a family. Preparedness to disclose the mode of starting a family through adoption, IVF and surrogacy was prevalent, although fewer individuals would be willing to disclose egg and particularly sperm donation to the child, famil...
{"title":"THE ACCEPTABLE FACE OF PARENTHOOD: THE RELATIVE STATUS OF BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL INTERPRETATIONS OF OFFSPRING IN INFERTILITY TREATMENT","authors":"O. Akker","doi":"10.1080/14616660110067366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14616660110067366","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this exploratory study was to investigate a small group of infertile women's perceptions of their need to create a family within current postmodern societal family practices. The relative weightings of biological relatedness and cultural conformity are interpreted within theoretical models of parenthood, and the need for cognitive consistency. Forty-two women attending infertility clinics for treatment to overcome childlessness were given a retrospective questionnaire to determine what the effects of the infertility diagnosis were. The importance of a genetic link was assessed in relation to choices made on treatment options to overcome infertility. Half the sample was devastated by their inability to have a child, and nearly two-thirds could not foresee a future without a family. Preparedness to disclose the mode of starting a family through adoption, IVF and surrogacy was prevalent, although fewer individuals would be willing to disclose egg and particularly sperm donation to the child, famil...","PeriodicalId":280659,"journal":{"name":"Psychology, Evolution & Gender","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117072385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-08-01DOI: 10.1080/14616660010024418
K. Kirk, J. Bailey, N. Martin
Previous studies investigating the etiology of male homosexuality have found evidence for familial aggregation of male homosexuality. However, most of these have used highly selected samples, leading to the possibility that the results obtained are due to volunteer biases. The data analysed here consist of anonymous responses to a questionnaire on sexual behaviour and attitudes obtained from a large community-based sample of Australian male twins aged 18-52. Significant heritabilities were observed for a range of psychological and behavioural measures (orientation of present sexual feelings and fantasies, ever having been sexually attracted to a man, attitude to homosexual sex, number of male and female sexual partners), with approximately 42 to 60 per cent of observed variance estimated to be due to genetic influences in these variables. Familial aggregation was also observed in other measures (sexual behaviour in the past twelve months, attitude to heterosexual sex) but it was not possible to determine ...
{"title":"Etiology of male sexual orientation in an Australian twin sample","authors":"K. Kirk, J. Bailey, N. Martin","doi":"10.1080/14616660010024418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14616660010024418","url":null,"abstract":"Previous studies investigating the etiology of male homosexuality have found evidence for familial aggregation of male homosexuality. However, most of these have used highly selected samples, leading to the possibility that the results obtained are due to volunteer biases. The data analysed here consist of anonymous responses to a questionnaire on sexual behaviour and attitudes obtained from a large community-based sample of Australian male twins aged 18-52. Significant heritabilities were observed for a range of psychological and behavioural measures (orientation of present sexual feelings and fantasies, ever having been sexually attracted to a man, attitude to homosexual sex, number of male and female sexual partners), with approximately 42 to 60 per cent of observed variance estimated to be due to genetic influences in these variables. Familial aggregation was also observed in other measures (sexual behaviour in the past twelve months, attitude to heterosexual sex) but it was not possible to determine ...","PeriodicalId":280659,"journal":{"name":"Psychology, Evolution & Gender","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121308920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-06-01DOI: 10.1080/14616660010024616
M. Gard, Benjamin Bradley
{"title":"Getting away with rape: erasure of the psyche in evolutionary psychology","authors":"M. Gard, Benjamin Bradley","doi":"10.1080/14616660010024616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14616660010024616","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":280659,"journal":{"name":"Psychology, Evolution & Gender","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125514471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1080/14616660110049591
L. Segal
{"title":"Nature's way?: Inventing the natural history of rape","authors":"L. Segal","doi":"10.1080/14616660110049591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14616660110049591","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":280659,"journal":{"name":"Psychology, Evolution & Gender","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132724818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1080/1461666021000013724
R. Bourke
The most robust findings on the differences between the two sexes have been that men are more assertive than women and that women are more tenderminded than men (see, for example, Feingold 1994). In the present study striking reversed gender differences were found on the Cattell High School Personality Questionnaire (HSPQ, Cattell, Cattell and Johns 1984) completed by 1,070 secondary school pupils. In particular, the score on Factor E (dominance) was significantly higher ( p <0.001) for the girls than the boys; the score on Factor I (tendermindedness) was significantly lower ( p <0.001) for the girls than the boys. Girls also made higher scores on the second-order factor of Independence. If confirmed by further research, a gender role transition in young women could have important social consequences.
{"title":"Gender differences in personality among adolescents","authors":"R. Bourke","doi":"10.1080/1461666021000013724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1461666021000013724","url":null,"abstract":"The most robust findings on the differences between the two sexes have been that men are more assertive than women and that women are more tenderminded than men (see, for example, Feingold 1994). In the present study striking reversed gender differences were found on the Cattell High School Personality Questionnaire (HSPQ, Cattell, Cattell and Johns 1984) completed by 1,070 secondary school pupils. In particular, the score on Factor E (dominance) was significantly higher ( p <0.001) for the girls than the boys; the score on Factor I (tendermindedness) was significantly lower ( p <0.001) for the girls than the boys. Girls also made higher scores on the second-order factor of Independence. If confirmed by further research, a gender role transition in young women could have important social consequences.","PeriodicalId":280659,"journal":{"name":"Psychology, Evolution & Gender","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115527246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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