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Application of a crew-centered cockpit design process and toolset 以乘员为中心的座舱设计流程和工具集的应用
Pub Date : 1994-05-23 DOI: 10.1109/NAECON.1994.332842
C. Martin
This paper describes the benefits of a new process for performing cockpit design by tracing a sample problem to its resolution through the application of the process and its accompanying toolset. The activities performed and the toolset selected illustrate the enormous potential of this evolving technology in future cockpit design and development. The Human Systems Center's Armstrong Laboratory initiated the Crew-Centered Cockpit Design (CCCD) Program in the mid-1980's in response to a need for a formal, structured process to improve the design, analysis, and testing of cockpit designs. Veda Incorporated is working with the CCCD Program Office to provide an enhanced and validated Crew-Centered System Design Process (CSDP) and a Cockpit Design System (CDS) toolset to meet this need. This paper presents the concept of use for the CSDP and CDS toolset that is currently being applied in a series of field demonstrations to a variety of cockpit designs and upgrades. The sample problem presented in this paper was actually performed in 1993; however, many of the capabilities of the CSDP and the CDS that are described are still in development. The concurrent application of the evolving process and toolset in real-world applications is facilitating the verification of the end products of the program. This article is written from the perspective of the analyst/designer assigned to use the process and toolset to solve a typical problem and to demonstrate the utility of the CSDP and the CDS toolset.<>
本文描述了一个执行座舱设计的新过程的好处,通过应用该过程及其附带的工具集,跟踪一个示例问题的解决方案。所进行的活动和所选择的工具集说明了这种不断发展的技术在未来驾驶舱设计和开发中的巨大潜力。人类系统中心的阿姆斯壮实验室在1980年代中期启动了以乘员为中心的座舱设计(CCCD)计划,以响应一个正式的、结构化的过程来改进座舱设计的设计、分析和测试的需要。Veda公司正在与CCCD项目办公室合作,提供增强和验证的以船员为中心的系统设计过程(CSDP)和驾驶舱设计系统(CDS)工具集,以满足这一需求。本文介绍了CSDP和CDS工具集的使用概念,这些工具集目前正在各种座舱设计和升级的一系列现场演示中得到应用。本文所提出的样本问题是在1993年实际执行的;然而,本文所描述的CSDP和CDS的许多功能仍处于开发阶段。发展过程和工具集在实际应用中的并发应用促进了程序最终产品的验证。本文是从被指派使用流程和工具集来解决典型问题的分析师/设计师的角度出发,并演示CSDP和CDS工具集的实用性。
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引用次数: 1
The neural network method for radar weak target detection 雷达弱目标检测的神经网络方法
Pub Date : 1994-05-23 DOI: 10.1109/NAECON.1994.332926
H. Weidong, Yu Wenxian, Guo Guirong
Because of the statistical nature nature of many types of clutter, a radar target detector must set a fairly high threshold in order to order to maintain a reasonable false-alarm rate. However, weak targets are usually missed for the above threshold detector. This paper presents an effective detector, which can be considered as a two-dimensional feature matching filter for radar signals. The feature extraction is performed by Hopfield neural networks and the feature integration is finished by a multilayer perceptron. In order to overcome the local optimum problem, a novel modification which is called energy comparing method is introduced into the Hopfield model dynamic equation to find the global optimum. By testing with the real radar return data in a low signal-to-clutter ratio, the detector presented in this paper has more advantages than the conventional threshold detector.<>
由于杂波的统计性质,雷达目标探测器必须设置一个相当高的阈值,以保持合理的虚警率。然而,上述阈值检测器通常会遗漏弱目标。本文提出了一种有效的探测器,它可以看作是雷达信号的二维特征匹配滤波器。特征提取由Hopfield神经网络完成,特征集成由多层感知器完成。为了克服Hopfield模型的局部最优问题,在Hopfield模型动力学方程中引入了一种新的修正方法——能量比较法来求全局最优。在低信杂比条件下对实际雷达回波数据进行了测试,结果表明,该检测器比传统的阈值检测器具有更大的优势。
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引用次数: 0
Combat modeling in the "risk" environment “风险”环境中的战斗建模
Pub Date : 1994-05-23 DOI: 10.1109/NAECON.1994.332931
M. Garrambone, J. Chrissis, B. Morlan
This paper contains a mathematical analysis of a theater conflict wargame and describes the framework for assessing the impact of force structure by viewing the construction of a computer model which mirrors the combat attrition processes. The paper describes the Markovian model used to verify and validated the results of simulated force combat by deriving combat transition probabilities, and defines, analyzes, and tests a series of various player strategies. We examine offensive and defensive approaches to determine the optimal player decision processes derived from Markovian analysis. The analysis is further supported by combat simulation along with graphical explanations. The objective remains that of testing combat strategies given alternatives presented under various playing conditions.<>
本文包含了一个战区冲突兵棋推演的数学分析,并描述了通过观察反映战斗消耗过程的计算机模型的构建来评估部队结构影响的框架。本文描述了马尔可夫模型,通过推导战斗转移概率来验证和验证模拟力量战斗的结果,并定义、分析和测试了一系列不同的参与者策略。我们研究了进攻和防守的方法,以确定从马尔可夫分析中得出的最佳球员决策过程。这一分析得到了战斗模拟和图形解释的进一步支持。我们的目标仍然是在不同的游戏条件下测试不同的战斗策略。
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引用次数: 2
Feature extraction and feature selection of microwave scattering images 微波散射图像的特征提取与特征选择
Pub Date : 1994-05-23 DOI: 10.1109/NAECON.1994.333022
Xingbin Gao, Yongtan Liu
An ISAR object recognition system has been described. The feature extraction of ISAR object images is achieved by two-dimensional FFT processing,and a square window which is located on the center of the spectrum is used for feature selection, and the classifier of the system is a nearest neighbor classifier. Through experiments on ISAR object recognition, the effect of the feature window length on the system recognition rate has been investigated. The experimental results show that the feature selection window with the low-pass form is the optimum feature selection approach, and an optimum feature window length is existing for this feature selection method, which can be determined by training sample set itself.<>
介绍了一种ISAR目标识别系统。通过二维FFT处理实现ISAR目标图像的特征提取,利用位于光谱中心的方形窗口进行特征选择,系统的分类器为最近邻分类器。通过ISAR目标识别实验,研究了特征窗长度对系统识别率的影响。实验结果表明,低通形式的特征选择窗口是最优特征选择方法,并且存在一个最优特征窗口长度,该长度可由训练样本集本身确定。
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引用次数: 2
Ensuring software supportability during acquisition: an Air Force case study 确保采办期间的软件可支持性:空军案例研究
Pub Date : 1994-05-23 DOI: 10.1109/NAECON.1994.332954
A. C. Johndro, D. Ferens
Active consideration of software support during acquisition, or development, is tantamount to successful software support. A key objective of the Air Force's new Integrated Weapon System Management (IWSM) philosophy is to ensure software supportability by making the same organization responsible for both software development and software support. A thesis effort performed at the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) in 1993 assessed whether IWSM could meet this objective and what practices would result in improved software supportability. A literature review and survey of several programs designated as IWSM pilot programs concluded that the IWSM concept is indeed superior for software supportability, and that several practices used by the organizations surveyed can enhance supportability. Furthermore, the surveys and literature review suggested several additional practices that can further enhance the effectiveness of IWSM. A product of the AFIT study is a set of guidelines for ensuring supportability of software for IWSM systems. Although these guidelines were written specifically for IWSM, they will help all software managers more effectively consider software support during acquisition.<>
在获取或开发过程中积极考虑软件支持等同于成功的软件支持。空军新的综合武器系统管理(IWSM)理念的一个关键目标是通过使同一组织负责软件开发和软件支持来确保软件的可保障性。1993年在空军技术学院(AFIT)进行的一项论文工作评估了IWSM是否能够满足这一目标,以及哪些实践将导致改进的软件可支持性。对指定为IWSM试点项目的几个项目的文献回顾和调查得出结论,IWSM概念确实优于软件可支持性,并且被调查的组织使用的一些实践可以增强可支持性。此外,调查和文献综述提出了一些额外的做法,可以进一步提高IWSM的有效性。AFIT研究的一个产品是一套指导方针,用于确保IWSM系统的软件可支持性。尽管这些指导方针是专门为IWSM编写的,但它们将帮助所有软件经理在获取过程中更有效地考虑软件支持。
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引用次数: 0
Third generation airport surface detection equipment design 第三代机场地面探测设备设计
Pub Date : 1994-05-23 DOI: 10.1109/NAECON.1994.332891
G. Go, J.W. Ianniello
The Federal Aviation Administration under the National Airspace System Plan is modernizing its airport radar for surface surveillance. Part of this modernization program includes the installation of the third generation of Airport Surface Detection Equipment known as ASDE-3. This major advancement over existing equipment uses modern radar technology to provide ground controllers with a crisp, clutter free display of surface targets, even under conditions of severely limited airport visibility. Modern digital technology provides advanced viewing capabilities. These include airport map overlays and operator selectable window insets on each display. The windows can be rotated and magnified. These features allow critical areas to be viewed clearly, providing valuable assistance to ground traffic controllers. The high quality of the processed radar returns is being used to extend the function of ASDE-3 to further aid the ground controllers and enhance airport safety. Information from sensors monitoring approaching aircraft has been combined with ASDE-3 to provide automatic runway incursion warnings. This paper describes the design and implementation of ASDE-3. Methods are proposed to expand ASDE-3 to support the next generation of automatic traffic monitoring systems.<>
根据国家空域系统计划,联邦航空管理局正在对其机场雷达进行现代化改造,用于地面监视。这一现代化计划的一部分包括安装被称为ASDE-3的第三代机场表面探测设备。这是对现有设备的重大改进,使用现代雷达技术,即使在机场能见度严重受限的情况下,也能为地面控制人员提供清晰、无杂波的地面目标显示。现代数字技术提供了先进的观看能力。这些包括机场地图覆盖和运营商可选择的窗口插入在每个显示器上。窗户可以旋转和放大。这些功能可以清楚地看到关键区域,为地面交通管制员提供宝贵的帮助。处理后的高质量雷达回波被用于扩展ASDE-3的功能,以进一步帮助地面控制人员和提高机场安全。来自监测接近飞机的传感器的信息与ASDE-3相结合,提供自动跑道入侵警告。本文介绍了ASDE-3的设计与实现。提出了扩展ASDE-3以支持下一代自动交通监控系统的方法。
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引用次数: 12
Use of incomplete GPS data for navigation 使用不完整的GPS数据进行导航
Pub Date : 1994-05-23 DOI: 10.1109/NAECON.1994.333003
V.L. Koliadin
An approach to the vector of states estimation for systems where the measurement operator is not of full rank is proposed. The approach is an alternative to traditional Kalman filtering. A distinctive feature is that it needs less a priori statistical information and leads to wider spectrum of possible estimators. A central idea, which stems from the regularization theory, is to use a stabilizing functional to provide a unique solution.<>
提出了一种测量算子非满秩系统状态向量估计方法。该方法是传统卡尔曼滤波的一种替代方法。一个显著的特点是,它需要较少的先验统计信息,并导致更广泛的可能的估计。一个源于正则化理论的中心思想是使用稳定函数来提供唯一的解决方案。
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引用次数: 0
Development and first successful flight test of a QFT flight control system QFT飞行控制系统的开发和首次成功飞行试验
Pub Date : 1994-05-23 DOI: 10.1109/NAECON.1994.332847
S. Sheldon, S. Rasmussen
This paper is a discussion of the development and successful flight test of a flight control system designed using techniques of Quantitative Feedback Theory. The flight control system was designed for and flew on the Lambda Unmanned Research Vehicle. Lambda is a remotely piloted aircraft with a wingspan of 14 feet. It is operated by Wright Laboratory for research in flight control technology. The developmental process began with the use of Digital Datcom, a computer program which predicts stability and control derivatives for aerospace vehicles based upon geometric data. Datcom information formed the baseline model of the aircraft. This baseline model was refined by using system identification software to estimate the aerodynamic derivatives from actual flight test data. Maximum likelihood identification was used to identify the natural frequency and damping ratios of the short period and roll modes. This information combined with the Datcom information provided a working model for the flight control system design. Much of the preliminary QFT design work was accomplished at the Air Force institute of Technology. During the same period, a nonlinear simulation was developed at Wright Laboratory. This simulation incorporated a six degree of freedom simulation, and automatic trim calculation, air vehicle kinematics, control surface saturation, and sensor noise recorded from the Lambda on-board control system. When placed in this simulation, the original control system exhibited undesirable behavior. The controller was then adjusted prior to implementation. By this time, a new computer aided design program was developed by AFIT for designing Quantitative Feedback Theory control systems. This program allowed for a rapid redesign, which resulted in the successful flight test control system that flew on 20 November 1992.<>
本文讨论了利用定量反馈理论技术设计的飞行控制系统的研制和成功试飞情况。该飞行控制系统是为Lambda无人研究飞行器设计并在其上飞行的。拉姆达是一架翼展14英尺的遥控飞机。它由莱特实验室操作,用于飞行控制技术的研究。开发过程始于数字数据通信的使用,这是一种基于几何数据预测航空航天飞行器稳定性和控制导数的计算机程序。Datcom信息构成了飞机的基线模型。利用系统识别软件根据实际飞行试验数据估算气动导数,对该基线模型进行了细化。采用最大似然辨识法辨识短周期模态和横摇模态的固有频率和阻尼比。该信息与Datcom信息相结合,为飞行控制系统设计提供了工作模型。大部分初步QFT设计工作是在空军技术学院完成的。在同一时期,赖特实验室开发了一种非线性模拟。该仿真包括六自由度仿真、自动配平计算、飞行器运动学、控制面饱和度和从Lambda机载控制系统记录的传感器噪声。当置于该仿真中时,原始控制系统表现出不良行为。然后在执行之前对控制器进行调整。此时,AFIT开发了一种新的计算机辅助设计程序,用于设计定量反馈理论控制系统。这个计划允许一个快速的重新设计,这导致在1992年11月20日飞行成功的飞行测试控制系统。
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引用次数: 12
The application of difference method to dim point target detection in infrared images 差分法在红外图像暗点目标检测中的应用
Pub Date : 1994-05-23 DOI: 10.1109/NAECON.1994.333006
Wei-ping Yang, Zhen-Kang Shen, Zhi-yong Li
This paper deals with the detection of dim point targets in infrared images. Dim point targets detection is always a difficulty in information processing. Researchers have proposed many effective methods; this paper introduces a new method. Whereas difference method has obtained good result in one dimensional signal processing, this paper manages to apply it to two dimensional signal processing, that is to say, dim point targets detection in infrared images of low SNR. The image background is color noise, and its column correlation is strong. So, ordinary methods probably lose the true targets because of the strong color noise, but unlike them, difference method can overcome this shortcoming, it can eliminate correlation noise and enhance useful information, finally pick out the probable targets from noise background. In the paper, the method was given a more extensive account. In order to improve the detection effect, we utilize prefilter. The prefilter is realized by the alpha filter. Because the same targets have same location in more than three frames, using alpha filter can utilize the information of adjacent frames, increase the SNR of the raw data and reduce the noise of the images.<>
本文研究了红外图像中弱小目标的检测问题。弱小目标检测一直是信息处理中的一个难点。研究人员提出了许多有效的方法;本文介绍了一种新的方法。差分法在一维信号处理中取得了较好的效果,本文将差分法应用到二维信号处理中,即低信噪比红外图像中弱小目标的检测。图像背景为彩色噪声,其列相关性强。因此,普通方法可能会因为较强的颜色噪声而丢失真实目标,而差分方法克服了这一缺点,它可以消除相关噪声,增强有用信息,最终从噪声背景中挑选出可能的目标。本文对该方法进行了较为广泛的论述。为了提高检测效果,我们采用了预滤波器。预滤波器由alpha滤波器实现。由于同一目标在三帧以上具有相同的位置,使用alpha滤波器可以利用相邻帧的信息,提高原始数据的信噪比,降低图像的噪声
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引用次数: 6
Genetic robustification of digital model-following flight-control systems 数字模型跟踪飞行控制系统的遗传鲁棒性
Pub Date : 1994-05-23 DOI: 10.1109/NAECON.1994.332856
B. Porter, D. Hicks
The dynamical characteristics of high-performance fighter aircraft vary considerably over typical operational flight envelopes, and digital model-following flight-control systems for such aircraft must accordingly be robust. However, the linearised dynamics of such aircraft are usually modelled as partially irregular plants, i.e. plants having rank-defective first Markov parameters for which no robustness results are currently available in the case of fast-sampling digital PID controllers. Genetic algorithms can, however, be used to tune such PID controllers so as to robustify them over entire flight envelopes. This use of genetic algorithms is illustrated by the design of a robustified digital model-following flight-control system for an open-loop unstable F-16 aircraft operating over a flight envelope involving three different flight conditions.<>
高性能战斗机的动力特性在典型的作战飞行包线上变化很大,因此这种飞机的数字模型跟踪飞行控制系统必须具有鲁棒性。然而,这种飞机的线性化动力学通常被建模为部分不规则植物,即具有秩缺陷的第一马尔可夫参数的植物,在快速采样数字PID控制器的情况下,目前没有鲁棒性结果。然而,遗传算法可以用来调整这种PID控制器,以便在整个飞行包线上对它们进行鲁棒化。遗传算法的使用通过设计一个鲁棒数字模型跟踪飞行控制系统来说明,该系统用于一架开环不稳定的F-16飞机,该飞机在包含三种不同飞行条件的飞行包线上运行
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引用次数: 11
期刊
Proceedings of National Aerospace and Electronics Conference (NAECON'94)
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