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Synthesis of acrylated epoxidized biobased resin from groundnut seed oil 花生籽油合成丙烯酸酯环氧化生物基树脂
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5937/poljteh2104049n
Obieogu Nwosu, F. Aguele, L. Chiemenem
In this study, groundnut seed oil was epoxidized in situ using hydrogen peroxide (30%) and formic and acetic acid. The reaction conditions were monitored at a temperature of 70oC, stirring speed of 750 rpm and time of 6 hours. After epoxidation, a further modification was done using acrylic acid in the presence of hydroquinone at a temperature of 120oC. Comparatively, peroxyformic acid performed more effectively than the peroxyacetic acid during epoxidation with an iodine value (26.4 gl/100g oil) and oxirane content(3.27%). FTIR analysis of the raw, epoxidized, and acrylated groundnut seed oil indicates that they were suitably functionalized.
本研究采用过氧化氢(30%)、甲酸和乙酸对花生油进行原位环氧化。反应温度为70℃,搅拌速度为750 rpm,搅拌时间为6 h。环氧化后,在对苯二酚存在下,用丙烯酸在120℃的温度下进行进一步改性。在碘值(26.4 gl/100g油)和氧环烷含量(3.27%)时,过氧甲酸的环氧化效果优于过氧乙酸。对原料、环氧化和丙烯酸化花生籽油的红外光谱分析表明,它们被适当地功能化了。
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引用次数: 1
Fabricated device to measure the mechanical properties of grains 制造一种测量晶粒力学性能的装置
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5937/poljteh2302052m
M. El-Baily
Physical and mechanical properties of food crops gain importance during design of threshing and shilling machine. In Egypt, Corn is emerging as the third most important crop after rice and wheat, and it has significance as a source of a large number of industrial products besides its use as human food and animal feed. Corn is the Third largest cereal produced in the world with a trend of rising production in Egypt. The normal area for Corn in Egypt was hectares with production about tones in the year 2016. Four method of Corn shelling namely shelling cob grain by hand, octagonal Corn Sheller, hand operated Corn Sheller and beating by stick method were carried for removing Corn kernel from the cob. As well as, the determination of mechanical properties go to improve and optimize of separation and cleaning machine. The current study, some physical and mechanical properties of corn seeds were determined such as the average length, width, thickness and arithmetic diameter. In the moisture 8.5 and 16.7 % d.b., the results showed that, the thousand seed mass increased from. The rupture force value ranged from 141.2 to 431.6 N for corn type TWC370 dent and SC white flint at 8.5 % moisture content respectively. The rupture force value ranged from 182.3 to 529.8 N for corn type TWC370 dent and SC white flint at 16.7 % moisture content respectively. Also, the rupture energy value ranged from 279.5 to 1093.8 J for corn type TWC370 dent and SC white flint at 8.5 % moisture content respectively. The rupture energy value ranged from 369.3 to 1189.8 J for corn type TWC370 dent and SC white flint at 16.7 % moisture content respectively. But there was no regular trend for rupture force on the grains width section with increasing the moisture content.
粮食作物的物理力学性能在脱粒脱壳机的设计中占有重要地位。在埃及,玉米正在成为仅次于水稻和小麦的第三大重要作物,除了作为人类食品和动物饲料外,它还作为大量工业产品的来源具有重要意义。玉米是世界上生产的第三大谷物,埃及的产量呈上升趋势。埃及玉米的正常种植面积为公顷,2016年产量约为吨。采用手工脱壳法、八角形脱壳法、手摇脱壳法和棍打脱壳法四种脱壳方法进行玉米脱壳。同时,对分离清洗机的力学性能进行测定,对分离清洗机进行改进和优化。本研究测定了玉米种子的平均长度、宽度、厚度和算术直径等物理力学性能。结果表明,在湿度为8.5%和16.7%的条件下,千粒重增加。玉米型TWC370凹痕和SC型白火石在含水量为8.5%时的破裂力值分别为141.2 ~ 431.6 N。玉米型TWC370凹痕和SC型白火石在16.7%含水量下的破裂力值分别为182.3 ~ 529.8 N。含水量为8.5%时,TWC370型玉米凹痕和SC型白火石的破裂能值分别为279.5 ~ 1093.8 J。玉米型TWC370凹痕和SC型白火石在16.7%含水率下的破裂能值分别为369.3 ~ 1189.8 J。但随着含水率的增加,断裂力在晶粒宽度截面上没有规律性的变化趋势。
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引用次数: 0
The importance of business decision-making of top management in an agricultural company that uses the practical application of new approaches to software solutions in the it sector in the Republic of Serbia 在塞尔维亚共和国的it部门使用新方法的软件解决方案的实际应用的农业公司的高层管理的商业决策的重要性
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5937/poljteh2202051a
I. Arnautović, Tatjana Davidov, S. Nastić, S. Popović
Valid making important business decisions is of particular importance in agricultural companies. Top management in agricultural companies should be in an innovative mood for the application of new technical solutions that will facilitate the business of the company and through which it will achieve better business results. In this paper, the Authors emphasize the importance of using new approaches regarding the practical application of software solutions in agricultural companies. Business management decisions of top management can be based on the application of new software solutions. The application of new software solutions in agricultural companies is related to the processes of previously established internal control processes in the regular operations of the mentioned companies. In this paper, the Authors emphasized the importance of developing software solutions whose application leads to a better overall business in an agricultural enterprise in a safe way.
有效地做出重要的商业决策对农业公司来说尤为重要。农业公司的高层管理人员应该有一种创新的心态来应用新的技术解决方案,这将促进公司的业务,并通过它来实现更好的业务成果。在本文中,作者强调了在农业公司实际应用软件解决方案时使用新方法的重要性。最高管理层的业务管理决策可以基于新软件解决方案的应用。新的软件解决方案在农业企业中的应用,与上述企业正常运营中先前建立的内部控制流程有关。在本文中,作者强调了开发软件解决方案的重要性,这些解决方案的应用可以以安全的方式为农业企业带来更好的整体业务。
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引用次数: 0
Hydraulic symbols: Part three: Valves 液压符号。第3部分:阀门
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5937/poljteh1903001p
Dragana Petrović, V. Cerović
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引用次数: 3
Different mechanical control of weeds under vines to reduce ecological footprint 采用不同的机械方式控制藤蔓下的杂草,减少生态足迹
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5937/poljteh2301046b
P. Berk, D. Kelc, P. Vindiš
The purpose of the study was to investigate the alternative methods of weed control in the vineyard under 'Sauvignon' vines to reduce ecological footprint in vineyard production. Weed control was performed at the experimental site with the mechanical weed control under vines with a grass cutter, a rotating star hoe (roll hoe) and a vine trunk cleaner, while at the same time additional mulching was carried out in the belts between the rows. The ecological footprint of each production operation was estimated by including environmental impacts related to fossil-C (kg CO2/hm2 ), air, water, soil, nonrenewable, renewable, and area resources. While carrying out the mechanical control, we analysed the weed coverage, grape yield and yield loss. Grape yield was highest for weedfree control plots, followed by plots where ploughshare was used. Yield loss was lowest when using ploughshare. In addition to the weed-free plot, weed coverage was lowest when glyphosate was used. The maximum amount of CO2 is released while using rotating star hoe. At the grass cutter and vine trunk cleaner less CO2 was released. The same is with global warming potential (GWP).
本研究的目的是研究在苏维翁葡萄种植的葡萄园中控制杂草的替代方法,以减少葡萄园生产中的生态足迹。试验现场采用割草机、旋转星锄(滚锄)和藤干清扫机在葡萄藤下进行机械除草,同时在行与行之间的皮带上进行额外的覆盖。每个生产操作的生态足迹包括与化石碳(kg CO2/hm2)、空气、水、土壤、不可再生资源、可再生资源和区域资源相关的环境影响。在实施机械控制的同时,对杂草盖度、葡萄产量和产量损失进行了分析。无杂草对照区葡萄产量最高,犁铧对照区次之。犁铧时产量损失最小。除无草区外,施用草甘膦时杂草覆盖率最低。当使用旋转星锄时,释放的二氧化碳量最大。割草机和藤干清洁器释放的二氧化碳较少。全球变暖潜势(GWP)也是如此。
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引用次数: 0
Hydraulic aggregates in agricultural engineering 农业工程中的水力集料
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5937/poljteh2103089p
Dragana Petrović, Z. Mileusnić, M. Oljaca, R. Radojević
With an extremely carefully and very dedicated approach, power transmission may, but not obligatory, present a serious technical, environmental or econometric problem. In agricultural engineering, this process is unfortunately often further complicated. Therefore, energy transfer in this particularly sensitive area must be performed with special care, and energy-specific technical solutions must be applied in each isolated case. These solutions must be specially harmonized with the dynamic energy needs of the system, and should provide energy transfer that is technically, technologically, economically and ecologically harmonized with the practically unpredictable dynamic needs of hydraulic elements and systems in agricultural engineering. However, the use of hydraulic drive, or at least its participation in power transmission, has become an almost inevitable practice today. This is especially important if it is also electronically controlled, because with a number of additional advantages including fluid line flexibility, energy transfer from arbitrary types of primary sources and energy converters, all the way to the appropriate control units or consumers can be achieved successfully, efficiently and accurately.
通过非常谨慎和非常专注的方法,电力传输可能(但不是强制性的)出现严重的技术、环境或计量问题。不幸的是,在农业工程中,这一过程往往更加复杂。因此,在这个特别敏感的地区进行能量转移必须特别小心,并且必须在每个孤立的情况下应用针对能源的技术解决方案。这些解决方案必须特别与系统的动态能量需求相协调,并应提供在技术上、技术上、经济上和生态上与农业工程中液压元件和系统的实际不可预测的动态需求相协调的能量转移。然而,使用液压传动,或至少其参与动力传动,已成为当今几乎不可避免的做法。如果它也是电子控制的,这一点尤其重要,因为具有许多额外的优势,包括流体管线的灵活性,从任意类型的一次源和能量转换器的能量传输,可以成功,高效和准确地实现到适当的控制单元或消费者。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of soil and water conservation measures on the environment: A review 水土保持措施对环境的影响研究进展
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5937/poljteh2203042a
I. Ahuchaogu, P. Ehiomogue, Unwana Udoumoh
The preservation and sustainable development of soil and water resources is one of the basic principles for the development of the environment. Soil degradation was a significant global issues during the 20th century and remains of high importance in the 21 st century as it affect the environment, agronomic production, food security, and quality of life. This review provides an extensive review information on soil conservation strategies or methods and their applications. Based on this, the most promising soil conservation technologies are identified to improve the management and conservation of soil resources. This review also aims to provide general characteristics of soil and water loss, explore the relationship between soil and water conservation and sustainable development, and to provide relevant methods for soil and water conservation. The result of this review shows that measures focused on soil and water conservation by ridging, constructing earth bunds and terraces, mulching, multiple cropping, fallowing, and tree planting. Mulching, crop management, and conservation tillage are appropriate technologies for conserving sandy soils of high erosivity and low water holding capacity. Leguminous cover crops and residue management reduce the impact of rain. These measures also reported to enhance the levels of soil organic matter and nutrients, especially nitrogen, which is generally limited in tropical soils. Intercropping of compatible species is recorded as a promising cropping system, as cultures with different rooting patterns and growth cycles can promote nutrient recycling and suppress weeds.
水土资源的保护和可持续发展是环境发展的基本原则之一。土壤退化在20世纪是一个重大的全球性问题,在21世纪仍然非常重要,因为它影响到环境、农业生产、粮食安全和生活质量。本文对土壤保持策略、方法及其应用进行了综述。在此基础上,确定了最有前途的土壤保持技术,以改善土壤资源的管理和保持。综述了水土流失的一般特征,探讨了水土保持与可持续发展的关系,并提出了相应的水土保持方法。研究结果表明,水土保持措施主要集中在垄地、筑田、覆盖、复种、休耕和植树等方面。覆盖、作物管理和保护性耕作是保护高侵蚀性和低持水能力沙质土壤的适宜技术。豆科覆盖作物和残留物管理减少了雨水的影响。据报道,这些措施还提高了土壤有机质和营养物质的水平,特别是氮的水平,而在热带土壤中,氮通常是有限的。亲和种间作是一种很有前途的种植制度,因为具有不同生根模式和生长周期的培养物可以促进养分循环和抑制杂草。
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引用次数: 1
Effect of process conditions on Sandbox seed oil yield by mechanical expression: A response surface approach 工艺条件对沙盒籽油产量的力学影响:响应面法
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5937/poljteh2003070n
Onwe Nwabueze David, Bamgboye Isaac Adeleke
Cost of solvent oil extraction methods has made mechanical oil expression a desirable alternative. The effect of process variables on mechanical oil expression from sandbox seed was studied. The experimental design used for the study was a 52 Central Composite Rotatable Design of Response Surface Methodology. Experimental factors considered were: moisture content, roasting temperature, roasting time, expression pressure and expression time. Results obtained were analyzed at a0.05. The oil yield from the sandbox seed ranged from 16.38-38.68%, and was increased at processing variable ranges of (4.0-8.0%) moisture content, (80.0-90.0°C) roasting temperature, (5.0-15.0%) roasting time, (15.0-20.0 MPa) expression pressure and (6.0-8.0 min) extraction time. The maximum oil yield of 38.68% was obtained at the processing conditions of 6% moisture content, 85 °C roasting temperature, 15 min roasting time, expression pressure of 20 MPa and 8 min pressing time. Model equation relating the process variables to oil yield was developed. Coefficient of determination (R2) relating the process was 0.8908. The result showed that moisture content, roasting time, expression pressure and expression time had a significant influence on the sandbox oil yield. The results obtained in this study can serve for process and equipment designs for oil extraction from sandbox and other oilseeds and nuts.
溶剂油提取方法的成本使机械油表达成为一种理想的替代方法。研究了工艺变量对沙箱种子机械油脂表达的影响。试验设计采用响应面法52中心复合可旋转设计。试验考虑的因素有:含水率、焙烧温度、焙烧时间、焙烧压力和焙烧时间。所得结果以a0.05进行分析。砂箱种子的出油率在16.38 ~ 38.68%之间,在水分(4.0 ~ 8.0%)、焙烧温度(80.0 ~ 90.0℃)、焙烧时间(5.0 ~ 15.0%)、表达压力(15.0 ~ 20.0 MPa)和萃取时间(6.0 ~ 8.0 min)的处理范围内均有提高。在水分含量6%、焙烧温度85℃、焙烧时间15 min、表达压力20 MPa、压榨时间8 min的条件下,得到的最大出油率为38.68%。建立了工艺变量与产油率之间的模型方程。与工艺相关的决定系数(R2)为0.8908。结果表明,含水率、焙烧时间、表现压力和表现时间对沙盒油收率有显著影响。研究结果可为砂箱及其他油料种子和坚果的油脂提取工艺和设备设计提供参考。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of soil moisture content, dynamic load and wheel slippage in measuring traction in an indoor traction bed 土壤含水率、动载荷和车轮滑移对室内牵引床牵引力测量的影响
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5937/POLJTEH2101022T
A. Tola, A. M. Sedara, O. Olatunde, A. Babalola
A study was conducted to determine the effect of soil moisture content, dynamic load and wheel slippage in measuring traction. A single wheel test rig was developed to enable fundamental research on traction studies on tropical soil at the department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering of Federal University of Technology, Akure. This facility consists of a moving carriage with a trolley that moves in either forward or reverse directions on rails well above a soil bin powered by 2.2 kW, three phase induction motor. The present facility set up was able to operate in either towing test mode for tire motion resistance studies or driving test mode for tire net traction and tractive efficiency studies. The test tire on the moving carriage was powered to rotate by a motor with additional pull provided by a cable-pulley mechanism connected to a tower with hanging dead weights. All controls on the moving carriage were activated from the main control console. The developed facility was successfully tested to determine tractive efficiency for narrow wheels at a particular inflation pressure on clay soil. The single wheel test rig facility worked well and the research indicates that wheel load, wheel slippage, soil moisture content and inflation pressure has great effect on traction efficiency. Traction efficiency decreased as the wheel load and wheel slippage increased. The developed single wheel testing facility can perform traction tests in controlled soil conditions to study the effect of soil, tire and moisture parameters on the performance of the system.
研究了土壤含水量、动载荷和车轮滑移对牵引力测量的影响。阿库尔联邦科技大学农业与环境工程系为开展热带土壤牵引基础研究,研制了单轮试验台。该设备由一个带小车的移动车厢组成,小车在轨道上向前或反向移动,轨道位于由2.2 kW三相感应电动机驱动的土仓上方。目前的设备设置既可以在拖曳测试模式下进行轮胎运动阻力研究,也可以在驾驶测试模式下进行轮胎网牵引力和牵引效率研究。移动车厢上的测试轮胎由电机提供动力,并由连接到悬挂自重的塔上的电缆滑轮机构提供额外的拉力。移动车厢上的所有控制装置都是从主控制台启动的。开发的设备已成功地进行了测试,以确定窄轮在特定膨胀压力下对粘土土的牵引效率。单轮试验台运行良好,研究表明,车轮载荷、车轮滑移、土壤含水率和充气压力对牵引效率影响较大。随着轮载和轮滑的增加,牵引效率降低。所研制的单轮试验装置可以在可控的土壤条件下进行牵引试验,研究土壤、轮胎和水分参数对系统性能的影响。
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引用次数: 1
Approval of financial analysis in the management of agricultural company 财务分析在农业公司管理中的应用
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5937/poljteh2002037r
Stojanka Radović
An agricultural company is a living organism that tends to evolve. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to implement adequate planning, establish controls and analytical procedures that are used in all aspects of the business. For decades, agricultural companies have been dominated by accounting analysis, which included, above all, adequate monitoring of the process through analysis in the financial statements, and in particular the analysis of data relevant to the operation of any enterprise. The application of modern accounting analysis should provide the management of the company with a wide range of opportunities regarding the continuous growth and development of the company in accordance with the set goals. However, this is not enough. Modern financial management does not rule out an accounting approach, but it does introduce a complete observation of the financial situation in the company, fair valuation of the assets of the company, realistic financial reporting, through the implementation of a realistic financial report obtained by the top management by the sector managers and departments in the company.
农业公司是一个不断进化的生命体。为了实现这一目标,有必要在业务的各个方面实施充分的计划,建立控制和分析程序。几十年来,农业公司一直以会计分析为主导,其中首先包括通过财务报表中的分析对流程进行充分监测,特别是对与任何企业经营有关的数据进行分析。现代会计分析的应用应该为公司的管理层提供广泛的机会,使公司能够按照既定的目标不断增长和发展。然而,这还不够。现代财务管理不排除会计方法,但它确实引入了对公司财务状况的全面观察,对公司资产的公允估值,真实的财务报告,通过公司的部门经理和部门执行最高管理层获得的真实财务报告。
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引用次数: 0
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Poljoprivredna tehnika
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