Todd Suomela, Florence M. Chee, Bettina Berendt, Geoffrey Rockwell
This article examines key ethical issues that are continuing to emerge from the task of archiving data scraped from online sources such as social media sites, blogs, and forums, particularly pertaining to online harassment and hostile groups. Given the proliferation of digital social data, an understanding of ethics and data stewardship that evolves alongside the shifting landscape of digital societies is indeed essential. Our study involves a primary research archive that is comprised of data scraped from our project concerning the case study of Gamergate, which involved numerous instances of hate speech in various online communities. Doing this type of qualitative research presents advantages for humanities and social science research because it is possible to generate large and rich corpora about subjects of human interest. However, such data scraping has also raised ethical issues around treating social media authors as research subjects and, moreover, as subjects who have provided informed consent. Once researchers consider content creators on these sites as human research subjects, what would best efforts adhering to the directive to “do no harm” look like? While we realize the impossibility for definite rules to exist, we do consider the possibilities for how one can best care for the stakeholders using the challenges in their particular contexts. In this case, the stakeholders included Twitter authors, targets of online harassment, researchers, students, archivists, and the larger academic community. Also under consideration is how the Ethics of Care may be extended to the research community, and especially student researchers in their exposure to toxic material. Cet article enquete sur les questions ethiques fondamentales qui continuent a se poser pendant le processus d’archivage de donnees recueillies de sources en ligne, tels que des reseaux sociaux, des blogs et des forums, particulierement en ce qui concerne le harcelement en ligne et les groupes hostiles. Vu la proliferation des donnees sociales numeriques, il est effectivement imperatif de comprendre l’ethique et la gerance de donnees qui evaluent conjointement les developpements d’un paysage changeant des societes numeriques. Pour notre etude, il s’agit d’une archive de recherche primaire qui est constitue de donnees recueillies de notre projet qui s’interessait a l’etude de cas Gamergate, ce qui a vu plusieurs exemples de discours haineux dans diverses communautes virtuelles. Ce type de recherche qualitative presente des avantages pour les sciences humaines et sociales car il permet de produire de grands corpus riches sur des sujets d’interet humain. Cette strategie de recueil de donnees souleve cependant des questions ethiques au sujet du traitement des auteurs de reseaux sociaux comme des sujets de recherche, tout comme des sujets qui ont donne leur consentement eclaire. Lorsque les chercheurs considerent les createurs de contenu sur ces sites comme des sujets de recherche huma
本文探讨了从社交媒体网站、博客和论坛等在线来源(特别是与在线骚扰和敌对团体有关)抓取数据的归档任务中不断出现的关键伦理问题。鉴于数字社会数据的激增，随着数字社会格局的变化，对伦理和数据管理的理解确实是必不可少的。我们的研究涉及一个主要的研究档案，该档案由我们从Gamergate案例研究项目中收集的数据组成，该项目涉及各种在线社区的大量仇恨言论。做这种类型的定性研究为人文和社会科学研究提供了优势，因为它有可能产生关于人类感兴趣的主题的大量丰富的语料库。然而，这种数据抓取也引发了将社交媒体作者视为研究对象以及提供知情同意的受试者的伦理问题。一旦研究人员将这些网站上的内容创作者视为人类研究对象，那么遵守“不伤害”指令的最佳努力是什么样子的呢?虽然我们意识到不可能存在明确的规则，但我们确实考虑了如何在特定环境中利用挑战来最好地照顾利益相关者的可能性。在这种情况下，利益相关者包括Twitter作者、网络骚扰的目标、研究人员、学生、档案保管员和更大的学术团体。还在考虑的是如何将护理伦理扩展到研究界，特别是接触有毒物质的学生研究人员。文章询问问题、伦理问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题、基础问题等。随着社会数字的扩散，社会数字的变化，社会数字的变化，社会数字的变化，社会数字的变化，社会数字的变化，社会数字的变化，社会数字的变化，社会数字的变化，社会数字的变化，社会数字的变化，社会数字的变化。在研究过程中，我们会发现，我们的研究档案，我们的研究项目，我们的研究项目，我们的研究项目，我们的研究项目，我们的研究项目，我们的研究项目，我们的研究项目，我们的研究项目，我们的研究项目，我们的研究项目，我们的研究项目，我们的研究项目，我们的研究项目，我们的研究项目，我们的研究项目，我们的研究项目，我们的研究项目，我们的研究项目，我们的研究项目，我们的研究项目，我们的研究项目，我们的研究项目，我们的研究项目，我们的研究项目，我们的研究项目，我们的研究项目，我们的研究项目。这种类型的研究在人文科学和社会科学方面具有优势，它将允许在人文科学和社会科学领域产生巨大的财富。研究对象的招募策略解决了相关的研究问题研究对象的研究方法，研究对象的研究方法，研究对象的研究方法，研究对象的研究方法，研究对象的研究方法，研究对象的研究方法，不涉及同意声明。Lorsque les chercheers考虑les creurs de contu sur ces sites comme des sujets de recherche human, quoi les加上巨大的努力，类似于“新事物”的指令。“不可能”是指“不存在”、“不存在”、“不存在”、“不存在”、“不存在”、“不存在”、“不存在”、“不存在”、“不存在”、“不存在”、“不存在”、“不存在”、“不存在”、“不存在”、“不存在”。Dans - ce - cas, celles-ci etaient des auteurs sur Twitter, qui - ont - des cibles de harcelement en ligne, des chercheers, des students, des archiviers, des成员de la + grande communacteacadeque。Nous考虑的是不同的因素，而不是“伦理”、“贴花”和“研究交流”，尤其是“研究人员”和“学生”之间的关系，比如“字体”和“主题”。格言:道德;研究伦理;网络文化;游戏视频;视频练习曲;environnement) numerique
{"title":"Applying an Ethics of Care to Internet Research: Gamergate and Digital Humanities","authors":"Todd Suomela, Florence M. Chee, Bettina Berendt, Geoffrey Rockwell","doi":"10.16995/DSCN.302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16995/DSCN.302","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines key ethical issues that are continuing to emerge from the task of archiving data scraped from online sources such as social media sites, blogs, and forums, particularly pertaining to online harassment and hostile groups. Given the proliferation of digital social data, an understanding of ethics and data stewardship that evolves alongside the shifting landscape of digital societies is indeed essential. Our study involves a primary research archive that is comprised of data scraped from our project concerning the case study of Gamergate, which involved numerous instances of hate speech in various online communities. Doing this type of qualitative research presents advantages for humanities and social science research because it is possible to generate large and rich corpora about subjects of human interest. However, such data scraping has also raised ethical issues around treating social media authors as research subjects and, moreover, as subjects who have provided informed consent. Once researchers consider content creators on these sites as human research subjects, what would best efforts adhering to the directive to “do no harm” look like? While we realize the impossibility for definite rules to exist, we do consider the possibilities for how one can best care for the stakeholders using the challenges in their particular contexts. In this case, the stakeholders included Twitter authors, targets of online harassment, researchers, students, archivists, and the larger academic community. Also under consideration is how the Ethics of Care may be extended to the research community, and especially student researchers in their exposure to toxic material. Cet article enquete sur les questions ethiques fondamentales qui continuent a se poser pendant le processus d’archivage de donnees recueillies de sources en ligne, tels que des reseaux sociaux, des blogs et des forums, particulierement en ce qui concerne le harcelement en ligne et les groupes hostiles. Vu la proliferation des donnees sociales numeriques, il est effectivement imperatif de comprendre l’ethique et la gerance de donnees qui evaluent conjointement les developpements d’un paysage changeant des societes numeriques. Pour notre etude, il s’agit d’une archive de recherche primaire qui est constitue de donnees recueillies de notre projet qui s’interessait a l’etude de cas Gamergate, ce qui a vu plusieurs exemples de discours haineux dans diverses communautes virtuelles. Ce type de recherche qualitative presente des avantages pour les sciences humaines et sociales car il permet de produire de grands corpus riches sur des sujets d’interet humain. Cette strategie de recueil de donnees souleve cependant des questions ethiques au sujet du traitement des auteurs de reseaux sociaux comme des sujets de recherche, tout comme des sujets qui ont donne leur consentement eclaire. Lorsque les chercheurs considerent les createurs de contenu sur ces sites comme des sujets de recherche huma","PeriodicalId":288027,"journal":{"name":"Digital Studies/Le champ numérique","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124688648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article utilizes a combination of digital and traditional literary-critical analysis in order to explore ominous dreams in the Elizabethan dramatist Thomas Kyd’s undoubted plays The Spanish Tragedy (1587), Soliman and Perseda (1588), and Cornelia (1594). The article proceeds to explore the use of dreams in the anonymously printed early modern plays King Leir (1589) and Arden of Faversham (1590) in order to demonstrate that these works are in good accordance with Kyd’s highly individual thought processes and overall dramaturgy. Close reading of these texts is accompanied by an examination of the characteristics of Kyd’s verse style, as well as collocation matching, which provides quantitative and qualitative evidence for Kyd’s idiosyncratic lexicon of words and phrases. This study extends and corrects the work of generations of attribution scholars and suggests that King Leir and Arden of Faversham can be ascribed to Kyd with a high degree of probability. Cet article emploie une combinaison d’analyses numerique et traditionnelle de la critique litteraire pour explorer les reves de mauvais augure dans les pieces de theâtre incontestables de Thomas Kyd : La Tragedie espagnole (1587), Soliman et Perseda (1588) et Cornelie (1594). Cet article examine ensuite l’usage des reves dans les pieces de theâtre du debut des Temps Modernes, Le Roi Lear (1589) et Arden de Faversham (1590), qui ont ete imprimees anonymement, afin de demontrer que ces oeuvres se conforment bien au processus de pensee et a sa dramaturgie generale. Une lecture attentive de ces textes s’accompagne d’une analyse des caracteristiques du style de vers de Kyd. Nous examinons aussi les collocations correspondantes, ce qui fournit des preuves quantitatives et qualificatives du lexique idiosyncrasique et des tournures de phrase de Kyd. Cette etude etend et rectifie les travaux des generations d’universitaires d’attribution et elle suggere que les pieces de theâtre Le Roi Lear et Arden de Faversham peuvent etre attribuees avec une grande probabilite a Kyd. Mots cles: linguistique de corpus; collocations; Kyd; Shakespeare; King Leir; Arden de Faversham
本文运用数字和传统文学批评分析相结合的方法来探索伊丽莎白时代剧作家托马斯·基德毋庸置疑的戏剧《西班牙悲剧》(1587)、《索利曼和珀尔塞达》(1588)和《科妮莉亚》(1594)中的不祥之梦。本文继续探讨匿名印刷的早期现代戏剧《国王莱尔》(1589)和《法弗舍姆的阿登》(1590)中梦的运用，以证明这些作品与基德高度个性化的思维过程和整体戏剧风格非常吻合。在细读这些文本的同时，对基德的诗歌风格特征以及搭配搭配进行了考察，为基德独特的词汇和短语提供了定量和定性的证据。本研究对几代归因学者的工作进行了扩展和修正，并提出Faversham的King Leir和Arden可以有很高的概率归因于Kyd。这篇文章采用了托马斯·基德的《意大利悲剧》(1587年)、《索利曼与佩尔塞达》(1588年)和《科涅利》(1594年)这三部作品的结合，即《数字与传统》、《文学批判与探索者》、《文学批判与文学批判》和《文学批判与文学批判》。这篇文章考察了《当代艺术》、《李尔王》(1589年)和《法弗舍姆的阿登》(1590年)、《当代艺术》、《当代艺术》、《当代艺术》、《当代艺术》、《当代艺术》、《当代艺术》、《当代艺术》、《当代艺术》、《当代艺术》、《当代艺术》、《当代艺术》、《当代艺术》、《当代艺术》、《当代艺术》、《当代艺术》、《当代艺术》。一节课专注于文本的分析，并分析了基德风格的特征。Nous检查了所有的搭配对应，例如，ququit de preves定量和定性，du lexique特质和des tournures de phrase de Kyd。我们的研究结果表明，我们的研究结果表明，我们的研究结果表明，我们的研究结果表明，我们的研究结果表明，我们的研究结果表明，我们的研究结果表明，我们的研究结果表明，我们的研究结果具有很大的可能性。语料库语言学;搭配;基德;莎士比亚;王Leir;阿登·德·法弗舍姆
{"title":"“Fearful Dreams” in Thomas Kyd’s Restored Canon","authors":"Darren Freebury-Jones","doi":"10.16995/DSCN.309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16995/DSCN.309","url":null,"abstract":"This article utilizes a combination of digital and traditional literary-critical analysis in order to explore ominous dreams in the Elizabethan dramatist Thomas Kyd’s undoubted plays The Spanish Tragedy (1587), Soliman and Perseda (1588), and Cornelia (1594). The article proceeds to explore the use of dreams in the anonymously printed early modern plays King Leir (1589) and Arden of Faversham (1590) in order to demonstrate that these works are in good accordance with Kyd’s highly individual thought processes and overall dramaturgy. Close reading of these texts is accompanied by an examination of the characteristics of Kyd’s verse style, as well as collocation matching, which provides quantitative and qualitative evidence for Kyd’s idiosyncratic lexicon of words and phrases. This study extends and corrects the work of generations of attribution scholars and suggests that King Leir and Arden of Faversham can be ascribed to Kyd with a high degree of probability. Cet article emploie une combinaison d’analyses numerique et traditionnelle de la critique litteraire pour explorer les reves de mauvais augure dans les pieces de theâtre incontestables de Thomas Kyd : La Tragedie espagnole (1587), Soliman et Perseda (1588) et Cornelie (1594). Cet article examine ensuite l’usage des reves dans les pieces de theâtre du debut des Temps Modernes, Le Roi Lear (1589) et Arden de Faversham (1590), qui ont ete imprimees anonymement, afin de demontrer que ces oeuvres se conforment bien au processus de pensee et a sa dramaturgie generale. Une lecture attentive de ces textes s’accompagne d’une analyse des caracteristiques du style de vers de Kyd. Nous examinons aussi les collocations correspondantes, ce qui fournit des preuves quantitatives et qualificatives du lexique idiosyncrasique et des tournures de phrase de Kyd. Cette etude etend et rectifie les travaux des generations d’universitaires d’attribution et elle suggere que les pieces de theâtre Le Roi Lear et Arden de Faversham peuvent etre attribuees avec une grande probabilite a Kyd. Mots cles: linguistique de corpus; collocations; Kyd; Shakespeare; King Leir; Arden de Faversham","PeriodicalId":288027,"journal":{"name":"Digital Studies/Le champ numérique","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132020370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
From a digital historian’s point of view, Ancien Regime French texts suffer from obsolete grammar, unreliable spelling, and poor optical character recognition, which makes these texts ill-suited to digital analysis. This paper summarizes methodological experiments that have allowed the author to extract useful quantitative data from such unlikely source material. A discussion of the general characteristics of hand-keyed and OCR’ed historical corpora shows that they differ in scale of difficulty rather than in nature. Behavioural traits that make text mining certain eighteenth century corpora particularly challenging, such as error clustering, a relatively high cost of acquisition relative to salience, outlier hiding, and unpredictable patterns of error repetition, are then explained. The paper then outlines a method that circumvents these challenges. This method relies on heuristic formulation of research questions during an initial phase of open-ended data exploration; selective correction of spelling and OCR errors, through application of Levenshtein’s algorithm, that focuses on a small set of keywords derived from the heuristic project design; and careful exploitation of the keywords and the corrected corpus, either as raw data for algorithms, as entry points from which to construct valuable data manually, or as focal points directing the scholar’s attention to a small subset of texts to read. Each step of the method is illustrated by examples drawn from the author’s research on the hand-keyed Encyclopedie and Bibliotheque Bleue and on collections of periodicals obtained through optical character recognition. Du point de vue d’un historien numerique, les textes francais d’Ancien Regime souffrent d’une grammaire obsolete, d’une orthographe irreguliere et d’une reconnaissance optique des caracteres de faible qualite. Cet article resume les experiences methodologiques qui ont permis a l’auteur d’extraire des mesures quantitatives utiles de ces improbables matieres premieres. Une discussion des caracteristiques generales des corpus de textes historiques transcrits a la main et des corpus produits par reconnaissance optique revele qu’ils different en degre de difficulte mais non en nature. Les comportements qui rendent certains de ces corpus particulierement difficiles a traiter numeriquement, dont la distribution non aleatoire des erreurs, un cout unitaire d’acquisition relativement eleve, la dissimulation des documents atypiques et l’imprevisibilite des erreurs repetees, sont ensuite expliques. L’article trace ensuite les grandes lignes d’une methode qui contourne ces problemes. Cette methode repose sur la selection heuristique de questions de recherche pendant une phase d’exploration ouverte des donnees; la correction selective des erreurs a l’aide de l’application de l’algorithme de Levenshtein a un petit nombre de mots-cles choisis pendant la phase d’exploration; et l’exploitation des mots-cles et du corpus corrige soit en tant que donnees bru
从数字历史学家的角度来看，旧政权的法语文本存在过时的语法，不可靠的拼写和较差的光学字符识别，这使得这些文本不适合数字分析。本文总结了方法学实验，这些实验使作者能够从这种不太可能的来源材料中提取有用的定量数据。对手抄和OCR历史语料库的一般特征的讨论表明，它们在难度程度上而不是在性质上有所不同。然后解释了使某些18世纪语料库的文本挖掘特别具有挑战性的行为特征，例如错误聚类，相对于显著性的相对较高的获取成本，异常值隐藏和不可预测的错误重复模式。然后，本文概述了一种绕过这些挑战的方法。这种方法依赖于在开放式数据探索的初始阶段对研究问题的启发式表述;通过应用Levenshtein算法对拼写和OCR错误进行选择性纠正，该算法侧重于启发式项目设计衍生的一小部分关键词;仔细利用关键词和纠正过的语料库，要么作为算法的原始数据，要么作为人工构建有价值数据的切入点，要么作为引导学者注意阅读文本的一小部分的焦点。本文通过对手工录入的《蓝色百科全书》和《蓝色图书馆》以及通过光学字符识别获得的期刊文集的研究，举例说明了该方法的每一步。Du point de vue d 'un historien numerque, les textes francais d ' ancient Regime souffant, d 'une grammaire obsolete, d 'une orthography irregulliere, d 'une reconnaissance optique des characters de fable qualite。这篇文章回顾了一些经验和方法，这些方法和方法都是不允许的。对历史文献的一般特征进行了讨论，并抄写了主要的文献资料产品，包括侦察光学，揭示了不同程度的困难和主要的非均匀性。小部件具有一定的语料特殊性、难度、数量、分布、非可选性、获取关系等级、文档非典型化、不可见性、重复、小部件显式等特点。文章追溯方法是一种解决问题的方法。Cette方法是一种基于选择的启发式问题研究方法，是一种基于被试的探索性方法;修正选择性误差、应用算法、优化算法、优化参数、优化参数选择、优化阶段探索;让我们利用我们的资源，我们的语料，我们的语料，我们的语料，我们的语料，我们的语料，我们的语料，我们的语料，我们的语料，我们的语料，我们的语料，我们的语料，我们的语料，我们的语料，我们的语料，我们的语料，我们的语料，我们的语料，我们的语料，我们的语料，我们的语料。作者研究的范例，期刊研究的范例，期刊研究的范例，期刊研究的范例，期刊研究的范例，百科全书研究的范例，蓝色图书馆研究的范例，磁带研究的范例。Mots-cles: fouille de texte;多尼Fouille de donnees;textometrie;空间生产;故事numerique;d校正误差
{"title":"How to Extract Good Knowledge from Bad Data: An Experiment with Eighteenth Century French Texts","authors":"F. Laramée","doi":"10.16995/DSCN.299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16995/DSCN.299","url":null,"abstract":"From a digital historian’s point of view, Ancien Regime French texts suffer from obsolete grammar, unreliable spelling, and poor optical character recognition, which makes these texts ill-suited to digital analysis. This paper summarizes methodological experiments that have allowed the author to extract useful quantitative data from such unlikely source material. A discussion of the general characteristics of hand-keyed and OCR’ed historical corpora shows that they differ in scale of difficulty rather than in nature. Behavioural traits that make text mining certain eighteenth century corpora particularly challenging, such as error clustering, a relatively high cost of acquisition relative to salience, outlier hiding, and unpredictable patterns of error repetition, are then explained. The paper then outlines a method that circumvents these challenges. This method relies on heuristic formulation of research questions during an initial phase of open-ended data exploration; selective correction of spelling and OCR errors, through application of Levenshtein’s algorithm, that focuses on a small set of keywords derived from the heuristic project design; and careful exploitation of the keywords and the corrected corpus, either as raw data for algorithms, as entry points from which to construct valuable data manually, or as focal points directing the scholar’s attention to a small subset of texts to read. Each step of the method is illustrated by examples drawn from the author’s research on the hand-keyed Encyclopedie and Bibliotheque Bleue and on collections of periodicals obtained through optical character recognition. Du point de vue d’un historien numerique, les textes francais d’Ancien Regime souffrent d’une grammaire obsolete, d’une orthographe irreguliere et d’une reconnaissance optique des caracteres de faible qualite. Cet article resume les experiences methodologiques qui ont permis a l’auteur d’extraire des mesures quantitatives utiles de ces improbables matieres premieres. Une discussion des caracteristiques generales des corpus de textes historiques transcrits a la main et des corpus produits par reconnaissance optique revele qu’ils different en degre de difficulte mais non en nature. Les comportements qui rendent certains de ces corpus particulierement difficiles a traiter numeriquement, dont la distribution non aleatoire des erreurs, un cout unitaire d’acquisition relativement eleve, la dissimulation des documents atypiques et l’imprevisibilite des erreurs repetees, sont ensuite expliques. L’article trace ensuite les grandes lignes d’une methode qui contourne ces problemes. Cette methode repose sur la selection heuristique de questions de recherche pendant une phase d’exploration ouverte des donnees; la correction selective des erreurs a l’aide de l’application de l’algorithme de Levenshtein a un petit nombre de mots-cles choisis pendant la phase d’exploration; et l’exploitation des mots-cles et du corpus corrige soit en tant que donnees bru","PeriodicalId":288027,"journal":{"name":"Digital Studies/Le champ numérique","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128375215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper introduces two digital prototypes, the Colour Collage and the Constellation visualizations, which we developed to represent eight pages from the scrapbooks of Scottish Poet Makar Edwin Morgan (1920–2010). We understand these prototypes as experiments within our research through design process, rather than as stand-alone digital objects, and so this article presents the theoretical pursuits and design decisions that motivated, and were motivated by, these prototypes. We begin by establishing our theoretical framework, which focuses on the roles of inscription technologies in archives and is guided by Bruno Latour’s concept of a mediator (1993). We then discuss scrapbooks as polyvocal and hybrid mediators, which are nonetheless often pushed to the fringes of reading practices and material histories. In unpacking the fringe status of the Morgan scrapbooks in particular, we outline the copyright restrictions that complicate their digital publication. Reconceptualizing these restrictions as creative constraints, our prototypes experiment with forms of representation that go beyond the facsimile, drawing on detailed metadata and generating new visualizations that are inspired by the scrapbooks’ materially-specific grammars. Our aim with these prototypes is to open the scrapbooks to new forms of play and discoverability in online contexts, while using digital tools and methodologies to better understand the scrapbooks’ multifaceted modes of meaning creation. We conclude by discussing some of our prototypes’ limitations, as well as future directions for our research through design process for the Morgan Scrapbooks.
{"title":"Prototyping the Archival Ephemeral: Experimental Interfaces for the Edwin Morgan Scrapbooks","authors":"B. Moynihan, Akmal Putra","doi":"10.16995/DSCN.306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16995/DSCN.306","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces two digital prototypes, the Colour Collage and the Constellation visualizations, which we developed to represent eight pages from the scrapbooks of Scottish Poet Makar Edwin Morgan (1920–2010). We understand these prototypes as experiments within our research through design process, rather than as stand-alone digital objects, and so this article presents the theoretical pursuits and design decisions that motivated, and were motivated by, these prototypes. We begin by establishing our theoretical framework, which focuses on the roles of inscription technologies in archives and is guided by Bruno Latour’s concept of a mediator (1993). We then discuss scrapbooks as polyvocal and hybrid mediators, which are nonetheless often pushed to the fringes of reading practices and material histories. In unpacking the fringe status of the Morgan scrapbooks in particular, we outline the copyright restrictions that complicate their digital publication. Reconceptualizing these restrictions as creative constraints, our prototypes experiment with forms of representation that go beyond the facsimile, drawing on detailed metadata and generating new visualizations that are inspired by the scrapbooks’ materially-specific grammars. Our aim with these prototypes is to open the scrapbooks to new forms of play and discoverability in online contexts, while using digital tools and methodologies to better understand the scrapbooks’ multifaceted modes of meaning creation. We conclude by discussing some of our prototypes’ limitations, as well as future directions for our research through design process for the Morgan Scrapbooks.","PeriodicalId":288027,"journal":{"name":"Digital Studies/Le champ numérique","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125924420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Randa El Khatib, D. Wrisley, Shady Elbassuoni, Mohamad Jaber, Julia El Zini
Looks at the use of prototyping in design research across a range of disciplines. Uses case studies to demonstrate theoretical and methodological transferability among disciplines not typically thought to be related to one another. This is an important contribution to the emerging field of integrative design.
{"title":"Prototyping Across the Disciplines","authors":"Randa El Khatib, D. Wrisley, Shady Elbassuoni, Mohamad Jaber, Julia El Zini","doi":"10.16995/DSCN.282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16995/DSCN.282","url":null,"abstract":"Looks at the use of prototyping in design research across a range of disciplines. Uses case studies to demonstrate theoretical and methodological transferability among disciplines not typically thought to be related to one another. This is an important contribution to the emerging field of integrative design.","PeriodicalId":288027,"journal":{"name":"Digital Studies/Le champ numérique","volume":"239 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116189692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper proposes that there is value in deploying video games as a form of scholarly critique, particularly in the field of game studies. I adapt the post-critical lens of Greg Ulmer and the institutional theories of Warren Beaty from comics studies to advocate for a shift of how we identify both games and scholarship. The result, hopefully, is not only a new tool for the analysis of games, but a functional definition of video games that allows this new tool a place within the form. This article begins with examples from some of the most popular games in the world that demonstrate that games can and do merge aesthetics and mechanics to convey either implicit learning or an explicit argument in combination with entertainment. Next, I outline a theoretical framework of post-criticism for games, a perspective that helps us to understand the legitimacy of such an approach. A survey of the definitional debate in games studies and a brief outline of some of the problems therein contextualizes the value of an institutional approach to the question of “What is a game?” Finally, I explore how a post-critical framework and institutional definition of games provides a fresh outlook that incorporates a new medium into scholarship and defines games in a way that causes us to ask, “what makes this example interesting?” rather than “does it fit?”
{"title":"Let’s Play: Redefining Games and Scholarship through Research-Creation, Post-Criticism, and Institutionalism","authors":"Kyle Dase","doi":"10.16995/dscn.368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16995/dscn.368","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes that there is value in deploying video games as a form of scholarly critique, particularly in the field of game studies. I adapt the post-critical lens of Greg Ulmer and the institutional theories of Warren Beaty from comics studies to advocate for a shift of how we identify both games and scholarship. The result, hopefully, is not only a new tool for the analysis of games, but a functional definition of video games that allows this new tool a place within the form. This article begins with examples from some of the most popular games in the world that demonstrate that games can and do merge aesthetics and mechanics to convey either implicit learning or an explicit argument in combination with entertainment. Next, I outline a theoretical framework of post-criticism for games, a perspective that helps us to understand the legitimacy of such an approach. A survey of the definitional debate in games studies and a brief outline of some of the problems therein contextualizes the value of an institutional approach to the question of “What is a game?” Finally, I explore how a post-critical framework and institutional definition of games provides a fresh outlook that incorporates a new medium into scholarship and defines games in a way that causes us to ask, “what makes this example interesting?” rather than “does it fit?”","PeriodicalId":288027,"journal":{"name":"Digital Studies/Le champ numérique","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125436668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Randa El Khatib, R. Irwin, Caroline Winter, M. Levy
{"title":"Digital Doctorates","authors":"Randa El Khatib, R. Irwin, Caroline Winter, M. Levy","doi":"10.16995/dscn.380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16995/dscn.380","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":288027,"journal":{"name":"Digital Studies/Le champ numérique","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129994765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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