Pub Date : 2022-04-05DOI: 10.1108/ijsms-05-2022-242
Gabriel Cepeda-Carrión, Joseph F. Hair, C. Ringle, J. Roldán, J. García-Fernández
The development of PLS-SEM into a standard method in management research Wold (1982) developed themethod of partial least squares structural equationmodeling (PLSSEM) (also see J€oreskog and Wold, 1982b, c). Lohm€oller (1989) extended the initial method and prepared the first software (LVPLS; see Lohm€oller, 1984, 1987). The dissemination of PLS-SEM started with the publication of tutorials by Barclay et al. (1995), Chin (1998) and Tenenhaus et al. (2005), as well as the availability of PLSGraph (Chin, 2003), the first software package that included a graphical user interface for Lohm€oller’s LVPLS program. In the last decade, PLS-SEM has become an integral part of the methodological toolbox of economists, sociologists and several other social science disciplines. This is not only evidenced by the exponentially increased use of PLS-SEM in research articles (Hair et al., 2022, Preface) but also by dedicated chapters on PLS-SEM in main methods textbooks (e.g. Hair et al., 2019a) and handbooks (e.g. Sarstedt et al., 2021b). Several review articles on the use of PLS-SEM (Table 1), special issues (Table 2) in different disciplines and dissemination of research networks (Khan et al., 2019) echo this finding. The publication of textbooks (e.g. Garson, 2016; Hair et al., 2018, 2022; Ramayah et al., 2018; Wong, 2013) and “how to” articles (e.g. CepedaCarri on et al., 2019; Hair et al., 2011a, 2019b; Rold an and S anchez-Franco, 2012) on PLS-SEM further contributed to the method’s spread, as well as the availability of R software packages, like cSEM (Rademaker and Schuberth, 2020) and SEMinR (Hair et al., 2021b; Ray et al., 2021) and GUI-based standalone software programs, like PLSGraph (Chin, 2003) and SmartPLS (Ringle et al., 2005, 2015). Of these applications, SmartPLS is particularly popular among users due to its ease of use and functionality (Memon et al., 2021; Sarstedt and Cheah, 2019). In the early phase of PLS-SEM, much of the discussion focused on comparisons with covariance-based SEM (CB-SEM). However, CB-SEM and PLS-SEM are different statistical methods, and the algorithms are designed to achieve different research objectives (J€oreskog and Wold, 1982a; Lohm€oller, 1989). Their results also differ (Rigdon, 2012; Sarstedt et al., 2016), and each method is known for its unique modeling capabilities (Rigdon et al., 2014, 2017). The two approaches should therefore be viewed as complementary rather than competitive. CB-SEM is particularly useful when the research objective is to test the theoretically established model structure as a whole (i.e. how well the model-implied covariance matrix fits the covariance matrix of the data sample). In contrast, PLS-SEM aims to minimize the residuals of the measurement models as well as the structural model. PLSSEM therefore excels when the focus is on prediction-oriented research and is particularly useful when the goal is to identify the sources of competitive advantage and in success factor research (Albers,
PLS-SEM发展成为管理研究中的标准方法Wold(1982)发展了偏最小二乘结构方程建模(PLSSEM)的方法(也见J€oreskog和Wold, 1982b, c)。Lohm€oller(1989)扩展了最初的方法，并编制了第一个软件(LVPLS;参见Lohm€oller, 1984, 1987)。PLS-SEM的传播始于Barclay等人(1995)，Chin(1998)和Tenenhaus等人(2005)的教程的出版，以及PLSGraph (Chin, 2003)的可用性，PLSGraph是第一个软件包，其中包含Lohm€oller的LVPLS程序的图形用户界面。在过去的十年中，PLS-SEM已经成为经济学家、社会学家和其他一些社会科学学科方法论工具箱中不可或缺的一部分。这不仅体现在研究文章中PLS-SEM的使用呈指数增长(Hair等人，2022，前言)，而且体现在主要方法教科书(例如Hair等人，2019a)和手册(例如Sarstedt等人，2021b)中关于PLS-SEM的专门章节。几篇关于不同学科使用PLS-SEM(表1)、特刊(表2)和研究网络传播(Khan et al.， 2019)的综述文章呼应了这一发现。教科书的出版(如Garson, 2016;Hair等人，2018,2022;Ramayah et al.， 2018;Wong, 2013)和“如何”的文章(例如CepedaCarri等人，2019;Hair等，2011a, 2019b;Rold and S sanchez - franco, 2012)对pl - sem的研究进一步促进了该方法的传播，以及R软件包的可用性，如cSEM (Rademaker and Schuberth, 2020)和semr (Hair et al.， 2021b;Ray et al.， 2021)和基于gui的独立软件程序，如PLSGraph (Chin, 2003)和SmartPLS (Ringle et al.， 2005,2015)。在这些应用中，SmartPLS因其易于使用和功能而受到用户的特别欢迎(Memon等人，2021;Sarstedt and Cheah, 2019)。在PLS-SEM的早期阶段，许多讨论集中在与基于协方差的SEM (CB-SEM)的比较上。然而，CB-SEM和PLS-SEM是不同的统计方法，其算法设计是为了实现不同的研究目标(J€oreskog和Wold, 1982a;Lohm€轮胎式压路机,1989)。他们的结果也不同(Rigdon, 2012;Sarstedt et al.， 2016)，每种方法都以其独特的建模能力而闻名(Rigdon et al.， 2014, 2017)。因此，这两种方法应被视为互补而非竞争。当研究目标是检验理论建立的模型整体结构(即模型隐含协方差矩阵与数据样本协方差矩阵的拟合程度)时，CB-SEM特别有用。相比之下，PLS-SEM旨在最小化测量模型和结构模型的残差。因此，PLSSEM在关注面向预测的研究时表现出色，当目标是确定竞争优势的来源和成功因素研究时特别有用(Albers, 2010;Sarstedt et al.， 2021b)。在CB-SEM和PLS-SEM之间的选择还应考虑要估计的模型类型。这是Rigdon等人(2017)的立场，他们说:“我们的第三个建议是，研究人员使用一种与他们打算估计的模型类型一致的技术——换句话说，他们正确地估计了他们选择的模型。在文献中，有一种倾向是把CB-SEM和PLS-SEM当作客座编辑来对待
{"title":"Guest editorial: Sports management research using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM)","authors":"Gabriel Cepeda-Carrión, Joseph F. Hair, C. Ringle, J. Roldán, J. García-Fernández","doi":"10.1108/ijsms-05-2022-242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-05-2022-242","url":null,"abstract":"The development of PLS-SEM into a standard method in management research Wold (1982) developed themethod of partial least squares structural equationmodeling (PLSSEM) (also see J€oreskog and Wold, 1982b, c). Lohm€oller (1989) extended the initial method and prepared the first software (LVPLS; see Lohm€oller, 1984, 1987). The dissemination of PLS-SEM started with the publication of tutorials by Barclay et al. (1995), Chin (1998) and Tenenhaus et al. (2005), as well as the availability of PLSGraph (Chin, 2003), the first software package that included a graphical user interface for Lohm€oller’s LVPLS program. In the last decade, PLS-SEM has become an integral part of the methodological toolbox of economists, sociologists and several other social science disciplines. This is not only evidenced by the exponentially increased use of PLS-SEM in research articles (Hair et al., 2022, Preface) but also by dedicated chapters on PLS-SEM in main methods textbooks (e.g. Hair et al., 2019a) and handbooks (e.g. Sarstedt et al., 2021b). Several review articles on the use of PLS-SEM (Table 1), special issues (Table 2) in different disciplines and dissemination of research networks (Khan et al., 2019) echo this finding. The publication of textbooks (e.g. Garson, 2016; Hair et al., 2018, 2022; Ramayah et al., 2018; Wong, 2013) and “how to” articles (e.g. CepedaCarri on et al., 2019; Hair et al., 2011a, 2019b; Rold an and S anchez-Franco, 2012) on PLS-SEM further contributed to the method’s spread, as well as the availability of R software packages, like cSEM (Rademaker and Schuberth, 2020) and SEMinR (Hair et al., 2021b; Ray et al., 2021) and GUI-based standalone software programs, like PLSGraph (Chin, 2003) and SmartPLS (Ringle et al., 2005, 2015). Of these applications, SmartPLS is particularly popular among users due to its ease of use and functionality (Memon et al., 2021; Sarstedt and Cheah, 2019). In the early phase of PLS-SEM, much of the discussion focused on comparisons with covariance-based SEM (CB-SEM). However, CB-SEM and PLS-SEM are different statistical methods, and the algorithms are designed to achieve different research objectives (J€oreskog and Wold, 1982a; Lohm€oller, 1989). Their results also differ (Rigdon, 2012; Sarstedt et al., 2016), and each method is known for its unique modeling capabilities (Rigdon et al., 2014, 2017). The two approaches should therefore be viewed as complementary rather than competitive. CB-SEM is particularly useful when the research objective is to test the theoretically established model structure as a whole (i.e. how well the model-implied covariance matrix fits the covariance matrix of the data sample). In contrast, PLS-SEM aims to minimize the residuals of the measurement models as well as the structural model. PLSSEM therefore excels when the focus is on prediction-oriented research and is particularly useful when the goal is to identify the sources of competitive advantage and in success factor research (Albers,","PeriodicalId":289192,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116433342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-31DOI: 10.1108/ijsms-03-2021-0060
Yusuf Oc, Aysegul Toker
Purpose This study explores the drivers behind sports technology use and identifies the need for a new conceptualization of sports technology adoption. To address this issue, the authors create a new construct, “context-awareness,” with four dimensions: tracking, coaching, sharing and gamification.Design/methodology/approach The paper uses a mixed-method approach, including in-depth interviews and partial least squares structural equation modeling. The proposed model combines technology acceptance frameworks with the Sports Motivation Scale and a novel context-awareness scale. It is empirically tested with a diverse sample of 600 respondents to identify use-intention differences according to sports motivation and sport types.Findings The paper reveals group differences in sports type (dynamic vs nondynamic) and sports motivation (intrinsic vs extrinsic) regarding sports technology use. It also suggests that perceived technology characteristics mediate the relationship between context-aware features and intention to use.Originality/value This research introduces a new construct of “context-awareness” into the literature on new technology acceptance. The proposed model combines insights from information systems, sports science, sports marketing and sports medicine to explain the adoption of complex technology.
{"title":"An acceptance model for sports technologies: the effects of sports motivation, sports type and context-aware characteristics","authors":"Yusuf Oc, Aysegul Toker","doi":"10.1108/ijsms-03-2021-0060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-03-2021-0060","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose This study explores the drivers behind sports technology use and identifies the need for a new conceptualization of sports technology adoption. To address this issue, the authors create a new construct, “context-awareness,” with four dimensions: tracking, coaching, sharing and gamification.Design/methodology/approach The paper uses a mixed-method approach, including in-depth interviews and partial least squares structural equation modeling. The proposed model combines technology acceptance frameworks with the Sports Motivation Scale and a novel context-awareness scale. It is empirically tested with a diverse sample of 600 respondents to identify use-intention differences according to sports motivation and sport types.Findings The paper reveals group differences in sports type (dynamic vs nondynamic) and sports motivation (intrinsic vs extrinsic) regarding sports technology use. It also suggests that perceived technology characteristics mediate the relationship between context-aware features and intention to use.Originality/value This research introduces a new construct of “context-awareness” into the literature on new technology acceptance. The proposed model combines insights from information systems, sports science, sports marketing and sports medicine to explain the adoption of complex technology.","PeriodicalId":289192,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129086383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-26DOI: 10.1108/ijsms-08-2021-0172
Jerred Junqi Wang, T. Y. Qian, Bo Li, Brandon Mastromartino
PurposeBuilt upon the balance theory and schema theory, this study examined the impact of sponsors' intangible attributes, including consumer-based brand equity (CBBE) and brand-event image fit (BEIF), on consumer responses to emerging local events (ELEs), as well as major boundary conditions of this mechanism.Design/methodology/approachTheoretical hypotheses were tested using multivariate analysis of covariance and structural equation modeling with the data from two experiments: the experiment in the pilot study was used to calibrate sponsor stimuli, and the experiment in the main study was designed to assess consumer responses to different sponsor-event combinations.FindingsResults of this experimental study illustrated the dominant role of CBBE in influencing individuals' perceived event value and intention to participate in the context of ELEs and revealed the noticeable but limited moderating effects of BEIF and sport identification.Originality/valueThis study highlighted the importance of sponsorship in the marketing communications of ELEs and suggested prioritizing the overall attributes of sponsors in the sponsor-selection. This study also called for more research attention directed toward the intangible benefits that sporting events could receive from sponsorship deals.
{"title":"Reversing equity transfer in sponsorship for competitive advantage of emerging local events: quantitative evidence from an experimental study","authors":"Jerred Junqi Wang, T. Y. Qian, Bo Li, Brandon Mastromartino","doi":"10.1108/ijsms-08-2021-0172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-08-2021-0172","url":null,"abstract":"PurposeBuilt upon the balance theory and schema theory, this study examined the impact of sponsors' intangible attributes, including consumer-based brand equity (CBBE) and brand-event image fit (BEIF), on consumer responses to emerging local events (ELEs), as well as major boundary conditions of this mechanism.Design/methodology/approachTheoretical hypotheses were tested using multivariate analysis of covariance and structural equation modeling with the data from two experiments: the experiment in the pilot study was used to calibrate sponsor stimuli, and the experiment in the main study was designed to assess consumer responses to different sponsor-event combinations.FindingsResults of this experimental study illustrated the dominant role of CBBE in influencing individuals' perceived event value and intention to participate in the context of ELEs and revealed the noticeable but limited moderating effects of BEIF and sport identification.Originality/valueThis study highlighted the importance of sponsorship in the marketing communications of ELEs and suggested prioritizing the overall attributes of sponsors in the sponsor-selection. This study also called for more research attention directed toward the intangible benefits that sporting events could receive from sponsorship deals.","PeriodicalId":289192,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122486102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-17DOI: 10.1108/ijsms-10-2021-0198
S. Yuan, Ying Gao
PurposeThis study investigated the potential negative effects of a sponsored team's losing performance on audiences' trust and purchase intention toward the sponsoring brand. Shedding light on the moderating role of sponsoring brand familiarity among audiences and audience team identification regarding such negative effects, the study establishes when sports sponsorship may incur risk to a sponsoring brand.Design/methodology/approachThree experimental designs (audience as stimulus of a team's losing vs control condition) were used to indicate whether and when losing performance influences participants' trust and purchase intention toward the sponsoring brand.FindingsThe participants in the losing condition report lower brand trust and purchase intention. Brand trust mediates the relationship between losing results and decreased purchase intention. The negative effects of losing on brand trust and purchase intention only appear when the sponsoring brand has low familiarity among audiences and only for audiences with low identification.Practical implicationsThe strategy of a brand with low familiarity sponsoring a team that frequently loses has risks and is not worth advocating. However, if an unknown brand has already sponsored a team that often loses, the efforts to cultivate audiences' identification with the team can reduce the potential risks.Originality/valueThe affirmed negative effects of losing performance on brand trust and purchase intention have value for firm sponsorship decisions. This study contributes to the sponsorship literature by revealing two boundary conditions (sponsoring brand familiarity and audiences' team identification) for those negative effects.
{"title":"When sports sponsorship incurs brand risk: the roles of team performance, brand familiarity and team identification","authors":"S. Yuan, Ying Gao","doi":"10.1108/ijsms-10-2021-0198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-10-2021-0198","url":null,"abstract":"PurposeThis study investigated the potential negative effects of a sponsored team's losing performance on audiences' trust and purchase intention toward the sponsoring brand. Shedding light on the moderating role of sponsoring brand familiarity among audiences and audience team identification regarding such negative effects, the study establishes when sports sponsorship may incur risk to a sponsoring brand.Design/methodology/approachThree experimental designs (audience as stimulus of a team's losing vs control condition) were used to indicate whether and when losing performance influences participants' trust and purchase intention toward the sponsoring brand.FindingsThe participants in the losing condition report lower brand trust and purchase intention. Brand trust mediates the relationship between losing results and decreased purchase intention. The negative effects of losing on brand trust and purchase intention only appear when the sponsoring brand has low familiarity among audiences and only for audiences with low identification.Practical implicationsThe strategy of a brand with low familiarity sponsoring a team that frequently loses has risks and is not worth advocating. However, if an unknown brand has already sponsored a team that often loses, the efforts to cultivate audiences' identification with the team can reduce the potential risks.Originality/valueThe affirmed negative effects of losing performance on brand trust and purchase intention have value for firm sponsorship decisions. This study contributes to the sponsorship literature by revealing two boundary conditions (sponsoring brand familiarity and audiences' team identification) for those negative effects.","PeriodicalId":289192,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132846598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-17DOI: 10.1108/ijsms-03-2021-0078
Hui-min Song, Ting-ting Zeng, Brian H. Yim
PurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between leisure involvement (LI), conspicuous sport consumption and subjective well-being (SW) for two luxury leisure activities: golf and skiing.Design/methodology/approachThe authors collected data from Guangdong Province (golf, n = 342) and Jilin Province (skiing, n = 310) and examined the proposed model using structural equation modeling (SEM) and tested the mediating effect of conspicuous sport consumption using bootstrapping method.FindingsThe findings show that the proposed model explained the relationships among LI, conspicuous sport consumption and SW. Furthermore, the findings suggest that LI and conspicuous consumption (CC) can elevate sport participants' perception of SW, enriching leisure-class theory.Originality/valueThe authors’ findings contribute to the domain of CC in sport participant and leisure research and provide significant implications for the sport tourism marketers.
{"title":"A re-examination of conspicuous sport consumption theory on golf and skiing from leisure involvement perspective","authors":"Hui-min Song, Ting-ting Zeng, Brian H. Yim","doi":"10.1108/ijsms-03-2021-0078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-03-2021-0078","url":null,"abstract":"PurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between leisure involvement (LI), conspicuous sport consumption and subjective well-being (SW) for two luxury leisure activities: golf and skiing.Design/methodology/approachThe authors collected data from Guangdong Province (golf, n = 342) and Jilin Province (skiing, n = 310) and examined the proposed model using structural equation modeling (SEM) and tested the mediating effect of conspicuous sport consumption using bootstrapping method.FindingsThe findings show that the proposed model explained the relationships among LI, conspicuous sport consumption and SW. Furthermore, the findings suggest that LI and conspicuous consumption (CC) can elevate sport participants' perception of SW, enriching leisure-class theory.Originality/valueThe authors’ findings contribute to the domain of CC in sport participant and leisure research and provide significant implications for the sport tourism marketers.","PeriodicalId":289192,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship","volume":"210 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113996657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-13DOI: 10.1108/ijsms-12-2020-0240
Brian H. Yim, Mark R. Lyberger, Doori Song
PurposeAlthough sport museums are considered an important sector in nostalgia sport tourism, annual visitations of the major sport Hall of Fames (HoF) have been decreasing, often resulting in operational and financial difficulties for the HoF. The current study examined the relationship between sport museum image, motivation, constraints, monetary and non-monetary promotions (as a mediator), and visit intention among those who have attended or never attended.Design/methodology/approachData was collected from the residents in the Northeast Ohio area via an online survey questionnaire using Qualtrics (N = 1,607). Two sets of data parameters were generated based on consumers previous visitation to Pro Football HoF (visited group n = 754; never-visited group n = 853) and each group's monetary and non-monetary promotion models (total of four models) were analyzed. Descriptive statistics and reliability tests were processed via IBM SPSS Statistics 26 and the structural relationships among the constructs were examined using SmartPLS 3.FindingsAmong all the antecedents, positive perceived image of HoF has been identified as the most significant predictor for both promotions and visit (revisit) intention. Social motivation was found to be a strong driver for visiting a sports museum regardless of the types of promotions. Promotions' mediation effects were found. The monetary promotion between cost constraints and visit intention implied, cost constraints can be mitigated through monetary promotion.Originality/valueThis is the first study examining the role of relationship between image, motivation, constraints and visit intention relative to sport museums. Results provide practical insights for the sport museum marketers and researchers relative to visit intension.
{"title":"Push–pull analysis: the mediating role of promotion types relative to visit intention to a sports museum","authors":"Brian H. Yim, Mark R. Lyberger, Doori Song","doi":"10.1108/ijsms-12-2020-0240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-12-2020-0240","url":null,"abstract":"PurposeAlthough sport museums are considered an important sector in nostalgia sport tourism, annual visitations of the major sport Hall of Fames (HoF) have been decreasing, often resulting in operational and financial difficulties for the HoF. The current study examined the relationship between sport museum image, motivation, constraints, monetary and non-monetary promotions (as a mediator), and visit intention among those who have attended or never attended.Design/methodology/approachData was collected from the residents in the Northeast Ohio area via an online survey questionnaire using Qualtrics (N = 1,607). Two sets of data parameters were generated based on consumers previous visitation to Pro Football HoF (visited group n = 754; never-visited group n = 853) and each group's monetary and non-monetary promotion models (total of four models) were analyzed. Descriptive statistics and reliability tests were processed via IBM SPSS Statistics 26 and the structural relationships among the constructs were examined using SmartPLS 3.FindingsAmong all the antecedents, positive perceived image of HoF has been identified as the most significant predictor for both promotions and visit (revisit) intention. Social motivation was found to be a strong driver for visiting a sports museum regardless of the types of promotions. Promotions' mediation effects were found. The monetary promotion between cost constraints and visit intention implied, cost constraints can be mitigated through monetary promotion.Originality/valueThis is the first study examining the role of relationship between image, motivation, constraints and visit intention relative to sport museums. Results provide practical insights for the sport museum marketers and researchers relative to visit intension.","PeriodicalId":289192,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116512729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-07DOI: 10.1108/ijsms-06-2021-0130
J. Yadav, M. Misra, N. Rana, Kuldeep Singh, Sam Goundar
PurposeBased on the concepts confined in Ajzen's theory of planned behavior (TPB), this study investigates users' attitudes towards adoption of a blockchain-based framework in the esports industry that proposes a scheme of rewarding stakeholders for their invested attention along with blockchain technology's inherent protocols.Design/methodology/approachThe present study uses RStudio (Version 1.3.1093) package RedditExtractoR for scraping and analysis of the discussion referring to the keyword “Verasity” on the Reddit website. The final corpus of 1,913 user comments was considered for the study. Sentiment analysis was initially conducted to explore the semantic orientation of the users concerning Verasity. This was followed by generalized equation modeling to analyze the impact of social media attributed to the users' commenting behavior.FindingsThe study found that Redditors, in general, have a positive attitude towards the adoption of a blockchain-based esports platform. This was validated through the empirical findings. The regression model states that there is a significant positive impact of the positivity in the comments over the Redditors' attitude and in their commenting behavior.Originality/valueThis study offers a new understanding of key contributing attributes of sentiment formation over social media concerning a blockchain-based esports framework. The study also establishes an empirical relationship between the social media attributes and the commenting behavior of Redditors. Finally, the current study offers valuable insights into social media engagements and the selection of highly influential Redditors for practicing marketing managers.
{"title":"Netizens' behavior towards a blockchain-based esports framework: a TPB and machine learning integrated approach","authors":"J. Yadav, M. Misra, N. Rana, Kuldeep Singh, Sam Goundar","doi":"10.1108/ijsms-06-2021-0130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-06-2021-0130","url":null,"abstract":"PurposeBased on the concepts confined in Ajzen's theory of planned behavior (TPB), this study investigates users' attitudes towards adoption of a blockchain-based framework in the esports industry that proposes a scheme of rewarding stakeholders for their invested attention along with blockchain technology's inherent protocols.Design/methodology/approachThe present study uses RStudio (Version 1.3.1093) package RedditExtractoR for scraping and analysis of the discussion referring to the keyword “Verasity” on the Reddit website. The final corpus of 1,913 user comments was considered for the study. Sentiment analysis was initially conducted to explore the semantic orientation of the users concerning Verasity. This was followed by generalized equation modeling to analyze the impact of social media attributed to the users' commenting behavior.FindingsThe study found that Redditors, in general, have a positive attitude towards the adoption of a blockchain-based esports platform. This was validated through the empirical findings. The regression model states that there is a significant positive impact of the positivity in the comments over the Redditors' attitude and in their commenting behavior.Originality/valueThis study offers a new understanding of key contributing attributes of sentiment formation over social media concerning a blockchain-based esports framework. The study also establishes an empirical relationship between the social media attributes and the commenting behavior of Redditors. Finally, the current study offers valuable insights into social media engagements and the selection of highly influential Redditors for practicing marketing managers.","PeriodicalId":289192,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121089785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-07DOI: 10.1108/ijsms-08-2021-0168
Prashanth Raman, Kumar Aashish
PurposeThere are two-fold objectives to this research. First is to analyse the importance of technology readiness (TR) for the users in using sports and fitness wearable devices in India. And second is to explore if gymnasium (gym) users are much more technologically ready as compared to non-gym users to use sports and fitness wearable devices.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses technology readiness and acceptance model (TRAM) to examine the users' intention to use sports and fitness wearable devices. Data from a survey of 907 respondents from India were collected and partial least squares (PLS)-structural equation modelling (SEM) technique was used to empirically examine it.FindingsThe outcomes reveal that innovativeness and optimism have a positive influence on perceived ease of use (PEOU) and perceived usefulness (PU), and insecurity and discomfort have a negative influence on PEOU and PU. Both PEOU and PU act as important determinants in the user's intention to use sports and fitness wearable devices. The multi-group analysis (MGA) suggests that gym users tend to exhibit more positive intention towards using sports and fitness wearable devices and show higher probability of using the wearable devices relative to non-gym users.Originality/valueThere are hardly any studies on intention to use sports and fitness wearable devices in India. The current research tries to understand the intention behind the gym users and non-gym users to use sports and fitness wearable devices. The outcomes of the research will help the marketers to align their promotional campaign based on the new segmentation variable “gym-user/non-gym user”. The research also highlights the importance of TR in the use of sports and fitness wearable devices in India.
{"title":"Gym users: an enabler in creating an acceptance of sports and fitness wearable devices in India","authors":"Prashanth Raman, Kumar Aashish","doi":"10.1108/ijsms-08-2021-0168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-08-2021-0168","url":null,"abstract":"PurposeThere are two-fold objectives to this research. First is to analyse the importance of technology readiness (TR) for the users in using sports and fitness wearable devices in India. And second is to explore if gymnasium (gym) users are much more technologically ready as compared to non-gym users to use sports and fitness wearable devices.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses technology readiness and acceptance model (TRAM) to examine the users' intention to use sports and fitness wearable devices. Data from a survey of 907 respondents from India were collected and partial least squares (PLS)-structural equation modelling (SEM) technique was used to empirically examine it.FindingsThe outcomes reveal that innovativeness and optimism have a positive influence on perceived ease of use (PEOU) and perceived usefulness (PU), and insecurity and discomfort have a negative influence on PEOU and PU. Both PEOU and PU act as important determinants in the user's intention to use sports and fitness wearable devices. The multi-group analysis (MGA) suggests that gym users tend to exhibit more positive intention towards using sports and fitness wearable devices and show higher probability of using the wearable devices relative to non-gym users.Originality/valueThere are hardly any studies on intention to use sports and fitness wearable devices in India. The current research tries to understand the intention behind the gym users and non-gym users to use sports and fitness wearable devices. The outcomes of the research will help the marketers to align their promotional campaign based on the new segmentation variable “gym-user/non-gym user”. The research also highlights the importance of TR in the use of sports and fitness wearable devices in India.","PeriodicalId":289192,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124361838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-07DOI: 10.1108/ijsms-05-2021-0105
D. Gupta, Harshita Sharma, Manali Gupta
PurposeEsports has been emerging as a multi-billion dollar industry by attracting players, viewers, advertisers and investors across the globe. Even though there are plenty of professional titles present, only a few have been considered mainstream due to lack of formal governance mechanisms, presence of corruption and cheating mechanisms. “Doping” is one such practice where the players try to gain unfair advantage over their competitors, causing major hindrance in esports development. This qualitative study would draw insights from their perceptions about different doping mechanisms and possible recommendations to curb them.Design/methodology/approachThis study has analyzed the semi-structured interviews of selected esports professionals to draw insights from their perceptions about different doping mechanisms and possible recommendations to curb them. This qualitative study would explore the content of their interviews for extracting relevant themes and subthemes.FindingsThe findings of this study have made significant contributions to deeply lacking literature about the esports industry and barriers it faces in order to be considered as a legitimate sport. The study has extracted contemporary and new emerging themes about the rising trends in the industry and their impact on society and the way we see sports as a whole. Moreover, this study dwells upon the rampant drug abuse persisting in this industry and how it offers itself as a barrier to the legitimization of esports as a viable global industry.Originality/valueThis study provides an on-ground reality reports on esports and various malpractices rampant in the industry by conducting interviews with various industry professionals and analyzing them through a thematic analysis method using an inductive approach.
{"title":"Doping as a barrier in universal acceptance of esports","authors":"D. Gupta, Harshita Sharma, Manali Gupta","doi":"10.1108/ijsms-05-2021-0105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-05-2021-0105","url":null,"abstract":"PurposeEsports has been emerging as a multi-billion dollar industry by attracting players, viewers, advertisers and investors across the globe. Even though there are plenty of professional titles present, only a few have been considered mainstream due to lack of formal governance mechanisms, presence of corruption and cheating mechanisms. “Doping” is one such practice where the players try to gain unfair advantage over their competitors, causing major hindrance in esports development. This qualitative study would draw insights from their perceptions about different doping mechanisms and possible recommendations to curb them.Design/methodology/approachThis study has analyzed the semi-structured interviews of selected esports professionals to draw insights from their perceptions about different doping mechanisms and possible recommendations to curb them. This qualitative study would explore the content of their interviews for extracting relevant themes and subthemes.FindingsThe findings of this study have made significant contributions to deeply lacking literature about the esports industry and barriers it faces in order to be considered as a legitimate sport. The study has extracted contemporary and new emerging themes about the rising trends in the industry and their impact on society and the way we see sports as a whole. Moreover, this study dwells upon the rampant drug abuse persisting in this industry and how it offers itself as a barrier to the legitimization of esports as a viable global industry.Originality/valueThis study provides an on-ground reality reports on esports and various malpractices rampant in the industry by conducting interviews with various industry professionals and analyzing them through a thematic analysis method using an inductive approach.","PeriodicalId":289192,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131221502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-06DOI: 10.1108/ijsms-02-2021-0029
Ana Sofia Ramos, J. Hammerschmidt, A. S. Ribeiro, Francisco Lima, S. Kraus
PurposeThe purpose of this longitudinal study is to examine the dual career and entrepreneurial experiences of professional football players and their influence on the career transition process to entrepreneurship or employment.Design/methodology/approachThe study examined a Portuguese employer–employee data set from 1991 to 2017 using the logit model, a binary choice regression model that allows predicting the probabilities of two possible qualitative and binary outcomes.FindingsEntrepreneurial experience is the key driver for retired football players to pursue entrepreneurship. Having a dual career and working during the athletic career leads to higher chances of continuing in the labor market as an employee. Higher education levels did not significantly influence the decision to pursue a second career but having secondary education increases the chances of continuing as an entrepreneur.Research limitations/implicationsFirst, the study aims to shed light on success factors in career transition of professional football players who engage in a dual career. Second, the authors introduce sport entrepreneurship as a possible activity alongside an athletic career.Practical implicationsAthletes can benefit from the experience they gain during a dual career in the process of career transition. Working in the final year of an athletic career represents a promising strategy to gain work experience alongside sport without jeopardizing sporting success.Originality/valueThis study adds evidence to the contemporary discourse on dual career theory and career transitions and reconciles the theory of sport entrepreneurship and dual careers.
{"title":"Rethinking dual careers: success factors for career transition of professional football players and the role of sport entrepreneurship","authors":"Ana Sofia Ramos, J. Hammerschmidt, A. S. Ribeiro, Francisco Lima, S. Kraus","doi":"10.1108/ijsms-02-2021-0029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-02-2021-0029","url":null,"abstract":"PurposeThe purpose of this longitudinal study is to examine the dual career and entrepreneurial experiences of professional football players and their influence on the career transition process to entrepreneurship or employment.Design/methodology/approachThe study examined a Portuguese employer–employee data set from 1991 to 2017 using the logit model, a binary choice regression model that allows predicting the probabilities of two possible qualitative and binary outcomes.FindingsEntrepreneurial experience is the key driver for retired football players to pursue entrepreneurship. Having a dual career and working during the athletic career leads to higher chances of continuing in the labor market as an employee. Higher education levels did not significantly influence the decision to pursue a second career but having secondary education increases the chances of continuing as an entrepreneur.Research limitations/implicationsFirst, the study aims to shed light on success factors in career transition of professional football players who engage in a dual career. Second, the authors introduce sport entrepreneurship as a possible activity alongside an athletic career.Practical implicationsAthletes can benefit from the experience they gain during a dual career in the process of career transition. Working in the final year of an athletic career represents a promising strategy to gain work experience alongside sport without jeopardizing sporting success.Originality/valueThis study adds evidence to the contemporary discourse on dual career theory and career transitions and reconciles the theory of sport entrepreneurship and dual careers.","PeriodicalId":289192,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131768538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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