Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1080/14616660050200913
Linda Miller, Rakhee N. Bilimoria, N. Pattni
Traditional cultures are associated with more strongly conserved sex-role stereotypes. Members of the Asian and Caucasian populations in Britain were sampled as representing traditional and liberal cultures, respectively. In two studies participants rated how characteristic and desirable they believed masculine and feminine traits to be in their own and in the opposite sex. While Asian respondents believed sex-appropriate traits were more characteristic of themselves and the opposite sex, and rated these as more desirable in their own sex than did Caucasians, both groups believed sex-typed traits to be equally desirable in the opposite sex. While masculinity was thought desirable in females, femininity in males was strongly disliked by all females, indicating that a more behavioural latitude exists for females. Results are discussed in the context of the evolution of sex-role stereotypes.
{"title":"Do women want 'new men'? Cultural influences on sex-role stereotypes","authors":"Linda Miller, Rakhee N. Bilimoria, N. Pattni","doi":"10.1080/14616660050200913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14616660050200913","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional cultures are associated with more strongly conserved sex-role stereotypes. Members of the Asian and Caucasian populations in Britain were sampled as representing traditional and liberal cultures, respectively. In two studies participants rated how characteristic and desirable they believed masculine and feminine traits to be in their own and in the opposite sex. While Asian respondents believed sex-appropriate traits were more characteristic of themselves and the opposite sex, and rated these as more desirable in their own sex than did Caucasians, both groups believed sex-typed traits to be equally desirable in the opposite sex. While masculinity was thought desirable in females, femininity in males was strongly disliked by all females, indicating that a more behavioural latitude exists for females. Results are discussed in the context of the evolution of sex-role stereotypes.","PeriodicalId":280659,"journal":{"name":"Psychology, Evolution & Gender","volume":"263 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133645185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1080/14616660110104814
Gary L. Brase, Rebecca L. Miller
Quid pro quo (QPQ) sexual harassment, in which sexual compliance is tied to some consequent behavior of the harassing party, can involve two types of social interactions: social exchanges or threats. Two experiments (N = 260) evaluated how QPQ sexual harassment statements were perceived as different types of social interactions due to the manipulation of three variables. Statements were predicted and found to be perceived differently across how they were posed (positive versus negative value statements), across surrounding work contexts (thriving versus failing), and across sex of the harassed perceiver. These differing perceptions also affected subsequent behaviors in reasoning about the harassment situation. Implications of these results are discussed, along with limitations and future research directions.
{"title":"Differences in the perception of and reasoning about quid pro quo sexual harassment","authors":"Gary L. Brase, Rebecca L. Miller","doi":"10.1080/14616660110104814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14616660110104814","url":null,"abstract":"Quid pro quo (QPQ) sexual harassment, in which sexual compliance is tied to some consequent behavior of the harassing party, can involve two types of social interactions: social exchanges or threats. Two experiments (N = 260) evaluated how QPQ sexual harassment statements were perceived as different types of social interactions due to the manipulation of three variables. Statements were predicted and found to be perceived differently across how they were posed (positive versus negative value statements), across surrounding work contexts (thriving versus failing), and across sex of the harassed perceiver. These differing perceptions also affected subsequent behaviors in reasoning about the harassment situation. Implications of these results are discussed, along with limitations and future research directions.","PeriodicalId":280659,"journal":{"name":"Psychology, Evolution & Gender","volume":"110 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134127075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1080/14616660110072801
Tim Megarry
Stereotypical images of human prehistory projected by popular media, which frequently consign female hominids to a subordinate role in palaeolithic society, are reinforced by ideas of 'Man the Hunter' as a leading selection pressure in our evolution. Yet, an overwhelming consensus among scholars has long since rejected these deterministic notions as little more than cliches which serve to obscure the real significance of sexual differences during human evolution and the importance of gender relations in the rise of a hominid economy and society. This article presents the case that specific issues which relate directly to sex and gender were formative influences which directed human evolution. Accordingly, sexual dimorphism in primates is reviewed in relation to human evolution: the long-term reduction of major differences in the body weight and size of males and females is seen in terms of an emerging culturally directed foraging strategy 2 million years ago. The economic importance, and frequent superior...
{"title":"What made us human? Reflections on sex and gender in human evolution","authors":"Tim Megarry","doi":"10.1080/14616660110072801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14616660110072801","url":null,"abstract":"Stereotypical images of human prehistory projected by popular media, which frequently consign female hominids to a subordinate role in palaeolithic society, are reinforced by ideas of 'Man the Hunter' as a leading selection pressure in our evolution. Yet, an overwhelming consensus among scholars has long since rejected these deterministic notions as little more than cliches which serve to obscure the real significance of sexual differences during human evolution and the importance of gender relations in the rise of a hominid economy and society. This article presents the case that specific issues which relate directly to sex and gender were formative influences which directed human evolution. Accordingly, sexual dimorphism in primates is reviewed in relation to human evolution: the long-term reduction of major differences in the body weight and size of males and females is seen in terms of an emerging culturally directed foraging strategy 2 million years ago. The economic importance, and frequent superior...","PeriodicalId":280659,"journal":{"name":"Psychology, Evolution & Gender","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132988789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1080/14616660050082898
Louisa Shirley, A. Campbell
Current developmental theories of sex-typing suggest that children begin to play with same-sex others, and subsequently show a preference for sex-typed play after comprehending that they are themselves male or female. However, they neglect to explain how children show these preferences before labelling on the basis of sex, and why boys are more robust in their sex-typed behaviour. Further, there has been little attempt to investigate the possible beginnings of sex-typed behaviour in infancy, and no attempt to monitor preference for same-sex friends relative to sex-congruent activity preference. In this study, 3-month-old infants' sex-typed peer and activity preferences are investigated using a visual preference task. Both sexes preferred to attend to the male peers and these results are considered in an evolutionary context.
{"title":"Same-sex preference in infancy","authors":"Louisa Shirley, A. Campbell","doi":"10.1080/14616660050082898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14616660050082898","url":null,"abstract":"Current developmental theories of sex-typing suggest that children begin to play with same-sex others, and subsequently show a preference for sex-typed play after comprehending that they are themselves male or female. However, they neglect to explain how children show these preferences before labelling on the basis of sex, and why boys are more robust in their sex-typed behaviour. Further, there has been little attempt to investigate the possible beginnings of sex-typed behaviour in infancy, and no attempt to monitor preference for same-sex friends relative to sex-congruent activity preference. In this study, 3-month-old infants' sex-typed peer and activity preferences are investigated using a visual preference task. Both sexes preferred to attend to the male peers and these results are considered in an evolutionary context.","PeriodicalId":280659,"journal":{"name":"Psychology, Evolution & Gender","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122027647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1080/14616660110054847
D. Luff
{"title":"Queers, dinosaurs and citizens: A review of Rethinking Sexuality by Diane Richardson","authors":"D. Luff","doi":"10.1080/14616660110054847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14616660110054847","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":280659,"journal":{"name":"Psychology, Evolution & Gender","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114269890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1080/14616660010024580
M. Ross, Alan L. Wells
We argue that explanations of homosexual function in evolution have often been based on homosexual organization in Western societies and on modern homosexual subcultures. We suggest that if homosexual behaviour in humans did evolve in the past 3 million years of human development, we must seek its origin in the conditions of human organization of such times. Indian village society is one model that is available for examining homosexual exaptation. Here, homosexual behaviour is based on ability to have sex with males as well as with females, and marriage is related to family and social organization rather than sex. In such a system, sexual contact between males would have the advantages of promoting homosocial bonds in a male-dominated society, and of reducing rivalry over females. It may also have the advantage of providing acceptable sexual outlets given higher sexual drive or earlier sexual maturity in males. Thus, one explanation for the evolutionary development of homosexual behaviour is that it is an...
{"title":"The modernist fallacy in homosexual selection theories: Homosexual and homosocial exaptation in South Asian society","authors":"M. Ross, Alan L. Wells","doi":"10.1080/14616660010024580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14616660010024580","url":null,"abstract":"We argue that explanations of homosexual function in evolution have often been based on homosexual organization in Western societies and on modern homosexual subcultures. We suggest that if homosexual behaviour in humans did evolve in the past 3 million years of human development, we must seek its origin in the conditions of human organization of such times. Indian village society is one model that is available for examining homosexual exaptation. Here, homosexual behaviour is based on ability to have sex with males as well as with females, and marriage is related to family and social organization rather than sex. In such a system, sexual contact between males would have the advantages of promoting homosocial bonds in a male-dominated society, and of reducing rivalry over females. It may also have the advantage of providing acceptable sexual outlets given higher sexual drive or earlier sexual maturity in males. Thus, one explanation for the evolutionary development of homosexual behaviour is that it is an...","PeriodicalId":280659,"journal":{"name":"Psychology, Evolution & Gender","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132160164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1080/14616660110104797
P. Choi
{"title":"Genes and gender roles: Why is the nature argument so appealing?","authors":"P. Choi","doi":"10.1080/14616660110104797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14616660110104797","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":280659,"journal":{"name":"Psychology, Evolution & Gender","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133694232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1080/14616660110049573
R. Puhl, F. J. Boland
Introductory psychology students (120 females and 120 males) rated attractiveness and fecundity of one of six computer-altered female figures representing three body-weight categories (underweight, normal weight and overweight) and two levels of waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), one in the ideal range (0.72) and one in the non-ideal range (0.86). Both females and males judged underweight figures to be more attractive than normal or overweight figures, regardless of WHR. The female figure with the high WHR (0.86) was judged to be more attractive than the figure with the low WHR (0.72) across all body-weight conditions. Analyses of fecundity ratings revealed an interaction between weight and WHR such that the models did not differ in the normal weight category, but did differ in the underweight (model with WHR of 0.72 was less fecund) and overweight (model with WHR of 0.86 was more fecund) categories. These findings lend stronger support to sociocultural rather than evolutionary hypotheses.
{"title":"Predicting female physical attractiveness: Waist-to-hip ratio versus thinness","authors":"R. Puhl, F. J. Boland","doi":"10.1080/14616660110049573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14616660110049573","url":null,"abstract":"Introductory psychology students (120 females and 120 males) rated attractiveness and fecundity of one of six computer-altered female figures representing three body-weight categories (underweight, normal weight and overweight) and two levels of waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), one in the ideal range (0.72) and one in the non-ideal range (0.86). Both females and males judged underweight figures to be more attractive than normal or overweight figures, regardless of WHR. The female figure with the high WHR (0.86) was judged to be more attractive than the figure with the low WHR (0.72) across all body-weight conditions. Analyses of fecundity ratings revealed an interaction between weight and WHR such that the models did not differ in the normal weight category, but did differ in the underweight (model with WHR of 0.72 was less fecund) and overweight (model with WHR of 0.86 was more fecund) categories. These findings lend stronger support to sociocultural rather than evolutionary hypotheses.","PeriodicalId":280659,"journal":{"name":"Psychology, Evolution & Gender","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133290628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1080/14616660050082960
P. Nicolson
{"title":"Barriers to women's success: Are they natural or man-made?","authors":"P. Nicolson","doi":"10.1080/14616660050082960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14616660050082960","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":280659,"journal":{"name":"Psychology, Evolution & Gender","volume":"157 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114698317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1080/14616660110067384
A. Campbell
{"title":"X and Y: it's a jungle out there","authors":"A. Campbell","doi":"10.1080/14616660110067384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14616660110067384","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":280659,"journal":{"name":"Psychology, Evolution & Gender","volume":"80 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115772169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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