Pub Date : 2024-04-10DOI: 10.32362/2500-316x-2024-12-2-77-89
А. V. Shatina, A. S. Borets
Objectives. This paper investigates the gravitational potential of a viscoelastic planet moving in the gravitational field of a massive attracting center (star), a satellite and one or more other planets moving in Keplerian elliptical orbits relative to the attracting center. Celestial bodies other than a viscoelastic planet are modeled by material points. Within the framework of the linear model of the theory of viscoelasticity, the problem of finding the vector of elastic displacement has been resolved. Traditionally, a solid body model is used to determine the Earth’s gravitational field, while tidal deformations are taken into account in the form of small corrections to the coefficients of the geopotential model. In this work, the viscoelastic ball model is used to take into account tidal effects. The relevance of the research topic is associated with high-precision forecasting of the movement of artificial satellites of the Earth, high-precision measurement of the Earth’s gravitational field.Methods. In this study the asymptotic and analytical methods developed by V.G. Vilke are used for mechanical systems containing viscoelastic elements of high rigidity, as well as methods of classical mechanics, mathematical analysis. The graphs were plotted using the Octave mathematical package.Results. After resolving the quasi-static problem of elasticity theory by calculating triple integrals over a spherical area, a formula for the gravitational potential of a deformable planet was obtained. In addition, the gravitational potential of the Earth was also calculated taking into account solid-state tidal effects from the Moon, Sun, and Venus at an external point. Graphs were constructed to show the dependence of the Earth’s gravitational potential on time.Conclusions. The theoretical and numerical results established herein show that the main contribution to the gravitational potential of the Earth is made by the Moon and the Sun. The influence of other planets in the solar system is small. The value of the gravitational potential at the outer point of the Earth, taking into account tidal effects, depends both on the position of the point in the moving coordinate system and on the relative position of celestial bodies.
{"title":"A mathematical model of the gravitational potential of the planet taking into account tidal deformations","authors":"А. V. Shatina, A. S. Borets","doi":"10.32362/2500-316x-2024-12-2-77-89","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32362/2500-316x-2024-12-2-77-89","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives. This paper investigates the gravitational potential of a viscoelastic planet moving in the gravitational field of a massive attracting center (star), a satellite and one or more other planets moving in Keplerian elliptical orbits relative to the attracting center. Celestial bodies other than a viscoelastic planet are modeled by material points. Within the framework of the linear model of the theory of viscoelasticity, the problem of finding the vector of elastic displacement has been resolved. Traditionally, a solid body model is used to determine the Earth’s gravitational field, while tidal deformations are taken into account in the form of small corrections to the coefficients of the geopotential model. In this work, the viscoelastic ball model is used to take into account tidal effects. The relevance of the research topic is associated with high-precision forecasting of the movement of artificial satellites of the Earth, high-precision measurement of the Earth’s gravitational field.Methods. In this study the asymptotic and analytical methods developed by V.G. Vilke are used for mechanical systems containing viscoelastic elements of high rigidity, as well as methods of classical mechanics, mathematical analysis. The graphs were plotted using the Octave mathematical package.Results. After resolving the quasi-static problem of elasticity theory by calculating triple integrals over a spherical area, a formula for the gravitational potential of a deformable planet was obtained. In addition, the gravitational potential of the Earth was also calculated taking into account solid-state tidal effects from the Moon, Sun, and Venus at an external point. Graphs were constructed to show the dependence of the Earth’s gravitational potential on time.Conclusions. The theoretical and numerical results established herein show that the main contribution to the gravitational potential of the Earth is made by the Moon and the Sun. The influence of other planets in the solar system is small. The value of the gravitational potential at the outer point of the Earth, taking into account tidal effects, depends both on the position of the point in the moving coordinate system and on the relative position of celestial bodies.","PeriodicalId":282368,"journal":{"name":"Russian Technological Journal","volume":"90 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140717763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-10DOI: 10.32362/2500-316x-2024-12-2-67-76
А. S. Leontyev, D. V. Zhmatov
Objectives. The aim of this study is to develop analytical methods to evaluate the probabilistic and temporal characteristics and performance of wireless networks using the CSMA/CA access method. These methods enable the process of selecting rational operating modes to be automated and the impact of collisions in networks implementing the 802.11 protocols to be reduced.Methods. The methods employed herein include reliability theory, theory of random processes, queuing theory, and the Laplace–Stieltjes transform.Results. A problem statement is presented and developed, along with an analytical method for evaluating the probabilistic and temporal characteristics and performance of wireless networks using the CSMA/CA access method. This method considers time constraints on information transmission, thus expanding the applicability of previously proposed analytical approaches for studying Ethernet local area networks. The analysis of networks that use the CSMA/CA access method was carried out. An original mathematical model was developed that allows evaluating various characteristics of packet transmission processes in wireless networks under time constraints on the transmission. These characteristics include latency, packet transfer time, node load, and network performance. A software package was developed to simplify the analysis and evaluation of various operation modes of wireless networks using the CSMA/CA access method.Conclusions. We demonstrate the need for developing nested analytical models describing packet transmission processes in wireless networks under time constraints on link-layer transmission. This implies the development of more complex models for more exact description of packet transmission processes in such networks. The software package developed herein enables the various options for the functioning of the network to be studied and analytical calculations to be performed. Calculations were carried out, in order to assess the probabilistic and temporal characteristics of packet transmission processes and the wireless network performance. The research involved varying the number of workstations and the intensity of packet flows entering the network nodes under the time constraint on packet transmission. The application of the developed mathematical models will be useful in creating and optimizing wireless networks such as Wi-Fi networks, networks based on the IEEE 802.11 standard, and other data transmission systems using the CSMA/CA access method. Such models and the analysis based on them will be useful in optimizing network performance, adjusting parameters, as well as selecting the capacity and configuration of wireless networks.
{"title":"Study of the probabilistic and temporal characteristics of wireless networks using the CSMA/CA access method","authors":"А. S. Leontyev, D. V. Zhmatov","doi":"10.32362/2500-316x-2024-12-2-67-76","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32362/2500-316x-2024-12-2-67-76","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives. The aim of this study is to develop analytical methods to evaluate the probabilistic and temporal characteristics and performance of wireless networks using the CSMA/CA access method. These methods enable the process of selecting rational operating modes to be automated and the impact of collisions in networks implementing the 802.11 protocols to be reduced.Methods. The methods employed herein include reliability theory, theory of random processes, queuing theory, and the Laplace–Stieltjes transform.Results. A problem statement is presented and developed, along with an analytical method for evaluating the probabilistic and temporal characteristics and performance of wireless networks using the CSMA/CA access method. This method considers time constraints on information transmission, thus expanding the applicability of previously proposed analytical approaches for studying Ethernet local area networks. The analysis of networks that use the CSMA/CA access method was carried out. An original mathematical model was developed that allows evaluating various characteristics of packet transmission processes in wireless networks under time constraints on the transmission. These characteristics include latency, packet transfer time, node load, and network performance. A software package was developed to simplify the analysis and evaluation of various operation modes of wireless networks using the CSMA/CA access method.Conclusions. We demonstrate the need for developing nested analytical models describing packet transmission processes in wireless networks under time constraints on link-layer transmission. This implies the development of more complex models for more exact description of packet transmission processes in such networks. The software package developed herein enables the various options for the functioning of the network to be studied and analytical calculations to be performed. Calculations were carried out, in order to assess the probabilistic and temporal characteristics of packet transmission processes and the wireless network performance. The research involved varying the number of workstations and the intensity of packet flows entering the network nodes under the time constraint on packet transmission. The application of the developed mathematical models will be useful in creating and optimizing wireless networks such as Wi-Fi networks, networks based on the IEEE 802.11 standard, and other data transmission systems using the CSMA/CA access method. Such models and the analysis based on them will be useful in optimizing network performance, adjusting parameters, as well as selecting the capacity and configuration of wireless networks.","PeriodicalId":282368,"journal":{"name":"Russian Technological Journal","volume":"4 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140716338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-08DOI: 10.32362/2500-316x-2024-12-2-48-56
N. М. Legkiy, I. V. Unchenko
Objectives. Radar homing heads of guided missiles form a large group of radars which differ from other radars due to their specific purpose. The advantages of a semi-active radar homing head (SARH) include the ability to have a powerful irradiator at the command post and, as a result, a powerful reflected signal from the target. This results in an increase in the range of its detection and guidance. The absence of an emitter simplifies the missile’s onboard control equipment, reduces its weight and dimensions, thereby improving its maneuverability and increasing the guidance accuracy, resulting in the greatest distribution of this type of SARH. However, in order to determine the exact Doppler shift of the target signal as part of SARH, a reference signal with a frequency coinciding with the illumination transmitter signal must be supplied to the receiving path. This study aims to synthesize and analyze the SARH receiver circuit with improved accuracy characteristics.Methods. The following methods are used: statistical radio engineering; optimal signal reception theories; and computer modeling in CAD AWR Design Environment.Results. A mathematical model of the SARH receiver was obtained and analyzed. The proposed receiver model allows the spectral characteristics of signals to be calculated at any point of the microwave paths, as well as signal characteristics at the input of the head channel, at the output of the first conversion mixer, at the output of the first intermediate frequency selector, and at the output of the receiving path. The calculated values of the main characteristics of high-frequency channels are also given.Conclusions. The resulting model allows the frequency dependencies of main parameters of the receiving path, such as the gain factor, noise factor, decibel compression points, and third-order intermodulation intercept points to be estimated. The values obtained during the simulation are maximally close to existing systems, since the models of real-life and mass-used microcircuits thu created are used as the main elements when designing high- frequency paths. The model can be used to study methods of improving technical indicators, as well as to develop new principles and schemes for developing radioelectronic complexes, for example, when designing a receiving path using advanced radio photonics.
{"title":"Mathematical modeling of microwave channels of a semi-active radar homing head","authors":"N. М. Legkiy, I. V. Unchenko","doi":"10.32362/2500-316x-2024-12-2-48-56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32362/2500-316x-2024-12-2-48-56","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives. Radar homing heads of guided missiles form a large group of radars which differ from other radars due to their specific purpose. The advantages of a semi-active radar homing head (SARH) include the ability to have a powerful irradiator at the command post and, as a result, a powerful reflected signal from the target. This results in an increase in the range of its detection and guidance. The absence of an emitter simplifies the missile’s onboard control equipment, reduces its weight and dimensions, thereby improving its maneuverability and increasing the guidance accuracy, resulting in the greatest distribution of this type of SARH. However, in order to determine the exact Doppler shift of the target signal as part of SARH, a reference signal with a frequency coinciding with the illumination transmitter signal must be supplied to the receiving path. This study aims to synthesize and analyze the SARH receiver circuit with improved accuracy characteristics.Methods. The following methods are used: statistical radio engineering; optimal signal reception theories; and computer modeling in CAD AWR Design Environment.Results. A mathematical model of the SARH receiver was obtained and analyzed. The proposed receiver model allows the spectral characteristics of signals to be calculated at any point of the microwave paths, as well as signal characteristics at the input of the head channel, at the output of the first conversion mixer, at the output of the first intermediate frequency selector, and at the output of the receiving path. The calculated values of the main characteristics of high-frequency channels are also given.Conclusions. The resulting model allows the frequency dependencies of main parameters of the receiving path, such as the gain factor, noise factor, decibel compression points, and third-order intermodulation intercept points to be estimated. The values obtained during the simulation are maximally close to existing systems, since the models of real-life and mass-used microcircuits thu created are used as the main elements when designing high- frequency paths. The model can be used to study methods of improving technical indicators, as well as to develop new principles and schemes for developing radioelectronic complexes, for example, when designing a receiving path using advanced radio photonics.","PeriodicalId":282368,"journal":{"name":"Russian Technological Journal","volume":"24 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140729056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-08DOI: 10.32362/2500-316x-2024-12-2-57-66
А. N. Yurasov, D. A. Sayfulina, Т. N. Bakhvalova
Objectives. To carry out a theoretical investigation of the features of magnetorefractive effect for metal-to-metal nanostructures. This study uses the example of multilayer Co/Pt nanostructures (ferromagnetic metal–paramagnetic metal) with a different ratio of ferromagnetic and paramagnetic phases in the visible and near-infrared (IR) spectral regions.Methods. The dependence was expressed explicitly using the basic formulas for permittivity, refraction and extinction coefficients, and optical conductivity. This then confirms the common nature of these two effects. The magnetorefractive effect for s-polarization of light was calculated using Fresnel formulas for a three-layer structure. This took into account the thickness of the samples and the influence of the substrate. Effective medium methods were used to calculate the dielectric permittivity of materials. Since the average range of cobalt concentrations was being studied, the Bruggeman approximation was used to establish the effective permittivity of nanostructures. The reflection coefficient at normal incidence was calculated for all nanostructures.Results. Since the permittivity of inhomogeneous samples was replaced by a common effective parameter depending on the permittivity of each component, we were able to apply the Drude–Lorentz theory for conductors in a high-frequency alternating field and then estimate the parameters of the electronic structure of the samples being studied. Plasma and relaxation frequencies were calculated for each sample. This made it possible for the number of free electrons to be estimated and scattering in nanostructures to be investigated.Conclusions. It was shown that Langmuir shielding can be observed in the given energy range in the IR region of the spectrum. The calculated values correlate well with the experimental data.
研究目的对金属-金属纳米结构的磁折射效应特征进行理论研究。本研究以多层 Co/Pt 纳米结构（铁磁金属-顺磁金属）为例，在可见光和近红外（IR）光谱区域，铁磁相和顺磁相的比例各不相同。利用介电常数、折射率、消光系数和光导率的基本公式，明确表达了它们之间的依存关系。这就证实了这两种效应的共同性质。使用菲涅尔公式计算了三层结构的 s 偏振光的磁折射效应。这考虑到了样品的厚度和基底的影响。使用有效介质方法计算了材料的介电常数。由于研究的是钴浓度的平均范围，因此采用了布鲁格曼近似法来确定纳米结构的有效介电系数。计算了所有纳米结构在正常入射时的反射系数。由于非均质样品的介电常数被一个取决于各成分介电常数的共同有效参数所取代，我们能够在高频交变磁场中应用导体的德鲁德-洛伦兹理论，然后估算出所研究样品的电子结构参数。我们计算出了每个样品的等离子体频率和弛豫频率。这使得估算自由电子数量和研究纳米结构中的散射成为可能。研究表明，在光谱的红外区域的给定能量范围内可以观察到朗姆屏蔽。计算值与实验数据相关性良好。
{"title":"Magnetorefractive effect in metallic Co/Pt nanostructures","authors":"А. N. Yurasov, D. A. Sayfulina, Т. N. Bakhvalova","doi":"10.32362/2500-316x-2024-12-2-57-66","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32362/2500-316x-2024-12-2-57-66","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives. To carry out a theoretical investigation of the features of magnetorefractive effect for metal-to-metal nanostructures. This study uses the example of multilayer Co/Pt nanostructures (ferromagnetic metal–paramagnetic metal) with a different ratio of ferromagnetic and paramagnetic phases in the visible and near-infrared (IR) spectral regions.Methods. The dependence was expressed explicitly using the basic formulas for permittivity, refraction and extinction coefficients, and optical conductivity. This then confirms the common nature of these two effects. The magnetorefractive effect for s-polarization of light was calculated using Fresnel formulas for a three-layer structure. This took into account the thickness of the samples and the influence of the substrate. Effective medium methods were used to calculate the dielectric permittivity of materials. Since the average range of cobalt concentrations was being studied, the Bruggeman approximation was used to establish the effective permittivity of nanostructures. The reflection coefficient at normal incidence was calculated for all nanostructures.Results. Since the permittivity of inhomogeneous samples was replaced by a common effective parameter depending on the permittivity of each component, we were able to apply the Drude–Lorentz theory for conductors in a high-frequency alternating field and then estimate the parameters of the electronic structure of the samples being studied. Plasma and relaxation frequencies were calculated for each sample. This made it possible for the number of free electrons to be estimated and scattering in nanostructures to be investigated.Conclusions. It was shown that Langmuir shielding can be observed in the given energy range in the IR region of the spectrum. The calculated values correlate well with the experimental data.","PeriodicalId":282368,"journal":{"name":"Russian Technological Journal","volume":"28 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140732160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-05DOI: 10.32362/2500-316x-2024-12-2-28-38
S. Uvaysov, A. V. Dolmatov, Th. H. Vo, N. T. Luu, C. D. Nguyen
Objectives. With the continuous development of modern radio equipment in the field of aviation and space instrumentation, the requirements for accuracy, stability, and reliability of electronic equipment operated on spacecraft are also on the increase. Spacecraft avionic units (SAU) operate under special conditions and malfunctions, as a rule, are impossible to repair. SAU are hermetically sealed structures, making it difficult to assess their technical condition. The aim of this study is to increase the efficiency and reliability of detecting latent defects in SAU using the diagnostic method involving exposure to mechanical shocks.Methods. Based on known methods, a new diagnostic method is proposed which simulates mechanical processes under shock effects at the design stage. The aim is to evaluate the presence of various latent defects in SAU. In a serviceable state, the amplitude-frequency characteristics (frequency response) of SAU differ from the frequency response of SAU with defects which affect mechanical characteristics. It was for this reason that the diagnostic model of evaluating the technical condition of SAU without removal of devices was developed.Results. This work simulates the mechanical processes in SAU in a serviceable state in the presence of a variety of defect. It also involves experimental studies of mechanical characteristics in both serviceable and faulty states. After measuring the mechanical characteristics under the impact of shock loads, the data obtained is compared with simulation results in the presence of various defects. The comparison result is a report on the technical condition of SAU.Conclusions. The method of diagnosing SAU under mechanical shock impact enhances the efficiency of diagnosing latent defects during the production and operation of SAU.
目的。随着航空和航天仪器领域现代无线电设备的不断发展，对航天器上运行的电子设备的精度、稳定性和可靠性的要求也在不断提高。航天器航空电子设备（SAU）在特殊条件下运行，出现故障通常无法修复。SAU 是密封结构，因此很难评估其技术状况。本研究的目的是提高使用机械冲击诊断法检测 SAU 潜在缺陷的效率和可靠性。在已知方法的基础上，提出了一种新的诊断方法，即在设计阶段模拟冲击作用下的机械过程。目的是评估 SAU 中是否存在各种潜在缺陷。在可使用状态下，SAU 的幅频特性（频率响应）与存在影响机械特性的缺陷的 SAU 的频率响应不同。因此，我们开发了在不拆除装置的情况下评估 SAU 技术状况的诊断模型。这项工作模拟了存在各种缺陷的 SAU 在可使用状态下的机械过程。此外，还对可使用状态和故障状态下的机械特性进行了实验研究。在测量冲击载荷影响下的机械特性后，将获得的数据与存在各种缺陷时的模拟结果进行比较。比较结果就是 SAU 技术状况报告。在机械冲击下诊断 SAU 的方法提高了在 SAU 生产和运行过程中诊断潜在缺陷的效率。
{"title":"Diagnostics of structural integrity violations of avionics during impact tests","authors":"S. Uvaysov, A. V. Dolmatov, Th. H. Vo, N. T. Luu, C. D. Nguyen","doi":"10.32362/2500-316x-2024-12-2-28-38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32362/2500-316x-2024-12-2-28-38","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives. With the continuous development of modern radio equipment in the field of aviation and space instrumentation, the requirements for accuracy, stability, and reliability of electronic equipment operated on spacecraft are also on the increase. Spacecraft avionic units (SAU) operate under special conditions and malfunctions, as a rule, are impossible to repair. SAU are hermetically sealed structures, making it difficult to assess their technical condition. The aim of this study is to increase the efficiency and reliability of detecting latent defects in SAU using the diagnostic method involving exposure to mechanical shocks.Methods. Based on known methods, a new diagnostic method is proposed which simulates mechanical processes under shock effects at the design stage. The aim is to evaluate the presence of various latent defects in SAU. In a serviceable state, the amplitude-frequency characteristics (frequency response) of SAU differ from the frequency response of SAU with defects which affect mechanical characteristics. It was for this reason that the diagnostic model of evaluating the technical condition of SAU without removal of devices was developed.Results. This work simulates the mechanical processes in SAU in a serviceable state in the presence of a variety of defect. It also involves experimental studies of mechanical characteristics in both serviceable and faulty states. After measuring the mechanical characteristics under the impact of shock loads, the data obtained is compared with simulation results in the presence of various defects. The comparison result is a report on the technical condition of SAU.Conclusions. The method of diagnosing SAU under mechanical shock impact enhances the efficiency of diagnosing latent defects during the production and operation of SAU.","PeriodicalId":282368,"journal":{"name":"Russian Technological Journal","volume":"1 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140738766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-05DOI: 10.32362/2500-316x-2024-12-2-7-15
A. А. Legkodumov, B. N. Kozeyev, V. V. Belikov, A. V. Korolkov
Objectives. This paper examines the various approaches to analyzing the impact of software changes, and suggests a new method using function control flows. Impact analysis of software change can require the investment of a lot of time and competence on the part of the expert conducting it. There is no detailed description of methodology for analyzing the impact of changes and it is not established at a legislative level. The proposed method has three aims: reducing the level of requirements for an expert when conducting software research; localizing code areas to establish defects in information protection functions; and reducing the time spent on analyzing the impact of changes.Methods. The study analyzes the common methods for analyzing software changes with a description of their positive and negative sides. The possibility of analyzing changes in the control flow of software functions is considered as an alternative to line-by-line comparison of the full volume of source codes. Represented as tree-shaped graphs, the control flows of different versions of the same software are subject to a merging procedure. The final result is analyzed by an expert from the research organization.Results. The research results of the software change analysis methods are presented with a description of their disadvantages. A description is given of the method for change analysis using function control. This complements existing methods, while eliminating their disadvantages. The study also analyzes the possibility of using this method beyond the tasks defined in the introduction.Conclusions. The use of methods to localize the most vulnerable code sections is considered one of the most promising areas for analyzing change impact. In addition to searching for vulnerable code sections, it is important to evaluate the effectiveness of the control flow comparison method in the analysis of source code when transferred to another code base.
{"title":"Methods for analyzing the impact of software changes on objective functions and safety functions","authors":"A. А. Legkodumov, B. N. Kozeyev, V. V. Belikov, A. V. Korolkov","doi":"10.32362/2500-316x-2024-12-2-7-15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32362/2500-316x-2024-12-2-7-15","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives. This paper examines the various approaches to analyzing the impact of software changes, and suggests a new method using function control flows. Impact analysis of software change can require the investment of a lot of time and competence on the part of the expert conducting it. There is no detailed description of methodology for analyzing the impact of changes and it is not established at a legislative level. The proposed method has three aims: reducing the level of requirements for an expert when conducting software research; localizing code areas to establish defects in information protection functions; and reducing the time spent on analyzing the impact of changes.Methods. The study analyzes the common methods for analyzing software changes with a description of their positive and negative sides. The possibility of analyzing changes in the control flow of software functions is considered as an alternative to line-by-line comparison of the full volume of source codes. Represented as tree-shaped graphs, the control flows of different versions of the same software are subject to a merging procedure. The final result is analyzed by an expert from the research organization.Results. The research results of the software change analysis methods are presented with a description of their disadvantages. A description is given of the method for change analysis using function control. This complements existing methods, while eliminating their disadvantages. The study also analyzes the possibility of using this method beyond the tasks defined in the introduction.Conclusions. The use of methods to localize the most vulnerable code sections is considered one of the most promising areas for analyzing change impact. In addition to searching for vulnerable code sections, it is important to evaluate the effectiveness of the control flow comparison method in the analysis of source code when transferred to another code base.","PeriodicalId":282368,"journal":{"name":"Russian Technological Journal","volume":"33 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140738468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-05DOI: 10.32362/2500-316x-2024-12-2-39-47
K. Batenkov, A. B. Fokin
Objectives. The service level agreement is an important tool used in building reasonable relations between subscribers and operators of telecommunication networks. This includes the quality of services provided. One key component is reliability as assessed by the availability factor. The most suitable model for assessing the reliability of the service provided is a random graph model based on the service contour. This is the set of technical resources involved in the provision of this service. In this formulation, the assessment of the reliability of the service is based on the reliability of elements which constitute the telecommunications network (graph), nodes (vertices) and communication lines (edges). At the same time, the availability factors of nodes and lines are determined by the design features of the distribution environment, as well as the technical means used to organize them. The purpose of this work is to develop an approach to analyzing the reliability of telecommunication networks which support protective switching mechanisms for one protected and one backup sections.Methods. The following methods are used: theory of random graphs, matrices, probabilities and computer modeling.Results. The elements of the route, both basic and reserving, are divided into three groups. The first indicates permanent unchangeable parts of the paths, the second group identifies the reserved sections, and the third group indicates the reserving sections. At the same time, each of the reserved and reserving sections is formed on the basis of specified preferences. They are usually aimed at increasing the resulting reliability, although other rules may be used. In the case of protective switching schemes for one protected section and one backup sections, a variant of forming routes used for further calculations of the reliability indicator is shown.Conclusions. Using the example of a backbone network, the study shows that the use of protective switching mechanisms for the case of one required transmission route demonstrates a significant increase in reliability, with the exception of the use of protective switching in sections. This is primarily due to the topology features of the network under consideration.
{"title":"Analysis of the structural reliability of communication networks supporting protective switching mechanisms for one protected section and one backup section","authors":"K. Batenkov, A. B. Fokin","doi":"10.32362/2500-316x-2024-12-2-39-47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32362/2500-316x-2024-12-2-39-47","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives. The service level agreement is an important tool used in building reasonable relations between subscribers and operators of telecommunication networks. This includes the quality of services provided. One key component is reliability as assessed by the availability factor. The most suitable model for assessing the reliability of the service provided is a random graph model based on the service contour. This is the set of technical resources involved in the provision of this service. In this formulation, the assessment of the reliability of the service is based on the reliability of elements which constitute the telecommunications network (graph), nodes (vertices) and communication lines (edges). At the same time, the availability factors of nodes and lines are determined by the design features of the distribution environment, as well as the technical means used to organize them. The purpose of this work is to develop an approach to analyzing the reliability of telecommunication networks which support protective switching mechanisms for one protected and one backup sections.Methods. The following methods are used: theory of random graphs, matrices, probabilities and computer modeling.Results. The elements of the route, both basic and reserving, are divided into three groups. The first indicates permanent unchangeable parts of the paths, the second group identifies the reserved sections, and the third group indicates the reserving sections. At the same time, each of the reserved and reserving sections is formed on the basis of specified preferences. They are usually aimed at increasing the resulting reliability, although other rules may be used. In the case of protective switching schemes for one protected section and one backup sections, a variant of forming routes used for further calculations of the reliability indicator is shown.Conclusions. Using the example of a backbone network, the study shows that the use of protective switching mechanisms for the case of one required transmission route demonstrates a significant increase in reliability, with the exception of the use of protective switching in sections. This is primarily due to the topology features of the network under consideration.","PeriodicalId":282368,"journal":{"name":"Russian Technological Journal","volume":"31 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140739979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-05DOI: 10.32362/2500-316x-2024-12-2-16-27
A. А. Timakov
Objectives. Verification of software security is typically performed using dynamic and static analysis tools. The corresponding types of analysis do not usually consider the business logic of the software and do not rely on data access control policies. A modern approach to resolving this problem is to implement language-based information flow control. Despite a large amount of research, mechanisms for information flow control in software are not widely used in practice. This is because they are complex and impose increased demands on developers. The aim of the work is to transfer information flow control from the language level to the level of formal verification. This will enable the functions of controlling data integrity and confidentiality in software to be isolated into a separate task, which can be resolved by information security analysts.Methods. The research is based on general formal security methods for computer systems and formal verification methods. The algorithm developed by the author for checking security specifications and resolving security violations uses temporal logic of actions.Results. The technology is presented as a step-by-step approach to resolving specific tasks, including the following: designing a database (DB) for storing and processing sensitive information; analyzing dependencies and identifying relevant sets of program blocks in the DB; generating TLA+ specifications for the identified program blocks; labeling specifications according to global security policy rules and additional constraints; applying the specification verification algorithm, and resolving security violations while providing recommendations for software developers. The procedure also involves analyzing labeled data, in order to control the spread of verified program block output values in external software modules.Conclusions. The technology presented herein does not require developers to include redundant annotations describing security policy rules. The function of analyzing information flows with reference to predefined access restrictions is moved to a separate stage of the software development life cycle.
{"title":"Analysis of information flow security using software implementing business logic based on stored database program blocks","authors":"A. А. Timakov","doi":"10.32362/2500-316x-2024-12-2-16-27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32362/2500-316x-2024-12-2-16-27","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives. Verification of software security is typically performed using dynamic and static analysis tools. The corresponding types of analysis do not usually consider the business logic of the software and do not rely on data access control policies. A modern approach to resolving this problem is to implement language-based information flow control. Despite a large amount of research, mechanisms for information flow control in software are not widely used in practice. This is because they are complex and impose increased demands on developers. The aim of the work is to transfer information flow control from the language level to the level of formal verification. This will enable the functions of controlling data integrity and confidentiality in software to be isolated into a separate task, which can be resolved by information security analysts.Methods. The research is based on general formal security methods for computer systems and formal verification methods. The algorithm developed by the author for checking security specifications and resolving security violations uses temporal logic of actions.Results. The technology is presented as a step-by-step approach to resolving specific tasks, including the following: designing a database (DB) for storing and processing sensitive information; analyzing dependencies and identifying relevant sets of program blocks in the DB; generating TLA+ specifications for the identified program blocks; labeling specifications according to global security policy rules and additional constraints; applying the specification verification algorithm, and resolving security violations while providing recommendations for software developers. The procedure also involves analyzing labeled data, in order to control the spread of verified program block output values in external software modules.Conclusions. The technology presented herein does not require developers to include redundant annotations describing security policy rules. The function of analyzing information flows with reference to predefined access restrictions is moved to a separate stage of the software development life cycle.","PeriodicalId":282368,"journal":{"name":"Russian Technological Journal","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140738637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-02DOI: 10.32362/2500-316x-2024-12-1-80-91
M. V. Parinov, A. N. Yurov, Ya. V. Skitskiy
Objectives. The high demand for unmanned aircraft and their efficiency makes the production of their components a matter of relevance. One of these components is the speed controller of the brushless electric motor of the propeller motor group. At the current time, Russian industry, however, does not mass-produce them. In order to start production, control methods and algorithms for the hardware and software parts of devices of this type are needed. Criteria for selecting the main components also need to be formalized. The aim of this work is to develop a method for the software control of electric motors. This includes block diagrams and invariant algorithms and methods for the calculated selection of parameters of the main microcontroller of the electronic speed controller.Methods. Methods of algorithmization, expert assessments, linear computational processes and experimental studies were used.Results. The paper presents the theoretical basis for controlling the required motors. It proposes a block diagram of the implementation of the controller, and a technique for switching windings when controlling with a trapezoidal signal is proposed. Examples are given in the form of an oscillogram. Based on theoretical research, an invariant algorithmic apparatus was developed for building software for various types of microcontrollers. Block diagrams of all the main modules of the software are also presented. The main ones include: the event switching algorithm; and the main endless loop of the microcontroller. The requirements for microcontrollers to create the various types of speed controllers are formalized herein and presented in the form of a set of mathematical expressions. They enable the number of required peripheral devices and microcontroller ports to be calculated according to the requirements for the microcontroller, as well as the computing power of the core used.Conclusions. Experimental studies show the reliability of the theoretical research presented herein. The results obtained can be used to select the optimal element base and develop software for speed controllers of electric motors of the propellers of unmanned aircraft.
{"title":"Control system for noise-resistant electronic speed controller of a brushless electric motor for an unmanned aerial vehicle","authors":"M. V. Parinov, A. N. Yurov, Ya. V. Skitskiy","doi":"10.32362/2500-316x-2024-12-1-80-91","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32362/2500-316x-2024-12-1-80-91","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives. The high demand for unmanned aircraft and their efficiency makes the production of their components a matter of relevance. One of these components is the speed controller of the brushless electric motor of the propeller motor group. At the current time, Russian industry, however, does not mass-produce them. In order to start production, control methods and algorithms for the hardware and software parts of devices of this type are needed. Criteria for selecting the main components also need to be formalized. The aim of this work is to develop a method for the software control of electric motors. This includes block diagrams and invariant algorithms and methods for the calculated selection of parameters of the main microcontroller of the electronic speed controller.Methods. Methods of algorithmization, expert assessments, linear computational processes and experimental studies were used.Results. The paper presents the theoretical basis for controlling the required motors. It proposes a block diagram of the implementation of the controller, and a technique for switching windings when controlling with a trapezoidal signal is proposed. Examples are given in the form of an oscillogram. Based on theoretical research, an invariant algorithmic apparatus was developed for building software for various types of microcontrollers. Block diagrams of all the main modules of the software are also presented. The main ones include: the event switching algorithm; and the main endless loop of the microcontroller. The requirements for microcontrollers to create the various types of speed controllers are formalized herein and presented in the form of a set of mathematical expressions. They enable the number of required peripheral devices and microcontroller ports to be calculated according to the requirements for the microcontroller, as well as the computing power of the core used.Conclusions. Experimental studies show the reliability of the theoretical research presented herein. The results obtained can be used to select the optimal element base and develop software for speed controllers of electric motors of the propellers of unmanned aircraft.","PeriodicalId":282368,"journal":{"name":"Russian Technological Journal","volume":"14 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139871358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-02DOI: 10.32362/2500-316x-2024-12-1-80-91
M. V. Parinov, A. N. Yurov, Ya. V. Skitskiy
Objectives. The high demand for unmanned aircraft and their efficiency makes the production of their components a matter of relevance. One of these components is the speed controller of the brushless electric motor of the propeller motor group. At the current time, Russian industry, however, does not mass-produce them. In order to start production, control methods and algorithms for the hardware and software parts of devices of this type are needed. Criteria for selecting the main components also need to be formalized. The aim of this work is to develop a method for the software control of electric motors. This includes block diagrams and invariant algorithms and methods for the calculated selection of parameters of the main microcontroller of the electronic speed controller.Methods. Methods of algorithmization, expert assessments, linear computational processes and experimental studies were used.Results. The paper presents the theoretical basis for controlling the required motors. It proposes a block diagram of the implementation of the controller, and a technique for switching windings when controlling with a trapezoidal signal is proposed. Examples are given in the form of an oscillogram. Based on theoretical research, an invariant algorithmic apparatus was developed for building software for various types of microcontrollers. Block diagrams of all the main modules of the software are also presented. The main ones include: the event switching algorithm; and the main endless loop of the microcontroller. The requirements for microcontrollers to create the various types of speed controllers are formalized herein and presented in the form of a set of mathematical expressions. They enable the number of required peripheral devices and microcontroller ports to be calculated according to the requirements for the microcontroller, as well as the computing power of the core used.Conclusions. Experimental studies show the reliability of the theoretical research presented herein. The results obtained can be used to select the optimal element base and develop software for speed controllers of electric motors of the propellers of unmanned aircraft.
{"title":"Control system for noise-resistant electronic speed controller of a brushless electric motor for an unmanned aerial vehicle","authors":"M. V. Parinov, A. N. Yurov, Ya. V. Skitskiy","doi":"10.32362/2500-316x-2024-12-1-80-91","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32362/2500-316x-2024-12-1-80-91","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives. The high demand for unmanned aircraft and their efficiency makes the production of their components a matter of relevance. One of these components is the speed controller of the brushless electric motor of the propeller motor group. At the current time, Russian industry, however, does not mass-produce them. In order to start production, control methods and algorithms for the hardware and software parts of devices of this type are needed. Criteria for selecting the main components also need to be formalized. The aim of this work is to develop a method for the software control of electric motors. This includes block diagrams and invariant algorithms and methods for the calculated selection of parameters of the main microcontroller of the electronic speed controller.Methods. Methods of algorithmization, expert assessments, linear computational processes and experimental studies were used.Results. The paper presents the theoretical basis for controlling the required motors. It proposes a block diagram of the implementation of the controller, and a technique for switching windings when controlling with a trapezoidal signal is proposed. Examples are given in the form of an oscillogram. Based on theoretical research, an invariant algorithmic apparatus was developed for building software for various types of microcontrollers. Block diagrams of all the main modules of the software are also presented. The main ones include: the event switching algorithm; and the main endless loop of the microcontroller. The requirements for microcontrollers to create the various types of speed controllers are formalized herein and presented in the form of a set of mathematical expressions. They enable the number of required peripheral devices and microcontroller ports to be calculated according to the requirements for the microcontroller, as well as the computing power of the core used.Conclusions. Experimental studies show the reliability of the theoretical research presented herein. The results obtained can be used to select the optimal element base and develop software for speed controllers of electric motors of the propellers of unmanned aircraft.","PeriodicalId":282368,"journal":{"name":"Russian Technological Journal","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139811098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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