H. Takahata, D. Kimura, T. Matsumoto, Y. Sugiyama, K. Takanashi, M. Tomonaga, S. Yabuta, G. Yamakoshi
{"title":"Comments to the Feature Articles","authors":"H. Takahata, D. Kimura, T. Matsumoto, Y. Sugiyama, K. Takanashi, M. Tomonaga, S. Yabuta, G. Yamakoshi","doi":"10.2354/PSJ.26.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2354/PSJ.26.010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":287120,"journal":{"name":"Primate Research","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131550797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A lot of Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) fossil specimens have been discovered from the middle Pleistocene through Holocene deposits in Japan. Although some specimens are isolated molars, previous studies have not used them for statistic analyses, because it was difficult to identify their specific tooth class due to morphological similarities among teeth. In this study, we have applied a geometric morphometric method to explore the morphological differences among three classes of upper molars (M1-M3) in extant Japanese macaques, and assessed the reliability of the application of this method for fossil specimens. Canonical variate analysis revealed that there is a tendency for morphological differences among three classes of upper molars, as follows. M1 is characterized by the concavity of the external outline of the crown in the mesio-lingual region and its expansion on the buccal side of the mesial region and on the distal side of the buccal region, and lingual displacement of the protocone and hypocone. M2 tends to show the expansion of the external outline in the disto-lingual region and its slight concavity on the mesial side with mesial displacement of the metacone and hypocone. M3 is characterized by the expansion of the external outline in the mesio-lingual region and its concavity on the buccal side of the mesial region and on the distal side of the buccal region, and buccal displacement of the protocone and hypocone. All fossil molar specimens could be identified to their proper classes. Although improvement of this method is needed, it is now possible to identify the class of molars, even in isolated fossil specimens, and this may contribute to a better understanding of the evolutionary history of Japanese macaques.
{"title":"幾何学的形態測定を用いたニホンザル（Macaca fuscata）の歯種同定の試み","authors":"毅志 伊藤, 荻野 慎太郎, 西岡 佑一郎, 正成 高井","doi":"10.2354/PSJ.26.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2354/PSJ.26.3","url":null,"abstract":"A lot of Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) fossil specimens have been discovered from the middle Pleistocene through Holocene deposits in Japan. Although some specimens are isolated molars, previous studies have not used them for statistic analyses, because it was difficult to identify their specific tooth class due to morphological similarities among teeth. In this study, we have applied a geometric morphometric method to explore the morphological differences among three classes of upper molars (M1-M3) in extant Japanese macaques, and assessed the reliability of the application of this method for fossil specimens. Canonical variate analysis revealed that there is a tendency for morphological differences among three classes of upper molars, as follows. M1 is characterized by the concavity of the external outline of the crown in the mesio-lingual region and its expansion on the buccal side of the mesial region and on the distal side of the buccal region, and lingual displacement of the protocone and hypocone. M2 tends to show the expansion of the external outline in the disto-lingual region and its slight concavity on the mesial side with mesial displacement of the metacone and hypocone. M3 is characterized by the expansion of the external outline in the mesio-lingual region and its concavity on the buccal side of the mesial region and on the distal side of the buccal region, and buccal displacement of the protocone and hypocone. All fossil molar specimens could be identified to their proper classes. Although improvement of this method is needed, it is now possible to identify the class of molars, even in isolated fossil specimens, and this may contribute to a better understanding of the evolutionary history of Japanese macaques.","PeriodicalId":287120,"journal":{"name":"Primate Research","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134176117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"生物多様性保全・気候変動対策と国際社会－霊長類保護に貢献するWWF（World Wide Fund for Nature：世界自然保護基金）ネットワークの活動－","authors":"直比 岡安","doi":"10.2354/PSJ.24.301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2354/PSJ.24.301","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":287120,"journal":{"name":"Primate Research","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129339367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Replies to the Comments","authors":"Hitonaru Nishie, Naofumi Nakagawa, K. Kitamura","doi":"10.2354/PSJ.24.141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2354/PSJ.24.141","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":287120,"journal":{"name":"Primate Research","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123041845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Primatology as Studies of Sociality: A Foreword to the Feature Articles and Commentaries","authors":"Michio Nakamura, Y. Tashiro, N. Itoh","doi":"10.2354/PSJ.24.69","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2354/PSJ.24.69","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":287120,"journal":{"name":"Primate Research","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132563847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The male-female affinitive relationships among non-kin which persist beyond the estrus period have been known in some primates, mainly savanna baboons, Japanese macaques and rhesus macaques. I call this friendship, and review the benefits of friendships for each sex. For females, proximity and alliance of male friends disrupts antagonism by opponents, more or less, in all three species. On the other hand for the males, the effect of enhanced reproductive success seems to be negative. It is necessary to fully consider male benefits via infants in savanna baboons. Since it is highly possible that baboon males take care of a female friend's infant that he sired in the past, such friendships, especially in infanticidal baboons, would evolve through kin-selection rather than reciprocal altruism. When it comes to reciprocal exchange of benefits between a male and female, it seems that females play a positive role in the maintenance of friendships, as overall benefits seem to be female-biased. Socio-ecology can offer explanations for the ultimate cause of friendships. However, its explanatory power is not enough to explain the following observations: two non-troop males visit a group of Japanese macaques in coastal forest, Yakushima on separate days during a mating season. They received grooming one-sidedly by a female and soon left the group without copulating. These two cases seemed to be interactions between old friends, but the reciprocity cannot be formed. As the reunion with an old female friend of a male after immigration rarely occurs, mal-adaptive behavior would not be a problem. Socio-ecology does not explain such rarely occurring events. However, we can not ignore such cases just because they rarely happen. It is one aspect of the Japanese macaque society that monkeys “renews” old friendship.
{"title":"ニホンザルのオス・メス間の友達関係は何のため：社会生態学の有効性と限界","authors":"尚史 中川","doi":"10.2354/PSJ.24.91","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2354/PSJ.24.91","url":null,"abstract":"The male-female affinitive relationships among non-kin which persist beyond the estrus period have been known in some primates, mainly savanna baboons, Japanese macaques and rhesus macaques. I call this friendship, and review the benefits of friendships for each sex. For females, proximity and alliance of male friends disrupts antagonism by opponents, more or less, in all three species. On the other hand for the males, the effect of enhanced reproductive success seems to be negative. It is necessary to fully consider male benefits via infants in savanna baboons. Since it is highly possible that baboon males take care of a female friend's infant that he sired in the past, such friendships, especially in infanticidal baboons, would evolve through kin-selection rather than reciprocal altruism. When it comes to reciprocal exchange of benefits between a male and female, it seems that females play a positive role in the maintenance of friendships, as overall benefits seem to be female-biased. Socio-ecology can offer explanations for the ultimate cause of friendships. However, its explanatory power is not enough to explain the following observations: two non-troop males visit a group of Japanese macaques in coastal forest, Yakushima on separate days during a mating season. They received grooming one-sidedly by a female and soon left the group without copulating. These two cases seemed to be interactions between old friends, but the reciprocity cannot be formed. As the reunion with an old female friend of a male after immigration rarely occurs, mal-adaptive behavior would not be a problem. Socio-ecology does not explain such rarely occurring events. However, we can not ignore such cases just because they rarely happen. It is one aspect of the Japanese macaque society that monkeys “renews” old friendship.","PeriodicalId":287120,"journal":{"name":"Primate Research","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115720652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
‘ The metaphor of transmission’ (cognition-transmission model), which is a root metaphor of contemporary primatology, was reconsidered and deconstructed by referring to other academic domains such as anthropology, communication study, psychology and cognitive science. Instead, I introduced another epistemological standpoint, action-practice model, based on the ‘ situated action’ approach, in order to expand the perspective of contemporary ‘ cultural primatology’ and to understand the relationship comprehensively between primate culture and sociality. From this standpoint, I analyzed social interactions along ant-fishing among wild chimpanzees at Mahale, Tanzania. Some situated characters of their social practice, such as attitude depending on others’ actions, moderate exploring proposition to others, and direct reaction to such propositions, were considered to be important to realize such social situation of ant-fishing as a cultural practice of chimpanzees.
{"title":"チンパンジーの「文化」と社会性－「知識の伝達メタファー」再考","authors":"仁徳 西江","doi":"10.2354/PSJ.24.73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2354/PSJ.24.73","url":null,"abstract":"‘ The metaphor of transmission’ (cognition-transmission model), which is a root metaphor of contemporary primatology, was reconsidered and deconstructed by referring to other academic domains such as anthropology, communication study, psychology and cognitive science. Instead, I introduced another epistemological standpoint, action-practice model, based on the ‘ situated action’ approach, in order to expand the perspective of contemporary ‘ cultural primatology’ and to understand the relationship comprehensively between primate culture and sociality. From this standpoint, I analyzed social interactions along ant-fishing among wild chimpanzees at Mahale, Tanzania. Some situated characters of their social practice, such as attitude depending on others’ actions, moderate exploring proposition to others, and direct reaction to such propositions, were considered to be important to realize such social situation of ant-fishing as a cultural practice of chimpanzees.","PeriodicalId":287120,"journal":{"name":"Primate Research","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126594528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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