The paper provides, in a series of anecdotal observations and accounts, an impression of the main political and cultural conditions under which archaeology is being conducted in Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan) in the early years of the 21st century. The author uses almost exclusively the experience of his own work in the region since 2009. The observations made over the best part of a dozen years suggest an amalgam of factors influencing the work of archaeologists there, ranging from post-Soviet national and ethnic ideologies voluntarily adopted by some native practitioners, to quite open and complete control and even suppression by the authorities in parts of the region. The status and behaviour of foreign archaeologists is often ambiguous, with a degree of compliance with ‘local conditions’ usually required in order to do any work at all. The attraction of the tremendously rich archaeology of Central Asia, as well as hopes of contributing to changes for the better, often appear to outweigh individual concerns about collaboration with the local powers that be.
{"title":"A Dozen Years of Central Asia: an archaeologist’s blog","authors":"H. Härke","doi":"10.7160/ks.2022.180103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7160/ks.2022.180103","url":null,"abstract":"The paper provides, in a series of anecdotal observations and accounts, an impression of the main political and cultural conditions under which archaeology is being conducted in Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan) in the early years of the 21st century. The author uses almost exclusively the experience of his own work in the region since 2009. The observations made over the best part of a dozen years suggest an amalgam of factors influencing the work of archaeologists there, ranging from post-Soviet national and ethnic ideologies voluntarily adopted by some native practitioners, to quite open and complete control and even suppression by the authorities in parts of the region. The status and behaviour of foreign archaeologists is often ambiguous, with a degree of compliance with ‘local conditions’ usually required in order to do any work at all. The attraction of the tremendously rich archaeology of Central Asia, as well as hopes of contributing to changes for the better, often appear to outweigh individual concerns about collaboration with the local powers that be.","PeriodicalId":280902,"journal":{"name":"Kulturní studia","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131168102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.7160/ks.2022.180102ru
James A. Millward
The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) policies in Xinjiang since 2017 have imprisoned some 300,000 and interned approximately a million more indigenous non-Han central Asians in educational transformation camps; razed or damaged thousands of mosques, shrines, and old neighborhoods; actively suppressed indigenous birth rates far below Han levels; illegalized core elements of Uyghur and Islamic culture; and pushed tens of thousands of non-Han adults into forced factory labor and children into state institutions. The revelation of these policies has contributed to the worst crisis for foreign policy in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) since 1989. Moreover, because the CCP requires declarations of loyal support from citizens and officials for its Xinjiang policies, this also comprises a Cultural Revolution–type domestic crisis in which no one can say no to a dictatorial leader despite the clearly destructive nature of that leader’s policies.
{"title":"Ассимиляционная политика Китая в уйгурском регионе Синьцзян (China’s Assimilation Policy in the Uyghur Region of Xinjiang)","authors":"James A. Millward","doi":"10.7160/ks.2022.180102ru","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7160/ks.2022.180102ru","url":null,"abstract":"The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) policies in Xinjiang since 2017 have imprisoned some 300,000 and interned approximately a million more indigenous non-Han central Asians in educational transformation camps; razed or damaged thousands of mosques, shrines, and old neighborhoods; actively suppressed indigenous birth rates far below Han levels; illegalized core elements of Uyghur and Islamic culture; and pushed tens of thousands of non-Han adults into forced factory labor and children into state institutions. The revelation of these policies has contributed to the worst crisis for foreign policy in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) since 1989. Moreover, because the CCP requires declarations of loyal support from citizens and officials for its Xinjiang policies, this also comprises a Cultural Revolution–type domestic crisis in which no one can say no to a dictatorial leader despite the clearly destructive nature of that leader’s policies.","PeriodicalId":280902,"journal":{"name":"Kulturní studia","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122040377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The International Yezidi Theological Academy established in Tbilisi is a breakthrough initiative in the history of Yezidism. The objective of my study is to describe the environment in which it was founded, its goals, leading figures and courses taught. The main part of the article is preceded by a brief description of Yezidism and its religious principles, which, due to the ban on writing, have been spread for centuries orally and have not been codified in writing. The following section outlines the changes that have taken place among Yezidis living in Transcaucasia, especially since the 20th century, when the ban on writing was widely violated, as well as the initiatives taken to preserve their cultural and religious identity. The latest of these initiatives is the Yezidi Theological Academy that provides Yezidis with traditional religious knowledge in an academic style.
{"title":"Between Orthopraxy and Orthodoxy: International Yezidi Theological Academy in Tbilisi","authors":"Artur Rodziewicz","doi":"10.7160/ks.2022.180104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7160/ks.2022.180104","url":null,"abstract":"The International Yezidi Theological Academy established in Tbilisi is a breakthrough initiative in the history of Yezidism. The objective of my study is to describe the environment in which it was founded, its goals, leading figures and courses taught. The main part of the article is preceded by a brief description of Yezidism and its religious principles, which, due to the ban on writing, have been spread for centuries orally and have not been codified in writing. The following section outlines the changes that have taken place among Yezidis living in Transcaucasia, especially since the 20th century, when the ban on writing was widely violated, as well as the initiatives taken to preserve their cultural and religious identity. The latest of these initiatives is the Yezidi Theological Academy that provides Yezidis with traditional religious knowledge in an academic style.","PeriodicalId":280902,"journal":{"name":"Kulturní studia","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124473952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.7160/ks.2022.180101cs
Luboš Kropáček
Since the mid-20th century, the spectacular population growth and social changes in Asian and African countries have comprised rising efforts in their Muslim communities to take an active and beneficial part in the ongoing or intended transformations. Without omitting negative features, our essay tries to comprehend main trends in thoughts and social activities of contemporary Muslims. Mentions are made of the role of the OIC (Organization of Islamic Cooperation, 57 Member States) and various international initiatives. In special chapters, most attention is paid to the present-day situation and differences in the Arab countries (in particular in Saudi Arabia and in Qatar). As more open and kind religious approaches than what the Saudis call „soft“, our essay mentions Indonesian Nahdatul Ulama or, in the interreligious perspective, the dialogue between current Grand Imam of Al-Azhar Sheikh Ahmad Al-Tayyib and Pope Francis.
自20世纪中期以来，亚洲和非洲国家惊人的人口增长和社会变化促使其穆斯林社区作出越来越大的努力，积极和有益地参与正在进行或打算进行的变革。在不遗漏负面特征的情况下，本文试图理解当代穆斯林思想和社会活动的主要趋势。提到了伊斯兰会议组织(伊斯兰合作组织，有57个成员国)的作用和各种国际倡议。在特别章节中，大部分注意力放在阿拉伯国家(特别是沙特阿拉伯和卡塔尔)的当前局势和差异上。我们的文章提到了印尼Nahdatul Ulama，以及现任爱资哈尔大伊玛目Sheikh Ahmad Al-Tayyib与教宗方济各之间的对话，这是一种比沙特所谓的“软”更开放、更友善的宗教方式。
{"title":"Islám: hledání cesty k zítřku","authors":"Luboš Kropáček","doi":"10.7160/ks.2022.180101cs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7160/ks.2022.180101cs","url":null,"abstract":"Since the mid-20th century, the spectacular population growth and social changes in Asian and African countries have comprised rising efforts in their Muslim communities to take an active and beneficial part in the ongoing or intended transformations. Without omitting negative features, our essay tries to comprehend main trends in thoughts and social activities of contemporary Muslims. Mentions are made of the role of the OIC (Organization of Islamic Cooperation, 57 Member States) and various international initiatives. In special chapters, most attention is paid to the present-day situation and differences in the Arab countries (in particular in Saudi Arabia and in Qatar). As more open and kind religious approaches than what the Saudis call „soft“, our essay mentions Indonesian Nahdatul Ulama or, in the interreligious perspective, the dialogue between current Grand Imam of Al-Azhar Sheikh Ahmad Al-Tayyib and Pope Francis.","PeriodicalId":280902,"journal":{"name":"Kulturní studia","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114573053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines ‘invention’ of a new ‘tradition’, that is of nomadic games in Kyrgyzstan blessed by its prehistoric past of nomadism. Since 2012 the Kyrgyz government had introduced the World Nomad Games (the WNGs) in Kyrgyzstan. The country hosted three spectacular games in the northern oblast of the country – Yssyk-Kul. Hundreds of sportsmen worldwide took part in these events and thousands of tourists rushed into the country to watch the games. In fact, Kyrgyz nomadic games are more than just a revival of old nomadic traditions, but they are political inventions. Using Hobsbawm’s framework of ‘invented traditions’ (1983), I examine the World Nomad Games as invented tradition. I argue that the Kyrgyz leadership invented tradition of nomadic games to tackle with contemporary issues, such as a need for attraction of foreign investment and promotion of tourism. As I illustrate the WNGs project was a timely response to improve the country image after a series of political instabilities the country underwent in its recent history.
{"title":"Political invention of the World Nomad Games in Kyrgyzstan","authors":"Arzuu Sheranova","doi":"10.7160/ks.2021.170203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7160/ks.2021.170203","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines ‘invention’ of a new ‘tradition’, that is of nomadic games in Kyrgyzstan blessed by its prehistoric past of nomadism. Since 2012 the Kyrgyz government had introduced the World Nomad Games (the WNGs) in Kyrgyzstan. The country hosted three spectacular games in the northern oblast of the country – Yssyk-Kul. Hundreds of sportsmen worldwide took part in these events and thousands of tourists rushed into the country to watch the games. In fact, Kyrgyz nomadic games are more than just a revival of old nomadic traditions, but they are political inventions. Using Hobsbawm’s framework of ‘invented traditions’ (1983), I examine the World Nomad Games as invented tradition. I argue that the Kyrgyz leadership invented tradition of nomadic games to tackle with contemporary issues, such as a need for attraction of foreign investment and promotion of tourism. As I illustrate the WNGs project was a timely response to improve the country image after a series of political instabilities the country underwent in its recent history.","PeriodicalId":280902,"journal":{"name":"Kulturní studia","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123298799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper follows up the year 1871; a milestone of hardening anthropology as scientific approach. Tylor has published Primitive Culture; Morgan was signed under the title Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family, Miklouho-Maclay landed on New Guinea in the same year. There is no strict connection between these crucial events. From the historical viewpoint is possible to see (1) rising of focus on diachronic perspective to understand society and culture; (2) a studying of kinship as the key how to understand the both – culture and society; (3) a necessity to perform field research in a particular society and culture.
{"title":"150 let antropologie: Tylor, Morgan a Miklucho-Maklaj aneb kultura, komparace a terénní výzkum roku 1871","authors":"Martin Soukup","doi":"10.7160/ks.2021.170201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7160/ks.2021.170201","url":null,"abstract":"This paper follows up the year 1871; a milestone of hardening anthropology as scientific approach. Tylor has published Primitive Culture; Morgan was signed under the title Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family, Miklouho-Maclay landed on New Guinea in the same year. There is no strict connection between these crucial events. From the historical viewpoint is possible to see (1) rising of focus on diachronic perspective to understand society and culture; (2) a studying of kinship as the key how to understand the both – culture and society; (3) a necessity to perform field research in a particular society and culture.","PeriodicalId":280902,"journal":{"name":"Kulturní studia","volume":"159 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131966098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study presents an analysis of traditional forms of clothing serving for women’s veiling in Central Asia in the period from the second half of the 19th century to the 20th century, focusing on its occurrence and importance in both everyday and ceremonial practices. The study addresses particular types of veiling, their common features, and differences related to the manner of wearing, as well as the materials and the decorative designs used. An important part of the study is a catalogue representing individual types of clothing from the above determined period from the museum collections of the Russian Museum of Ethnography in St. Petersburg and the National Museum – the Náprstek Museum in Prague.
{"title":"Women’s Veiling: Everyday and Ceremonial Practices of Central-Asian Peoples","authors":"Tereza Hejzlarová, O. Starostina","doi":"10.7160/ks.2021.170202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7160/ks.2021.170202","url":null,"abstract":"The study presents an analysis of traditional forms of clothing serving for women’s veiling in Central Asia in the period from the second half of the 19th century to the 20th century, focusing on its occurrence and importance in both everyday and ceremonial practices. The study addresses particular types of veiling, their common features, and differences related to the manner of wearing, as well as the materials and the decorative designs used. An important part of the study is a catalogue representing individual types of clothing from the above determined period from the museum collections of the Russian Museum of Ethnography in St. Petersburg and the National Museum – the Náprstek Museum in Prague.","PeriodicalId":280902,"journal":{"name":"Kulturní studia","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129985623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this study is to analyse the narratives of conscripts focused on the relationship between the army and ruling ideology between 1968 and 2004. The first part is devoted to the reflection of various forms of interaction between the army and ideology at the level of official and public discourse. The second part is focused on the mapping of specific forms and narratives related to the phenomenon of compulsory military service, including the question of its importance for conscripts. The main sources of analysis are narrative and semi-structured oral history interviews with 100 conscripts, who had experience with compulsory military service between 1968 and 2004.
{"title":"Základní vojenská služba po roce 1968 jako nástroj výchovy k občanství: indoktrinace a ideologizace v narativní reflexi","authors":"J. Hlaváček","doi":"10.7160/ks.2021.170206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7160/ks.2021.170206","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to analyse the narratives of conscripts focused on the relationship between the army and ruling ideology between 1968 and 2004. The first part is devoted to the reflection of various forms of interaction between the army and ideology at the level of official and public discourse. The second part is focused on the mapping of specific forms and narratives related to the phenomenon of compulsory military service, including the question of its importance for conscripts. The main sources of analysis are narrative and semi-structured oral history interviews with 100 conscripts, who had experience with compulsory military service between 1968 and 2004.","PeriodicalId":280902,"journal":{"name":"Kulturní studia","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133514320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.7160/ks.2021.170202ru
Tereza Hejzlarová, O. Starostina
The study presents an analysis of traditional forms of clothing serving for women’s veiling in Central Asia in the period from the second half of the 19th century to the 20th century, focusing on its occurrence and importance in both everyday and ceremonial practices. The study addresses particular types of veiling, their common features, and differences related to the manner of wearing, as well as the materials and the decorative designs used. An important part of the study is a catalogue representing individual types of clothing from the above determined period from the museum collections of the Russian Museum of Ethnography in St. Petersburg and the National Museum – the Náprstek Museum in Prague.
{"title":"«Скрывание» женщины: Повседневная и обрядовая практика у народов Средней Азии","authors":"Tereza Hejzlarová, O. Starostina","doi":"10.7160/ks.2021.170202ru","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7160/ks.2021.170202ru","url":null,"abstract":"The study presents an analysis of traditional forms of clothing serving for women’s veiling in Central Asia in the period from the second half of the 19th century to the 20th century, focusing on its occurrence and importance in both everyday and ceremonial practices. The study addresses particular types of veiling, their common features, and differences related to the manner of wearing, as well as the materials and the decorative designs used. An important part of the study is a catalogue representing individual types of clothing from the above determined period from the museum collections of the Russian Museum of Ethnography in St. Petersburg and the National Museum – the Náprstek Museum in Prague.","PeriodicalId":280902,"journal":{"name":"Kulturní studia","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116335549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper deals with an ethnic-religious minority whose members call themselves Yazidis. The aim of the work is to examine how the adaptation of the Yazidis emigrating to Germany, the process of integration into the majority society seems to be successful and how, despite their will to integrate, they try to guard and preserve their ethnic identity and culture. The theoretical part contains a branch anchoring of the topic and an explanation of key concepts such as ethnic identity, diaspora, Yazidism and etymology of the word. The practical part acquaints the reader more closely with the mysterious and closed society after centuries, which begins to reveal itself to the world only in the last decade. In the practical part of the work are interpreted qualitative data collected from field research, which the author carried out in two trips to Germany at the end of September 2020 and early January 2021. For data collection was used the method of qualitative research. The method of participatory observation was applied to data collection, in which the researcher lived in a traditional Yazidi family and participated in daily routine.
{"title":"Zachování etnické identity a kultury Jezídů v Německu","authors":"Natalia Doboš","doi":"10.7160/ks.2021.170205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7160/ks.2021.170205","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with an ethnic-religious minority whose members call themselves Yazidis. The aim of the work is to examine how the adaptation of the Yazidis emigrating to Germany, the process of integration into the majority society seems to be successful and how, despite their will to integrate, they try to guard and preserve their ethnic identity and culture. The theoretical part contains a branch anchoring of the topic and an explanation of key concepts such as ethnic identity, diaspora, Yazidism and etymology of the word. The practical part acquaints the reader more closely with the mysterious and closed society after centuries, which begins to reveal itself to the world only in the last decade. In the practical part of the work are interpreted qualitative data collected from field research, which the author carried out in two trips to Germany at the end of September 2020 and early January 2021. For data collection was used the method of qualitative research. The method of participatory observation was applied to data collection, in which the researcher lived in a traditional Yazidi family and participated in daily routine.","PeriodicalId":280902,"journal":{"name":"Kulturní studia","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134439356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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