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Pollution control caching 污染控制缓存
S. J. Walsh, J. Board
The bandwidth mismatch of today's high speed processors and standard DRAMS is between a factor of 10 to 50. From 1995 to the year 2000 this mismatch is expected to grow to three orders of magnitude, necessitating greater emphasis for on-chip caches. Today on-chip caches typically consume from 20% to 50% of the total chip area and their cost is mostly a function of the chip area they consume. Clearly, any technique which can maintain memory performance and reduce chip area requirements is extremely important. In this paper we present two novel cache architectures called pollution control caching (PCC) and pollution control caching plus victim buffering (PCC+VB). We have used trace driven simulation to obtain miss ratio statistics and we developed analytical models of the expected clock cycles per instruction (E[CPI]) for each architecture and cache size studied. Analytical models were parameterized with the results of our trace driven simulation. These models incorporate provisions to study the effect that on-chip cache size has on access time, and the effect that this and different main memory latencies have on the E[CPI]. Chip area models were also developed for each architecture and used as a basis for comparison. Finally, we used ANOVA techniques to better quantify the differences in the miss rate performance of the cache sizes and cache architectures studied. Our research has shown that, given the constraints of our design space, PCC+VB equipped caches can match the miss rate performance and E[CPI] of direct napped caches that require greater than five times the silicon area.
今天的高速处理器和标准dram的带宽不匹配在10到50之间。从1995年到2000年,这种不匹配预计将增长到三个数量级,因此需要更加重视片上缓存。如今,片上高速缓存通常消耗总芯片面积的20%到50%,它们的成本主要是它们消耗的芯片面积的函数。显然,任何能够保持内存性能和减少芯片面积要求的技术都是极其重要的。本文提出了两种新的缓存结构:污染控制缓存(PCC)和污染控制缓存加受害者缓存(PCC+VB)。我们使用跟踪驱动仿真来获得缺失率统计数据,并针对所研究的每种架构和缓存大小开发了每指令预期时钟周期(E[CPI])的分析模型。用轨迹驱动仿真的结果对解析模型进行了参数化。这些模型包含了一些条款来研究片上缓存大小对访问时间的影响,以及这个和不同的主存延迟对E[CPI]的影响。还为每种架构开发了芯片面积模型,并用作比较的基础。最后,我们使用方差分析技术来更好地量化所研究的缓存大小和缓存架构在缺失率性能上的差异。我们的研究表明,考虑到我们设计空间的限制,配备PCC+VB的缓存可以匹配需要大于5倍硅面积的直接捕获缓存的失分率性能和E[CPI]。
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引用次数: 21
Synthesis for testability of large complexity controllers 大复杂度控制器的可测试性综合
F. Fummi, D. Sciuto, M. Serro
Specification of large complexity controllers in industrial design environments is performed by means of a top-down methodology leading to a description based on a hierarchy of FSMs. This paper presents a set of algorithms which compare such hierarchical descriptions with their structural implementations to produce irredundant circuits for which test patterns are easily derived. These algorithms can be inserted into any commercial design flow, based on VHDL descriptions, thus creating a synthesis for testability environment which provides testable and optimized gate-level descriptions.
工业设计环境中大型复杂控制器的规范是通过一种自上而下的方法来执行的,这种方法导致了基于fsm层次结构的描述。本文提出了一组算法,将这种分层描述与其结构实现进行比较,从而产生易于导出测试模式的非冗余电路。这些算法可以插入到任何商业设计流程中,基于VHDL描述,从而创建一个可测试性环境的综合,提供可测试和优化的门级描述。
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引用次数: 11
Theorem proving: not an esoteric diversion, but the unifying framework for industrial verification 定理证明:不是一个深奥的转移,而是工业验证的统一框架
D. Cyrluk, M. Srivas
The effectiveness of hardware verification techniques has increased markedly in the past decade. As hardware verification techniques become increasingly powerful the idea of transitioning verification technology to industry can be taken seriously. Nevertheless, powerful decision procedures that can completely automate the verification of certain types of hardware, whether they are BDD based model-checkers or automatic microprocessor verification tools, cannot be adequate on their own for industrial hardware verification. However, a high-level, general-purpose theorem prover with specific capabilities can provide an overall framework in which these tools can be embedded and in which they can then be effectively used for industrial hardware verification.
硬件验证技术的有效性在过去十年中显著提高。随着硬件验证技术的日益强大,将验证技术过渡到工业的想法可以被认真对待。然而,无论是基于BDD的模型检查器还是自动微处理器验证工具,能够完全自动验证某些类型硬件的强大决策过程本身都不足以用于工业硬件验证。然而,具有特定功能的高级通用定理证明器可以提供一个整体框架,在这个框架中可以嵌入这些工具,然后可以有效地将它们用于工业硬件验证。
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引用次数: 9
Extraction of finite state machines from transistor netlists by symbolic simulation 用符号模拟方法从晶体管网络中提取有限状态机
Manish Pandey, Alok K. Jain, R. Bryant, D. Beatty, G. York, Samir Jain
The paper describes a new technique for extracting clock level finite state machines (FSMs) from transistor netlists using symbolic simulation. The transistor netlist is preprocessed to produce a gate level representation of the netlist. Given specifications of the circuit clocking and input and output timing, simulation patterns are derived for a symbolic simulator. The result of the symbolic simulation and extraction process is the next state and output function of the equivalent FSM, represented as Ordered Binary Decision Diagrams. Compared to previous techniques, our extraction process yields an order of magnitude improvement in both space and time, is fully automated and can handle static storage structures and time multiplexed inputs and outputs.
本文描述了一种利用符号模拟从晶体管网表中提取时钟级有限状态机的新技术。对晶体管网表进行预处理以产生网表的栅极级表示。给定电路时钟和输入输出时序的规格,推导了符号模拟器的仿真模式。符号模拟和提取过程的结果是等效FSM的下一个状态和输出函数,表示为有序二进制决策图。与以前的技术相比,我们的提取过程在空间和时间上都有了一个数量级的改进,是完全自动化的,可以处理静态存储结构和时间复用的输入和输出。
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引用次数: 7
An efficient systolic array for the discrete cosine transform based on prime-factor decomposition 基于质因数分解的离散余弦变换的有效收缩阵列
Hyesook Lim, E. Swartzlander
A new design of a systolic array for computing the discrete cosine transform (DCT) based on prime-factor decomposition is presented. The basic principle of the proposed systolic array is that one-dimensional (1-D) DCT can be decomposed to a 2-dimensional (2-D) DCT by input and output index mappings and the 2-D DCT is computed efficiently on a 2-D systolic array. We modify Lee's input index mapping method in order to construct one input mapping table instead of three input index mapping tables. The proposed systolic array avoids the need for the array transposer that was required by earlier implementations for the prime-factor DCT algorithms, and thus all processing can be pipelined. The proposed design of systolic array provides a simple and regular structure, which is well suited for VLSI implementation.
提出了一种基于素因子分解的离散余弦变换(DCT)收缩阵列的新设计。所提出的收缩阵列的基本原理是,通过输入输出索引映射将一维(1-D) DCT分解为二维(2-D) DCT,并在二维收缩阵列上高效地计算二维DCT。我们修改了Lee的输入索引映射方法,以便构造一个输入映射表而不是三个输入索引映射表。所提出的收缩阵列避免了先前实现的质因数DCT算法所需要的阵列转座,因此所有处理都可以流水线化。所提出的收缩阵列结构简单、规则,非常适合VLSI的实现。
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引用次数: 3
A coprocessor for accurate and reliable numerical computations 用于精确可靠的数值计算的协处理器
M. Schulte, E. Swartzlander
This paper presents the architecture and hardware design of a special-purpose coprocessor that performs variable-precision, interval arithmetic. Variable-precision arithmetic allows the precision of the computation to be specified, based on the problem to be solved and the required accuracy of the results. Interval arithmetic produces two values for each result, such that the true result is guaranteed to be between the two values. The coprocessor gives the programmer the ability to specify the precision of the computation, determine the accuracy of the results, and recompute inaccurate results with higher precision. Direct hardware support for variable-precision, interval arithmetic greatly improves the accuracy and reliability of numerical computations. Execution time estimates indicate that the coprocessor is two to three orders of magnitude faster than an existing software package for variable-precision, interval arithmetic.
本文介绍了一种实现变精度区间运算的专用协处理器的结构和硬件设计。变精度算术允许根据要解决的问题和结果所要求的精度来指定计算的精度。区间算法为每个结果产生两个值,从而保证真实结果介于这两个值之间。协处理器使程序员能够指定计算的精度,确定结果的精度,并以更高的精度重新计算不准确的结果。直接硬件支持变精度区间算法,大大提高了数值计算的精度和可靠性。执行时间估计表明,协处理器比现有的变精度区间算法软件包快两到三个数量级。
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引用次数: 0
FPGA global routing based on a new congestion metric 基于新拥塞度量的FPGA全局路由
Yao-Wen Chang, D. F. Wong, Chak-Kuen Wong
Unlike traditional ASIC routing, the feasibility of routing in FPGAs is constrained not only by the available space within a routing region, but also by the routing capacity of a switch block. Recent work has established the switch-block capacity as a superior congestion-control metric for FPGA global routing. However, the work has two deficiencies: (1) its algorithm for computing the switch-block capacity is not efficient, and (2) it, as well as the other recent works only modeled one type of routing segments-single-length lines. To remedy the deficiencies, we present in this paper efficient algorithms for obtaining the switch-block capacity and a graph modeling for routing on the new generation FPGAs with a versatile set of segment lengths. Experiments show that our algorithms dramatically reduce the run times for obtaining the switch-block capacities. Experiments with a global router based on the switch-block and channel densities for congestion control show a significant improvement in the area performance, compared with one based on the traditional congestion metric.
与传统的ASIC路由不同,fpga中路由的可行性不仅受到路由区域内可用空间的限制,还受到交换块的路由容量的限制。最近的工作已经建立了开关块容量作为FPGA全局路由的优越拥塞控制度量。然而,这项工作有两个不足之处:(1)其计算交换块容量的算法效率不高;(2)它以及其他最近的工作只建模了一种类型的路由段-单长度线路。为了弥补这一不足,本文提出了获取开关块容量的有效算法,并在具有可变段长度的新一代fpga上提出了路由图建模。实验表明,我们的算法显著减少了获取开关块容量的运行时间。实验表明,与基于传统拥塞度量的全局路由器相比,基于交换块和信道密度的拥塞控制路由器在区域性能上有显著提高。
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引用次数: 20
Design and implementation of a 100 MHz centralized instruction window for a superscalar microprocessor 超标量微处理器100mhz集中指令窗口的设计与实现
S. Wallace, N. Dagli, N. Bagherzadeh
The maxim of the superscalar architecture is that higher performance can be achieved by executing multiple instructions simultaneously. This can be realized on hardware by using a centralized instruction window. We present the design and implementation of a centralized instruction window capable of out-of-order issue and completion of four instructions per cycle. A compact layout (6.4 mm by 2.2 mm) of a 32-entry instruction window resulted from a full-custom design in 1.0 /spl mu/m (drawn) 3-layer metal CMOS technology. The layout was verified by simulation and shown to operate at a clock frequency over 100 MHz.
超标量架构的准则是通过同时执行多条指令可以获得更高的性能。这可以通过使用集中指令窗口在硬件上实现。我们提出了一个集中指令窗口的设计和实现,该指令窗口能够在每个周期内完成四个指令的乱序问题。一个紧凑的布局(6.4 mm × 2.2 mm)的32个入口指令窗口是由一个完全定制的设计在1.0 /spl mu/m(绘制)3层金属CMOS技术。通过仿真验证了该布局,并显示在超过100 MHz的时钟频率下工作。
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引用次数: 2
A symbolic-simulation approach to the timing verification of interacting FSMs 相互作用fsm定时验证的符号模拟方法
A. J. Daga, W. Birmingham
A timing verifier that scales to verify complex sequential circuits, modeled in terms of interacting FSMs, while rejecting false sequential and combinational paths has, so far, not been developed. We present an algorithm for this purpose. The inherently modular nature of interactions among FSMs, allow a highly efficient symbolic simulation verification methodology. Experimental results illustrate this methodology's ability to scale, while providing accurate timing verification results.
到目前为止,还没有开发出一种定时验证器,可以根据相互作用的fsm建模来验证复杂的顺序电路,同时拒绝错误的顺序和组合路径。为此,我们提出了一种算法。fsm之间交互的固有模块化性质,允许高效的符号仿真验证方法。实验结果证明了该方法的可扩展性,同时提供了精确的时序验证结果。
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引用次数: 10
Extending VLSI design with higher-order logic 用高阶逻辑扩展VLSI设计
Anand Chavan, Shiu-Kai Chin, Shahid Ikram, J. Kim, Juin-Yeu Zu
Extending VLSI CAD with higher-order logic integrates formal verification with synthesis. The benefits of doing so are: 1) relating instruction-set descriptions to implementations, 2) designing at a higher level of abstraction than at the level of schematics, 3) verifying by proof 4) reusing verified parameterized designs, 5) automatically compiling designs in higher-order logic to parameterized cell generators and layouts, and 6) validating electrical and functional properties by simulation. Such an integration is demonstrated by linking the Cambridge Higher-Order Logic (HOL) theorem-prover with the Mentor Graphics GDT design environment. We illustrate its applications by creating a parameterized macro-cell generator for an n-bit Am2910 microprogram sequencer whose design is formally verified with respect to its instruction-set architecture specification.
用高阶逻辑扩展VLSI CAD集成了形式验证和综合验证。这样做的好处是:1)将指令集描述与实现相关联,2)在比原理图级别更高的抽象级别上进行设计,3)通过证明进行验证,4)重用已验证的参数化设计,5)自动将高阶逻辑中的设计编译为参数化单元生成器和布局,以及6)通过仿真验证电气和功能属性。这种集成通过将Cambridge高阶逻辑(HOL)定理证明器与Mentor Graphics GDT设计环境相连接来演示。我们通过为n位Am2910微程序定序器创建参数化宏单元生成器来说明其应用,该定序器的设计已根据其指令集架构规范进行了正式验证。
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引用次数: 4
期刊
Proceedings of ICCD '95 International Conference on Computer Design. VLSI in Computers and Processors
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