This study investigates the labor market under increased automation of middle-skilled jobs wherein worker suitability for these jobs is considered. We examine two effects of increased automation on workers. The first effect is the possibility of replacement of middle-skilled workers by machines. The second effect is the diversity in job mismatch probabilities of workers. If machines perform a worker’s suitable jobs more (or less) than the worker’s unsuitable jobs, then the worker’s job mismatch probability rises (or declines). Because workers who have larger job mismatch probabilities remain job seekers, it is more difficult for a firm to find a suitable worker. Due to these two effects, underemployment rises.
{"title":"Difficulties in Finding Middle-Skilled Jobs under Increased Automation","authors":"Hideki Nakamura","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3943810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3943810","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study investigates the labor market under increased automation of middle-skilled jobs wherein worker suitability for these jobs is considered. We examine two effects of increased automation on workers. The first effect is the possibility of replacement of middle-skilled workers by machines. The second effect is the diversity in job mismatch probabilities of workers. If machines perform a worker’s suitable jobs more (or less) than the worker’s unsuitable jobs, then the worker’s job mismatch probability rises (or declines). Because workers who have larger job mismatch probabilities remain job seekers, it is more difficult for a firm to find a suitable worker. Due to these two effects, underemployment rises.","PeriodicalId":288317,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Globalization eJournal","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114607102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The debate on how artificial intelligence (AI) influences intellectual property protection has so far mainly focussed on its effects for patent and copyright protection. Not much attention has been paid to the effects of artificial intelligence technology for trade mark law. In particular, what has not yet been sufficiently investigated is the question as to whether trade marks still fulfil their role in a world in which consumers are assisted by AI technology when purchasing in the online market place. In how far do we still need trade marks to avoid consumer confusion? Or do the other functions of trade marks justify their continuous protection? In view of the fact that intellectual property rights have a market-distorting effect, it is in society’s interest to question whether trade mark protection is still justified.
{"title":"Online Shopping with Artificial Intelligence: What Role to play for Trade Marks?","authors":"A. Moerland, Christie Kafrouni","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3942770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3942770","url":null,"abstract":"The debate on how artificial intelligence (AI) influences intellectual property protection has so far mainly focussed on its effects for patent and copyright protection. Not much attention has been paid to the effects of artificial intelligence technology for trade mark law. In particular, what has not yet been sufficiently investigated is the question as to whether trade marks still fulfil their role in a world in which consumers are assisted by AI technology when purchasing in the online market place. In how far do we still need trade marks to avoid consumer confusion? Or do the other functions of trade marks justify their continuous protection? In view of the fact that intellectual property rights have a market-distorting effect, it is in society’s interest to question whether trade mark protection is still justified.","PeriodicalId":288317,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Globalization eJournal","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123683104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the decade following the 2008 financial crisis, many advanced industrialized economies engaged in a competition to attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), whose flows had plummeted following the global shock. At the same time, however, they also implemented or tightened Investment Screening Mechanisms (ISMs), which empower governments to restrict foreign takeovers, especially in strategic sectors. ISMs are an understudied phenomenon in the International Political Economy literature. This research note describes patterns in the evolution of foreign investment screening policies and suggests a research agenda for analyzing these patterns. After defining ISMs and establishing the puzzle of rising investment screening in conjunction with rising efforts to attract FDI, we present a newly coded dataset on ISMs in OECD countries from 2007-2021, examining the evolution of seven key features of investment screening over time. Next, we set an agenda for future research by suggesting three explanations for their recent evolution in the shadow of rising Chinese investment: the role of bottom-up backlashes to economic globalization; elite-driven foreign policy arguments about the increasingly blurred lines between national and economic security in the information economy; and geopolitical transformations that have challenged key features of the post-war liberal order.
{"title":"The Big Screen: Mapping the Diffusion of Foreign Investment Screening Mechanisms","authors":"Sarah Bauerle Danzman, Sophie Meunier","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3913248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3913248","url":null,"abstract":"In the decade following the 2008 financial crisis, many advanced industrialized economies engaged in a competition to attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), whose flows had plummeted following the global shock. At the same time, however, they also implemented or tightened Investment Screening Mechanisms (ISMs), which empower governments to restrict foreign takeovers, especially in strategic sectors. ISMs are an understudied phenomenon in the International Political Economy literature. This research note describes patterns in the evolution of foreign investment screening policies and suggests a research agenda for analyzing these patterns. After defining ISMs and establishing the puzzle of rising investment screening in conjunction with rising efforts to attract FDI, we present a newly coded dataset on ISMs in OECD countries from 2007-2021, examining the evolution of seven key features of investment screening over time. Next, we set an agenda for future research by suggesting three explanations for their recent evolution in the shadow of rising Chinese investment: the role of bottom-up backlashes to economic globalization; elite-driven foreign policy arguments about the increasingly blurred lines between national and economic security in the information economy; and geopolitical transformations that have challenged key features of the post-war liberal order.","PeriodicalId":288317,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Globalization eJournal","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115471003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As digital technology evolved under the impetus of Moore’s Law, a group of new “exchange” platforms emerged that focused on facilitating transactions and/or communications between different parties. Exchange platforms are characterized by having “sides”. The simplest have two sides: buyers and sellers in the case of transaction platforms and senders and recipients of messages in the case of communication platforms. However, many exchange platforms have three, four or more sides. The purpose of this chapter is to place digital exchange platforms in the same theoretical framework as standards-based and logistical platforms. I first define exchange platforms and show how their value can be represented using value structure maps and equations. I then describe the main problem facing platform sponsors: coordinating sides to share the same flow of transactions or messages. Modern digital exchange platforms make use of five critical technologies: (1) crowdsourcing; (2) peer production; (3) search and ad placement; (4) dynamic pricing; and (5) data analysis and prediction. The first two technologies, crowdsourcing and peer production, dramatically expanded the ecosystems of exchange platforms, and are the focus of this chapter. The last three have become the key to value capture by platform sponsors and are treated in the next chapter.
{"title":"Design Rules Volume 2: Chapter 20—Digital Exchange Platforms: The Technologies of Crowdsourcing and Peer Production","authors":"Carliss Y. Baldwin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3909022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3909022","url":null,"abstract":"As digital technology evolved under the impetus of Moore’s Law, a group of new “exchange” platforms emerged that focused on facilitating transactions and/or communications between different parties. Exchange platforms are characterized by having “sides”. The simplest have two sides: buyers and sellers in the case of transaction platforms and senders and recipients of messages in the case of communication platforms. However, many exchange platforms have three, four or more sides. The purpose of this chapter is to place digital exchange platforms in the same theoretical framework as standards-based and logistical platforms. I first define exchange platforms and show how their value can be represented using value structure maps and equations. I then describe the main problem facing platform sponsors: coordinating sides to share the same flow of transactions or messages. Modern digital exchange platforms make use of five critical technologies: (1) crowdsourcing; (2) peer production; (3) search and ad placement; (4) dynamic pricing; and (5) data analysis and prediction. The first two technologies, crowdsourcing and peer production, dramatically expanded the ecosystems of exchange platforms, and are the focus of this chapter. The last three have become the key to value capture by platform sponsors and are treated in the next chapter.","PeriodicalId":288317,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Globalization eJournal","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127966923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this chapter is to use value structure analysis to better understand how sponsors of digital exchange platforms capture value and maintain strategic bottlenecks. I begin by describing the three core technological processes that lie at the heart of all digital exchange platforms: (1) search and ad placement; (2) dynamic pricing; and (3) data analysis and prediction. These processes are carried out automatically and at high speed by computerized algorithms. The algorithms consist of steps, all of which are essential to the successful completion of a transaction or transmission of a message. However, bottlenecks are inevitable any synchronized multi-step flow process. The platform sponsor’s first responsibility is thus to resolve bottlenecks in its core processes when and where they arise. One of an exchange platform’s critical core processes is to generate predictions as to what the user would like to see and/or purchase. Better predictions speed up the flow and reduce the unproductive time users spend on the platform. Thus to be competitive today, platform sponsors must have the ability to gather data, generate predictions and test hypotheses within time intervals measured in milliseconds. Predictions can be improved by tracking individuals’ behavior online, but only at the cost of reducing their privacy. The inevitable tension between performance and privacy has yet to be resolved. The chapter goes on to discuss how platform sponsors can “lock-in” members of an ecosystem through a combination of visible instructions, data storage, and specific inertia. It concludes by describing successful and unsuccessful attempts to disintermediate exchange platforms.
{"title":"Design Rules Volume 2 Chapter 21—Capturing Value via Strategic Bottlenecks in Digital Exchange Platforms","authors":"Carliss Y. Baldwin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3909098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3909098","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this chapter is to use value structure analysis to better understand how sponsors of digital exchange platforms capture value and maintain strategic bottlenecks. I begin by describing the three core technological processes that lie at the heart of all digital exchange platforms: (1) search and ad placement; (2) dynamic pricing; and (3) data analysis and prediction. These processes are carried out automatically and at high speed by computerized algorithms. The algorithms consist of steps, all of which are essential to the successful completion of a transaction or transmission of a message. However, bottlenecks are inevitable any synchronized multi-step flow process. The platform sponsor’s first responsibility is thus to resolve bottlenecks in its core processes when and where they arise. One of an exchange platform’s critical core processes is to generate predictions as to what the user would like to see and/or purchase. Better predictions speed up the flow and reduce the unproductive time users spend on the platform. Thus to be competitive today, platform sponsors must have the ability to gather data, generate predictions and test hypotheses within time intervals measured in milliseconds. Predictions can be improved by tracking individuals’ behavior online, but only at the cost of reducing their privacy. The inevitable tension between performance and privacy has yet to be resolved. The chapter goes on to discuss how platform sponsors can “lock-in” members of an ecosystem through a combination of visible instructions, data storage, and specific inertia. It concludes by describing successful and unsuccessful attempts to disintermediate exchange platforms.","PeriodicalId":288317,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Globalization eJournal","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123485959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Artificial Intelligence liability has been the subject of a lively debate on the European regulators’ agenda for quite some time, part of a larger regulatory framework discussion related to the legal status of intelligent machines and AI regulation in general. As straightforward as the answer might seem to the question on whether AI systems should be granted legal status, and as such become holders of rights and duties, contradictory regulatory loopholes exist that make it possible for machines to be aligned on the same legal frontier as humans. Namely, the recent judicial precedent in the DABUS case, where an AI was granted inventorship, has shed light on the need to harmonise and unify AI regulatory provisions regarding the legals status of AI, while creating and maintaining an ecosystem that could balance the preservation of individual safety and fundamental rights without overly inhibiting innovation in AI. This article addresses the issue of machine liability in light of the current European regulatory framework on AI, while considering machine creativity as a medium for granting legal status to AI systems.
{"title":"Liability regimes for creative machines. A European perspective.","authors":"Irina Buzu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3905324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3905324","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial Intelligence liability has been the subject of a lively debate on the European regulators’ agenda for quite some time, part of a larger regulatory framework discussion related to the legal status of intelligent machines and AI regulation in general. As straightforward as the answer might seem to the question on whether AI systems should be granted legal status, and as such become holders of rights and duties, contradictory regulatory loopholes exist that make it possible for machines to be aligned on the same legal frontier as humans. Namely, the recent judicial precedent in the DABUS case, where an AI was granted inventorship, has shed light on the need to harmonise and unify AI regulatory provisions regarding the legals status of AI, while creating and maintaining an ecosystem that could balance the preservation of individual safety and fundamental rights without overly inhibiting innovation in AI. This article addresses the issue of machine liability in light of the current European regulatory framework on AI, while considering machine creativity as a medium for granting legal status to AI systems.","PeriodicalId":288317,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Globalization eJournal","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116432278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We develop a framework to study dynamic media consumption decisions and their tensions with the interests of advertiser-supported media. The model captures the core characteristics of how commercial media markets operate and audiences form. Media trade utility-raising goods (programs, information, and services) with audiences in exchange for utility-decreasing bads (exposure to advertisements), and goods are otherwise free to the audience except for their opportunity cost of time. Goods and bads are dynamically arranged, and as such traded in an intertemporal bundle. No monetary transfers take place between media and audiences, and this barter exchange is not contractually sustained.
{"title":"Dynamic Bundling of Goods and Bads in Media Markets","authors":"Kevin M. Murphy, Ignacio Palacios-Huerta","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3899063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3899063","url":null,"abstract":"We develop a framework to study dynamic media consumption decisions and their tensions with the interests of advertiser-supported media. The model captures the core characteristics of how commercial media markets operate and audiences form. Media trade utility-raising goods (programs, information, and services) with audiences in exchange for utility-decreasing bads (exposure to advertisements), and goods are otherwise free to the audience except for their opportunity cost of time. Goods and bads are dynamically arranged, and as such traded in an intertemporal bundle. No monetary transfers take place between media and audiences, and this barter exchange is not contractually sustained.","PeriodicalId":288317,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Globalization eJournal","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126673977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daria Kim, M. Alber, Man Wai Kwok, Jelena Mitrović, Cristian Ramírez-Atencia, Jesus Rodriguez Perez, Heiner Zille
The paper examines a set of assumptions about artificial intelligence, particularly machine learning, often taken as factual premises in discussions on the future of patent law in the wake of ‘artificial ingenuity’. The objective is to draw a more realistic and nuanced picture of the human-computer interaction in solving technical problems than where AI systems autonomously generate inventions. A detailed technical perspective is presented for each assumption, followed by a discussion of specific uncertainties under patent law. Overall, it is argued that none of the posited assumptions on closer examination appears to raise fundamental uncertainty about the appropriateness of the patent system.
{"title":"Ten Assumptions About Artificial Intelligence That Can Mislead Patent Law Analysis","authors":"Daria Kim, M. Alber, Man Wai Kwok, Jelena Mitrović, Cristian Ramírez-Atencia, Jesus Rodriguez Perez, Heiner Zille","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3910332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3910332","url":null,"abstract":"The paper examines a set of assumptions about artificial intelligence, particularly machine learning, often taken as factual premises in discussions on the future of patent law in the wake of ‘artificial ingenuity’. The objective is to draw a more realistic and nuanced picture of the human-computer interaction in solving technical problems than where AI systems autonomously generate inventions. A detailed technical perspective is presented for each assumption, followed by a discussion of specific uncertainties under patent law. Overall, it is argued that none of the posited assumptions on closer examination appears to raise fundamental uncertainty about the appropriateness of the patent system.","PeriodicalId":288317,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Globalization eJournal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132994221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is widely recognized that the EU that emerged from the financial and refugee crises of the last decade has become more differentiated. Such a development brings forth important questions about the nature and character of the EU as a political system, and the kinds of processes and mechanisms that drive its development. An important problem is that neither differentiated integration nor differentiation say much about the positive character or the distinguishing features of the EU as a political system. The claim that we set forth in this paper is that the notion of the EU as a segmented political system provides a more apt and precise characterisation of the EU as a political system. In addition, the notion of segmentation helps to capture some of the distinct dynamics that propel the EU’s development.
{"title":"Differentiation and Segmentation","authors":"J. Bátora, J. Fossum","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3892312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3892312","url":null,"abstract":"It is widely recognized that the EU that emerged from the financial and refugee crises of the last decade has become more differentiated. Such a development brings forth important questions about the nature and character of the EU as a political system, and the kinds of processes and mechanisms that drive its development. An important problem is that neither differentiated integration nor differentiation say much about the positive character or the distinguishing features of the EU as a political system. The claim that we set forth in this paper is that the notion of the EU as a segmented political system provides a more apt and precise characterisation of the EU as a political system. In addition, the notion of segmentation helps to capture some of the distinct dynamics that propel the EU’s development.","PeriodicalId":288317,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Globalization eJournal","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123463600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The main purpose of the present study is to examine either globalization affects economic growth or not in Pakistan. Time series data has collected from Pakistan covering the time from 1990- 2013. A time-series Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model is used to establish the long run and the short run relationship between globalization and economic growth. Error Correction Model (ECM) is also used to check the short-run and long-run relationships among the globalization and economic growth. To determine the directional relationship, the Granger Causality test is being employed. To check the stability of the model CUSUM and CUSUMQ tests employed. The conclusions of this study showed a significantly negative association between Economic Globalization and Economic Growth. On the other hand, there is a significantly positive association between Political Globalization and Economic Growth. While the relationship between Social Globalization and Economic Growth has founded a significantly positive. However, our research paper provides simultaneous valuable information for policymakers to remove the red tape barriers and focus on one window operation.
{"title":"Asymmetric Impact of Globalization on Economic Growth in Pakistan by Using ARDI Model","authors":"Muhammad Shaheer khan, Usman Ullah Butt","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3860498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3860498","url":null,"abstract":"The main purpose of the present study is to examine either globalization affects economic growth or not in Pakistan. Time series data has collected from Pakistan covering the time from 1990- 2013. A time-series Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model is used to establish the long run and the short run relationship between globalization and economic growth. Error Correction Model (ECM) is also used to check the short-run and long-run relationships among the globalization and economic growth. To determine the directional relationship, the Granger Causality test is being employed. To check the stability of the model CUSUM and CUSUMQ tests employed. The conclusions of this study showed a significantly negative association between Economic Globalization and Economic Growth. On the other hand, there is a significantly positive association between Political Globalization and Economic Growth. While the relationship between Social Globalization and Economic Growth has founded a significantly positive. However, our research paper provides simultaneous valuable information for policymakers to remove the red tape barriers and focus on one window operation.","PeriodicalId":288317,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Globalization eJournal","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131488753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：