Soviet policy towards its Kurdish minority shifted from supporting their cultural development during the 1920s and early 1930s to a more repressive policy from 1937-1956 and then back again to a more favorable position. Soviet repression of its Kurdish population reached its height in November 1944 with the deportation of a significant number of them from the areas of Georgia bordering Turkey to Central Asia. Here they were placed under special settlement restrictions limiting their movement and suffered from material deprivations resulting in a significant number of deaths. This article focuses on Soviet policy towards its Kurdish minority from the time of the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 until several years after the death of Stalin in 1956 when the Kurds in Central Asia were released from the special settlement restrictions.
{"title":"Soviet Nationality Policy towards Kurds, 1917-1956","authors":"J. Pohl","doi":"10.7160/ks.2022.190204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7160/ks.2022.190204","url":null,"abstract":"Soviet policy towards its Kurdish minority shifted from supporting their cultural development during the 1920s and early 1930s to a more repressive policy from 1937-1956 and then back again to a more favorable position. Soviet repression of its Kurdish population reached its height in November 1944 with the deportation of a significant number of them from the areas of Georgia bordering Turkey to Central Asia. Here they were placed under special settlement restrictions limiting their movement and suffered from material deprivations resulting in a significant number of deaths. This article focuses on Soviet policy towards its Kurdish minority from the time of the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 until several years after the death of Stalin in 1956 when the Kurds in Central Asia were released from the special settlement restrictions.","PeriodicalId":280902,"journal":{"name":"Kulturní studia","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122742832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The main objective of this study is to introduce the Czech reader to the hitherto unexplored phenomenon of cuteness (kawaii) in Japanese culture and society. The term kawaii, which is used to describe cute objects (toddlers, animals, mascots, toys), represents one of the most culturally persuasive aesthetics of the new millennium and is a significant economic driver of Japan’s cultural industry (manga, anime, fashion, music). In other words, kawaii is not a temporary fashion trend – it is virtually a ‘standard aesthetic’ that has permeated all areas of Japanese everyday life. In this study, I focus on three thematic units, namely psychology, aesthetics, and history of cuteness. Within psychology, I analyze kawaii as an intense emotional response to some significant stimulus that triggers a ‘maternal’ desire. Within aesthetics, I firstly focus on the stylized Japanese script, which started the kawaii fever in 1970s. Secondly, I point out the main specifics of Japanese product design with kawaii features and explain how kawaii aesthetics permeated the field of Japanese fashion. Thirdly, I focus on various mascots and animal characters that represent the main platform of kawaii aesthetics today, and demonstrate how Japanese authorities and institutions utilize this aesthetic to maintain the status quo. Finally, I offer a brief history of Japanese cuteness, which began in court literature of the 10th century and culminated in the second half of the 20th century.
{"title":"Kawaii: fenomén roztomilosti v japonské kultuře a společnosti","authors":"Igor Průša","doi":"10.7160/ks.2022.190202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7160/ks.2022.190202","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of this study is to introduce the Czech reader to the hitherto unexplored phenomenon of cuteness (kawaii) in Japanese culture and society. The term kawaii, which is used to describe cute objects (toddlers, animals, mascots, toys), represents one of the most culturally persuasive aesthetics of the new millennium and is a significant economic driver of Japan’s cultural industry (manga, anime, fashion, music). In other words, kawaii is not a temporary fashion trend – it is virtually a ‘standard aesthetic’ that has permeated all areas of Japanese everyday life. In this study, I focus on three thematic units, namely psychology, aesthetics, and history of cuteness. Within psychology, I analyze kawaii as an intense emotional response to some significant stimulus that triggers a ‘maternal’ desire. Within aesthetics, I firstly focus on the stylized Japanese script, which started the kawaii fever in 1970s. Secondly, I point out the main specifics of Japanese product design with kawaii features and explain how kawaii aesthetics permeated the field of Japanese fashion. Thirdly, I focus on various mascots and animal characters that represent the main platform of kawaii aesthetics today, and demonstrate how Japanese authorities and institutions utilize this aesthetic to maintain the status quo. Finally, I offer a brief history of Japanese cuteness, which began in court literature of the 10th century and culminated in the second half of the 20th century.","PeriodicalId":280902,"journal":{"name":"Kulturní studia","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122417005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-01DOI: 10.7160/ks.2022.190201cs
Thomas Flanagan
Canadian First Nations (Indians) are said to suffer historical trauma from attendance at residential schools, through loss of culture passed down across generations. But the empirical evidence for this claim is weak. Less than a third of Canadian Indians ever attended residential schools, and the average period of attendance was only 4.5 years. Moreover, the research on intergenerational trauma arising from attendance at the residential schools suffers from numerous methodological weaknesses described in detail in the paper. Claims of intergenerational trauma are being used to justify demands for reparations, but that amounts to transferring wealth from contemporary people who have done nothing wrong to other contemporary people who have suffered no wrong.
{"title":"Odškodnění za historickou křivdu a mezigenerační trauma","authors":"Thomas Flanagan","doi":"10.7160/ks.2022.190201cs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7160/ks.2022.190201cs","url":null,"abstract":"Canadian First Nations (Indians) are said to suffer historical trauma from attendance at residential schools, through loss of culture passed down across generations. But the empirical evidence for this claim is weak. Less than a third of Canadian Indians ever attended residential schools, and the average period of attendance was only 4.5 years. Moreover, the research on intergenerational trauma arising from attendance at the residential schools suffers from numerous methodological weaknesses described in detail in the paper. Claims of intergenerational trauma are being used to justify demands for reparations, but that amounts to transferring wealth from contemporary people who have done nothing wrong to other contemporary people who have suffered no wrong.","PeriodicalId":280902,"journal":{"name":"Kulturní studia","volume":"130 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116920885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-01DOI: 10.7160/ks.2022.190204cs
J. Pohl
Soviet policy towards its Kurdish minority shifted from supporting their cultural development during the 1920s and early 1930s to a more repressive policy from 1937-1956 and then back again to a more favorable position. Soviet repression of its Kurdish population reached its height in November 1944 with the deportation of a significant number of them from the areas of Georgia bordering Turkey to Central Asia. Here they were placed under special settlement restrictions limiting their movement and suffered from material deprivations resulting in a significant number of deaths. This article focuses on Soviet policy towards its Kurdish minority from the time of the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 until several years after the death of Stalin in 1956 when the Kurds in Central Asia were released from the special settlement restrictions.
{"title":"Sovětská národnostní politika vůči Kurdům v letech 1917-1956","authors":"J. Pohl","doi":"10.7160/ks.2022.190204cs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7160/ks.2022.190204cs","url":null,"abstract":"Soviet policy towards its Kurdish minority shifted from supporting their cultural development during the 1920s and early 1930s to a more repressive policy from 1937-1956 and then back again to a more favorable position. Soviet repression of its Kurdish population reached its height in November 1944 with the deportation of a significant number of them from the areas of Georgia bordering Turkey to Central Asia. Here they were placed under special settlement restrictions limiting their movement and suffered from material deprivations resulting in a significant number of deaths. This article focuses on Soviet policy towards its Kurdish minority from the time of the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 until several years after the death of Stalin in 1956 when the Kurds in Central Asia were released from the special settlement restrictions.","PeriodicalId":280902,"journal":{"name":"Kulturní studia","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114552031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Canadian First Nations (Indians) are said to suffer historical trauma from attendance at residential schools, through loss of culture passed down across generations. But the empirical evidence for this claim is weak. Less than a third of Canadian Indians ever attended residential schools, and the average period of attendance was only 4.5 years. Moreover, the research on intergenerational trauma arising from attendance at the residential schools suffers from numerous methodological weaknesses described in detail in the paper. Claims of intergenerational trauma are being used to justify demands for reparations, but that amounts to transferring wealth from contemporary people who have done nothing wrong to other contemporary people who have suffered no wrong.
{"title":"Reparations for Historical Injustice and Intergenerational Trauma","authors":"T. Flanagan","doi":"10.7160/ks.2022.190201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7160/ks.2022.190201","url":null,"abstract":"Canadian First Nations (Indians) are said to suffer historical trauma from attendance at residential schools, through loss of culture passed down across generations. But the empirical evidence for this claim is weak. Less than a third of Canadian Indians ever attended residential schools, and the average period of attendance was only 4.5 years. Moreover, the research on intergenerational trauma arising from attendance at the residential schools suffers from numerous methodological weaknesses described in detail in the paper. Claims of intergenerational trauma are being used to justify demands for reparations, but that amounts to transferring wealth from contemporary people who have done nothing wrong to other contemporary people who have suffered no wrong.","PeriodicalId":280902,"journal":{"name":"Kulturní studia","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116695281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The main purpose of the article is to study the discourses, the context of the production and the perception of the images of the ethnic „different“ in the photographs of the Russian Empire on the example of the Samarkand region in the second half of the 19th and early 20th century. The study of photographs, publications of scholars-orientalists and archival documents shows contradictions in the ethnic classification of the population. The classification of the population by the central government differed from the submissions of some regional officials. In the first decade after the annexation of the region, the authorities seeking to ensure the loyalty of ethnic minorities, in the context of ethnic diversity, studied ethnic and social groups in detail, as reflected in photographs. From the beginning of the twentieth century, pursuing certain objectives, some representatives of the authorities tried to simplify the external categorization of the population of the region, which was reflected in the preferential use of the term “sart” in photographs instead of local social and ethnic self-descriptions. The ideas of Panturkism and Panislamism, seen as a threat to the security, influenced the perceptions of officials.
{"title":"Этнические и социальные группы Самарканда и их визуальные репрезентации в эпоху Российской империи","authors":"Azim Malikov, Tereza Hejzlarová, Kenzhe Torlanbayeva","doi":"10.7160/ks.2022.190203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7160/ks.2022.190203","url":null,"abstract":"The main purpose of the article is to study the discourses, the context of the production and the perception of the images of the ethnic „different“ in the photographs of the Russian Empire on the example of the Samarkand region in the second half of the 19th and early 20th century. The study of photographs, publications of scholars-orientalists and archival documents shows contradictions in the ethnic classification of the population. The classification of the population by the central government differed from the submissions of some regional officials. In the first decade after the annexation of the region, the authorities seeking to ensure the loyalty of ethnic minorities, in the context of ethnic diversity, studied ethnic and social groups in detail, as reflected in photographs. From the beginning of the twentieth century, pursuing certain objectives, some representatives of the authorities tried to simplify the external categorization of the population of the region, which was reflected in the preferential use of the term “sart” in photographs instead of local social and ethnic self-descriptions. The ideas of Panturkism and Panislamism, seen as a threat to the security, influenced the perceptions of officials.","PeriodicalId":280902,"journal":{"name":"Kulturní studia","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124933231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper explores the ways in which metaphors and other distinctive patterns of speech influence our understanding of conflict. It is argued that metaphors and other distinctive patterns of speech can do so in several ways: They can portray different sides of a conflict in either positive or negative light, downplay the seriousness of violence and conflict in our minds, and dehumanize people. Because of the use of such language, violence can be normalized. Yet metaphors can constitute new/different ways of looking at (and “manufacture” our perception of) conflict, war, violence, and other related concepts that hold the keys to building empathy for others.
{"title":"The Role of Language in Understanding Conflict","authors":"Jakub Kovár","doi":"10.7160/ks.2022.190205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7160/ks.2022.190205","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the ways in which metaphors and other distinctive patterns of speech influence our understanding of conflict. It is argued that metaphors and other distinctive patterns of speech can do so in several ways: They can portray different sides of a conflict in either positive or negative light, downplay the seriousness of violence and conflict in our minds, and dehumanize people. Because of the use of such language, violence can be normalized. Yet metaphors can constitute new/different ways of looking at (and “manufacture” our perception of) conflict, war, violence, and other related concepts that hold the keys to building empathy for others.","PeriodicalId":280902,"journal":{"name":"Kulturní studia","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133081535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.7160/ks.2022.180102cs
J. Millward
The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) policies in Xinjiang since 2017 have imprisoned some 300,000 and interned approximately a million more indigenous non-Han central Asians in educational transformation camps; razed or damaged thousands of mosques, shrines, and old neighborhoods; actively suppressed indigenous birth rates far below Han levels; illegalized core elements of Uyghur and Islamic culture; and pushed tens of thousands of non-Han adults into forced factory labor and children into state institutions. The revelation of these policies has contributed to the worst crisis for foreign policy in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) since 1989. Moreover, because the CCP requires declarations of loyal support from citizens and officials for its Xinjiang policies, this also comprises a Cultural Revolution–type domestic crisis in which no one can say no to a dictatorial leader despite the clearly destructive nature of that leader’s policies.
{"title":"Asimilační politika Číny v ujgurské oblasti Sin-ťiang (China’s Assimilation Policy in the Uyghur Region of Xinjiang)","authors":"J. Millward","doi":"10.7160/ks.2022.180102cs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7160/ks.2022.180102cs","url":null,"abstract":"The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) policies in Xinjiang since 2017 have imprisoned some 300,000 and interned approximately a million more indigenous non-Han central Asians in educational transformation camps; razed or damaged thousands of mosques, shrines, and old neighborhoods; actively suppressed indigenous birth rates far below Han levels; illegalized core elements of Uyghur and Islamic culture; and pushed tens of thousands of non-Han adults into forced factory labor and children into state institutions. The revelation of these policies has contributed to the worst crisis for foreign policy in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) since 1989. Moreover, because the CCP requires declarations of loyal support from citizens and officials for its Xinjiang policies, this also comprises a Cultural Revolution–type domestic crisis in which no one can say no to a dictatorial leader despite the clearly destructive nature of that leader’s policies.","PeriodicalId":280902,"journal":{"name":"Kulturní studia","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125577191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.7160/ks.2022.180101en
L. Kropáček
Since the mid-20th century, the spectacular population growth and social changes in Asian and African countries have comprised rising efforts in their Muslim communities to take an active and beneficial part in the ongoing or intended transformations. Without omitting negative features, our essay tries to comprehend main trends in thoughts and social activities of contemporary Muslims. Mentions are made of the role of the OIC (Organization of Islamic Cooperation, 57 Member States) and various international initiatives. In special chapters, most attention is paid to the present-day situation and differences in the Arab countries (in particular in Saudi Arabia and in Qatar). As more open and kind religious approaches than what the Saudis call „soft“, our essay mentions Indonesian Nahdatul Ulama or, in the interreligious perspective, the dialogue between current Grand Imam of Al-Azhar Sheikh Ahmad Al-Tayyib and Pope Francis.
自20世纪中期以来，亚洲和非洲国家惊人的人口增长和社会变化促使其穆斯林社区作出越来越大的努力，积极和有益地参与正在进行或打算进行的变革。在不遗漏负面特征的情况下，本文试图理解当代穆斯林思想和社会活动的主要趋势。提到了伊斯兰会议组织(伊斯兰合作组织，有57个成员国)的作用和各种国际倡议。在特别章节中，大部分注意力放在阿拉伯国家(特别是沙特阿拉伯和卡塔尔)的当前局势和差异上。我们的文章提到了印尼Nahdatul Ulama，以及现任爱资哈尔大伊玛目Sheikh Ahmad Al-Tayyib与教宗方济各之间的对话，这是一种比沙特所谓的“软”更开放、更友善的宗教方式。
{"title":"Islam: Seeking a way forwards","authors":"L. Kropáček","doi":"10.7160/ks.2022.180101en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7160/ks.2022.180101en","url":null,"abstract":"Since the mid-20th century, the spectacular population growth and social changes in Asian and African countries have comprised rising efforts in their Muslim communities to take an active and beneficial part in the ongoing or intended transformations. Without omitting negative features, our essay tries to comprehend main trends in thoughts and social activities of contemporary Muslims. Mentions are made of the role of the OIC (Organization of Islamic Cooperation, 57 Member States) and various international initiatives. In special chapters, most attention is paid to the present-day situation and differences in the Arab countries (in particular in Saudi Arabia and in Qatar). As more open and kind religious approaches than what the Saudis call „soft“, our essay mentions Indonesian Nahdatul Ulama or, in the interreligious perspective, the dialogue between current Grand Imam of Al-Azhar Sheikh Ahmad Al-Tayyib and Pope Francis.","PeriodicalId":280902,"journal":{"name":"Kulturní studia","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129200493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article deals with the process of the reception of the so called “Sudetengermans”, who have been expelled form Czechoslovakia in 1945 and arrived completely without means to (Lower-)Austria. This aggravated the situation in the country occupied by the Allies and scarred by war and Nazi terror, where about 1.6 million so-called „displaced persons“ were staying, almost 25% of the whole population However, Austrian policy was also hostile to the persons concerned because they regarded them as „Germans“ in the course of now strongly emphasising an independent Austrian identity. The article deals with the actions of politics and authorities as well as the reactions of those affected and the civilian population. Therefore the article used a combination of archival sources as well as narrative interviews with people, who were children or adolescents at the time.
{"title":"Aufnahme und Ablehnung: Die Sudetendeutschen in (Nieder-)Österreich 1945/46","authors":"Niklas Perzi","doi":"10.7160/ks.2022.180105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7160/ks.2022.180105","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the process of the reception of the so called “Sudetengermans”, who have been expelled form Czechoslovakia in 1945 and arrived completely without means to (Lower-)Austria. This aggravated the situation in the country occupied by the Allies and scarred by war and Nazi terror, where about 1.6 million so-called „displaced persons“ were staying, almost 25% of the whole population However, Austrian policy was also hostile to the persons concerned because they regarded them as „Germans“ in the course of now strongly emphasising an independent Austrian identity. The article deals with the actions of politics and authorities as well as the reactions of those affected and the civilian population. Therefore the article used a combination of archival sources as well as narrative interviews with people, who were children or adolescents at the time.","PeriodicalId":280902,"journal":{"name":"Kulturní studia","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115249347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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