Computers & Fluids最新文献

{"title":"Modeling plant canopy through numerical simulation of cylindrical array","authors":"Ning Huang,&nbsp;Jialiang Sun,&nbsp;Yuhao Zhao,&nbsp;Jie Zhang,&nbsp;Binbin Pei","doi":"10.1016/j.compfluid.2025.106551","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compfluid.2025.106551","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vegetation is frequently utilized in windbreak engineering, yet the flow characteristics in the wake region and its interactions with airflow remain unresolved due to the heterogeneous geometry of canopy. By simplifying the canopy structure geometry as an array of cylinders with varying porosity, this works aims to reveal the flow characteristics and turbulence in the wake region of canopy flow using Large-Eddy Simulation. Meanwhile, the cylinder array is simplified using a porous-media model simulated by the k-epsilon turbulence model. A comparison of the two numerical methods reveals that employing the porous media model yields a better computational efficiency without much effect on the accuracy of the simulated steady flow region. More specifically, the RANS coupled with porous media model improves the computational efficiency by four times, while the maximal deviation in the steady flow region approaches 11%. We also analyze the dynamic mechanisms of turbulence structures in the wake region of the cylindrical array, and how vorticity fields vary with porosity. It is found that the increase in canopy porosity enlarge its protected area. Finally, an empirical model suitable for canopy vegetation is presented by analyzing the relationship between porosity and resistance coefficient.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":287,"journal":{"name":"Computers & Fluids","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 106551"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143147893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-dimensional optimization of a 1.5-stage axial compressor based on a novel local adaptive ensemble surrogate model","authors":"Yitong Liu ,&nbsp;Wuqi Gong ,&nbsp;Lu Liang ,&nbsp;Ya Li ,&nbsp;Qi Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.compfluid.2025.106553","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compfluid.2025.106553","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurately predicting the performance of a compressor is of utmost importance when utilizing intelligent optimization algorithms. To improve the prediction accuracy, a novel local adaptive ensemble surrogate model (LAESM) is proposed. In this model, independent individual surrogate model screening and weight calculation are carried out for each point to be predicted according to a unique local performance index, with the purpose of giving full play to the local advantages of different individual surrogate models. 24 numerical functions are used to test the LAESM and some other surrogate models, and it is observed that the LAESM demonstrated better accuracy and stability when compared to other surrogate models. Meanwhile, a simulation failure processing method based on SVM classification model (FP-SVM) is proposed, and a one-dimensional function is used to show the feasibility of this method. Combining the LAESM and FP-SVM, a 1.5-stage axial compressor is optimized. A total of 18 design variables and 6 objective functions are considered in the optimization, and 626 samples are calculated using the RANS method for the training. The results show that after optimization, the efficiency, pressure ratio, and stable operating range of the axial compressor are improved. By observing the flow field, it is found that the flow loss inside the compressor is obviously reduced as a result of adjusting the rotor blade profile. The method proposed in this study has the potential to serve as a reference for optimization problems in the field of turbomachinery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":287,"journal":{"name":"Computers & Fluids","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 106553"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143147860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A robust monolithic nonlinear Newton method for the compressible Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes Equations","authors":"Hulya Sukas,&nbsp;Mehmet Sahin","doi":"10.1016/j.compfluid.2025.106549","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compfluid.2025.106549","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The goal of this work is the development of a fully monolithic nonlinear Newton algorithm for the unstructured vertex-based finite volume algorithm presented in [Akkurt and Sahin, An efficient edge based data structure for the compressible RANS equations on hybrid unstructured meshes. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 94:13-31, (2022)]. A special attention is paid for the highly accurate construction of the first- and second-order Jacobian matrices for the Navier–Stokes equations and the one-equation negative Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model. The inviscid flux Jacobian matrices are evaluated exactly using the source code transformations provided by the INRIA Tapenade library. The implementation of the nonlinear Newton method is carried out using the PETSc Scalable Nonlinear Equations Solvers (SNES) with a line search technique. The method can utilize both the Jacobian-free finite difference and direct approaches for the Jacobian vector product. The INRIA pyAMG anisotropic mesh adaptation library has been integrated in order to further improve its numerical accuracy at a lower computational cost. The algorithm has been applied to the two- and three-dimensional mesh convergence test cases from the 4th AIAA CFD High Lift Prediction Workshop in order to demonstrate its robustness in achieving machine precision for a realistic high-lift system. The highly accurate Jacobian evaluation process and high CFL numbers are found to be very critical for achieving machine precision. The mesh adaptation is also proven to be very robust in refining regions with high gradients, which is especially important for the simulations at high angles of attack, where it is rather difficult to determine refinement regions <em>a priori</em>. The anisotropic mesh adaptation studies are carried out for up to 92,993,470 vertices in three-dimensions, and the numerical results indicate very good agreement with the committee’s experimental data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":287,"journal":{"name":"Computers & Fluids","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 106549"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143147859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perturbed polynomial reconstructed seventh-order hybrid WENO scheme with improved accuracy and resolution","authors":"Tao Yang,&nbsp;Dazhi Sun,&nbsp;Qijun Zhao,&nbsp;Guoqing Zhao,&nbsp;Xi Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.compfluid.2025.106548","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compfluid.2025.106548","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Non-polynomial reconstructions can be employed to enhance the performance of the WENO-type schemes by optimizing the inherent hyper-parameter. In contrast to the non-polynomial RBF-based and the Gauss-Kriging reconstructions, the perturbed polynomial reconstruction exhibits good portability and expandability. In this work, a novel seventh-order WENO scheme, denoted as the HPWENO7 scheme, is proposed by incorporating the concept of the perturbed polynomial reconstructions into the standard seventh-order WENO7-JS scheme (Jiang and Shu, 1996, [6]). Firstly, a refined troubled cell indicator is developed to categorize the global stencils as either smooth or non-smooth. Subsequently, perturbed polynomial reconstruction with double free-parameters, the values of which can be adjusted automatically according to the features of local regions, is developed to optimize the fluxes within the four-point candidate stencils. Adaptive optimization of the free-parameter values enables a minimum one-order improvement in accuracy. Finally, the novel HPWENO7 scheme is proposed by combining the seventh-order upstream central scheme for smooth stencils with the perturbed polynomial reconstruction optimized candidate fluxes for non-smooth stencils. Numerical examples show that the HPWENO7 scheme achieves fifth-order of accuracy in the four-point candidate stencils, providing sharper solutions for discontinuities and significantly higher resolution for small-scale vortex structures around the discontinuities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":287,"journal":{"name":"Computers & Fluids","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 106548"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143147892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the central-moments-based lattice Boltzmann method for the numerical modelling of the one-dimensional advection-diffusion equation: Equivalent finite difference and partial differential equations","authors":"Goncalo Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.compfluid.2024.106535","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compfluid.2024.106535","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work presents a detailed theoretical analysis of the multiple-relaxation-time (MRT) lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), formulated on central moment (CM) space, for the numerical modelling of the one-dimensional advection-diffusion equation (ADE) with a constant velocity and diffusion coefficient, based on the D1Q3 lattice. Other LBM collision operators, such as single-relaxation-time Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook (BGK), regularized (REG) and MRT in raw moment (RM) space are also considered in this study. Without recurring to asymptotic analyses, such as the Chapman–Enskog expansion, we investigate the approximation of the MRT-CM with respect to the ADE by deriving its equivalent finite difference (EFD) scheme, which obeys an explicit four-level finite difference scheme at discrete level. Its steady-state limit follows a standard central differencing scheme for the steady ADE, yet with possible artefacts in the effective diffusion coefficient. Then, through the Taylor expansion of the EFD scheme, a detailed accuracy analysis, based on the equivalent partial differential (EPD) equation, reveals the leading order truncation errors associated with each collision model under study. Although MRT-CM and MRT-RM models have similar error structures, the former has a much reduced and simpler form, particularly in the dispersion error term, which might explain the improved Galilean invariance of the CM model. Through a suitable combination of the MRT free parameters (either in RM or CM bases), it is possible to improve its accuracy from second- to fourth-order. After that, we study the necessary and sufficient stability conditions of the MRT-CM, and its relation with other collision operators, based on the von Neumann stability analysis of the derived EFD schemes. Unexpectedly, the MRT-CM appears to support a narrower stability domain than the MRT-RM model, particularly at higher advection velocities, which can be tracked down to the inclusion of additional terms in the stability condition of the former that scale with higher order polynomials of the advection velocity. Finally, some numerical tests for the ADE on 1D unbounded domains are conducted, which confirm this work theoretical conclusions on the MRT-CM performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":287,"journal":{"name":"Computers & Fluids","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 106535"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143148236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New higher-order super-compact scheme to study the uniform and non-uniform wall heating effect on 3D MHD natural convection and entropy generation","authors":"Ashwani Punia,&nbsp;Rajendra K. Ray","doi":"10.1016/j.compfluid.2024.106538","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compfluid.2024.106538","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This research introduces a new higher-order super-compact (HOSC) finite difference scheme to study magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) natural convection within a 3D cubic cavity filled with molten lithium. The HOSC scheme, implemented for the first time in this context, provides an advanced analysis of the thermal behavior under various wall heating conditions, including uniform and non-uniform heating. The study comprehensively explores the effects of different Hartmann numbers (&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;H&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;25&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;50&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;100&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;150&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) and Rayleigh numbers (&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;R&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;4&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;), with a fixed Prandtl number (&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;P&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;r&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;065&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) for molten lithium. Three distinct heating scenarios on the left wall (&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) of the cubic cavity are investigated: uniform heating (&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;T&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;θ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;), &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;-dependent non-uniform heating (&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;T&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;θ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;sin&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;π&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;), and combined &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mi&gt;z&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;-dependent non-uniform heating (&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;T&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;θ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;sin&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;π&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;sin&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;π&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;z&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;). The results show that the HOSC scheme effectively captures the impact of varying &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;H&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;R&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; on the temperature distribution and flow field, revealing that increased &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;R&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; enhances heat transfer due to stronger convection, while higher &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;H&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; reduces heat transfer by slowing fluid motion. Notably, as &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;R&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; increases from &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; to &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; at a fixed &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;H&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;25&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, the maximum Nusselt number (&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;","PeriodicalId":287,"journal":{"name":"Computers & Fluids","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 106538"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143148238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of atmospheric and wind farm turbulence","authors":"Jagdeep Singh,&nbsp;Jahrul M Alam","doi":"10.1016/j.compfluid.2024.106537","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compfluid.2024.106537","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Developing and assessing subgrid-scale models for characterizing atmospheric and wind farm turbulence is one of the key research areas within the wind energy community. This article presents the interaction of atmospheric and wind farm turbulence using scale-adaptive large-eddy simulation. Atmospheric turbulence has been incorporated by employing the stochastic forcing method to linearized Navier–Stokes equations, which interacted with a staggered cluster of utility-scale 41 wind turbines. The effect of atmospheric turbulence on wind turbine wakes was characterized by comparing scale-adaptive large-eddy simulation results with three reference data obtained from three other subgrid-scale models: Smagorinsky model, Deardorff’s one-equation turbulence kinetic energy model, and dynamic Deardorff model. The results suggest that vortex-stretching and strain skewness can accelerate wake recovery because scale-adaptive large-eddy simulation captured more than 90% of the turbulence kinetic energy, outperforming the other three models. The atmospheric turbulence in a wind farm has been characterized by considering mean vertical profiles, wake recovery, turbulence statistics, wavelet energy spectra, and power production. Finally, the interaction between atmospheric turbulence and wind turbines was evaluated through joint probability distribution of the second and the third invariant of velocity gradient and strain rate tensors and that of vortex-stretching and strain skewness. The results highlight the importance of considering vortex-stretching and strain skewness in turbine design, siting decisions, and wind farm layout optimization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":287,"journal":{"name":"Computers & Fluids","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 106537"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143148240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A numerical investigation into the interaction between rain and water waves","authors":"Claire Bergin ,&nbsp;Wouter Mostert ,&nbsp;Vikram Pakrashi ,&nbsp;Frederic Dias","doi":"10.1016/j.compfluid.2024.106534","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compfluid.2024.106534","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rainfall has been observed to damp water waves. However, the long observed effects of rainfall on water waves have not been much investigated numerically. In this paper, numerical simulations are conducted to explore the effect of rainfall on two-dimensional water waves. The Basilisk software, used herein, solves the two-phase, incompressible, Navier–Stokes equations on adaptive Cartesian meshes. In the present simulations, a monochromatic wave is generated within the domain boundary and periodically moves from left to right through the domain. Rainfall with representative drop diameter distributions, as well as accurate terminal velocities, is generated to fall on the monochromatic wave. The energy of the receiving body of water is tracked for evidence of dissipation of the wave induced by the rainfall. The simulation is run for different values of the wave steepness, ranging from non-breaking waves to plunging breakers. It is found that, in no wind conditions, the presence of rainfall can reduce wave energy, particularly in the non-breaking case. In the future, a more realistic configuration with three-dimensional waves and wind will be considered.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":287,"journal":{"name":"Computers & Fluids","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 106534"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143147868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A freestream preserving algorithm for the flux reconstruction method implemented on tetrahedral element","authors":"Weiheng Pan ,&nbsp;Zhicong Kang ,&nbsp;Liang Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.compfluid.2024.106532","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compfluid.2024.106532","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In computational fluid dynamics, curvilinear elements are frequently used to fit boundaries. Metric terms are involved by the map from these curvilinear elements to the standard reference element. If these metric terms are calculated inappropriately, the solutions may be incorrect or even divergent. It is well known that the freestream solution could be used to examine whether the metrics are discretized correctly or not. Namely, the metric terms must be computed in such a way that the freestream could be preserved, which is known as the freestream preservation problem. Although this problem has been studied extensively in the finite difference approach, there are still unanswered questions in the high-order schemes for the unstructured mesh, such as the discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method and the flux reconstruction (FR) algorithm. The existing research about the freestream preservation property for these high-order schemes mainly focused on the unstructured hexahedral element. Although some algorithms had been extended to the unstructured tetrahedral element (Chana and Wilcox, 2019), it remains unclear whether the conditions to preserve freestream on the tetrahedral element agree with those of the hexahedral element. In this paper, we extend the work of Abe and his colleagues (Abe et al., 2015) on the freestream preservation problem in the FR method from the unstructured hexahedral element to the tetrahedral cell. The algorithms of both the non-conservative and symmetrical-conservative metrics occurred in their research have been extended to the tetrahedral element in our research. We also analyzed the conditions under which these algorithms could achieve freestream preservation property and found that they are not equal to those of the unstructured hexahedral cell. If &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mi&gt;P&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mi&gt;Q&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; are used to respectively represent the order of solution and grid, the algorithm constructed in the non-conservative form could preserve freestream when &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;P&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;≥&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mi&gt;Q&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; for the hexahedral element, as depicted by Abe et al. (2015). However, this condition becomes &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;P&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;≥&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;Q&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; on the tetrahedral element according to our research. In the symmetrical-conservative metrics, this condition changes from &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;P&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;≥&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;Q&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; on the hexahedral element (Abe et al., 2015) to &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;P&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;≥&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;Q&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; on the tetrahedral cell. Namely, compared to the hexahedral element, these conditions are relaxed for the tetrahedral element. To verify our findings, two three-dimensional cases are performed. The results of these numerical simulations have confirmed that the algorithms constructed in our research are successful and t","PeriodicalId":287,"journal":{"name":"Computers & Fluids","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 106532"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143148237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of thermochemical models on nonequilibrium flowfield and radiation in shock-heated nitrogen","authors":"Yuzhe Zhang ,&nbsp;Qizhen Hong ,&nbsp;Xiaoyong Wang ,&nbsp;Chao Yang ,&nbsp;Quanhua Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.compfluid.2024.106533","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compfluid.2024.106533","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Numerical simulations based on various physical models are performed to study thermochemical nonequilibrium flowfield and radiation in high enthalpy shock-heated nitrogen flows and compared against available experimental shock tube data. The physical models include both the two-temperature (2T) model and the four-temperature (4T) model, each integrated with different vibration-dissociation (VD) coupling models. For Sharma and Gillespie’s shock tube experiment, it is observed that the 4T model demonstrates satisfactory agreement with experimental rotational and vibrational temperatures, while the 2T results fall short of achieving comparable accuracy. When employing identical equilibrium dissociation rate coefficients and energy relaxation times, the modified Marrone–Treanor (MMT) model shows the lowest dissociation rate and the highest peak rotational temperature, which is closer to experimental data, in comparison to the Park and Marrone–Treanor (MT) models. For recent experiments conducted at the Electric-Arc Shock Tube facility (Shot 37 and Shot 40), our 4T-QSS results with the MMT model give the predictions for nonequilibrium radiative metrics closest to experimental data among the three VD models considered, although discrepancies compared to the experiments are still observed. Moreover, our investigation concludes that the influences of radiative cooling, rate coefficients of associative ionization and heavy-particle impact dissociation of N₂, and predissociation of the N₂(C) state on nonequilibrium radiative metrics are insignificant for these two shots. The discrepancies (persisted when incorporating various modeling options) in both nonequilibrium radiative metric and radiance versus position between the present calculations and experimental measurement indicate the necessity of employing a detailed state-to-state model and considering the shock tube-related phenomena to reproduce the experimental data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":287,"journal":{"name":"Computers & Fluids","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 106533"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143148234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}