This article places two Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films, Avengers: Infinity War () and Avengers: Endgame (), in dialogue with the Marvel comic books on which they are based. As this article demonstrates, in their depiction of Thanos and the partial species extinction event, the films deviate substantially from their source material to reflect a contemporary cultural interest and growing anxiety over the real-world threat of species extinction. However, as this article argues, Avengers: Infinity War’s and Avengers: Endgame’s ecocritical potential are limited, owing partly to the villain’s role in superhero films and comic books more broadly. Limits also owe to the anthropocentric viewpoint that underwrites much of superhero fiction. Superheroes may serve a conservative function as an upholder of the social order, but, as this article shows, in Avengers: Infinity War and Avengers: Endgame, as well as films and television series in the MCU set thereafter, this function often comes at the detriment of the conservation of nature and species-other-than-human.
{"title":"Storying species extinction in Avengers: Infinity War and Avengers: Endgame","authors":"Sophie Dungan","doi":"10.1386/ajpc_00067_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/ajpc_00067_1","url":null,"abstract":"This article places two Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films, Avengers: Infinity War () and Avengers: Endgame (), in dialogue with the Marvel comic books on which they are based. As this article demonstrates, in their depiction of Thanos and the partial species extinction event, the films deviate substantially from their source material to reflect a contemporary cultural interest and growing anxiety over the real-world threat of species extinction. However, as this article argues, Avengers: Infinity War’s and Avengers: Endgame’s ecocritical potential are limited, owing partly to the villain’s role in superhero films and comic books more broadly. Limits also owe to the anthropocentric viewpoint that underwrites much of superhero fiction. Superheroes may serve a conservative function as an upholder of the social order, but, as this article shows, in Avengers: Infinity War and Avengers: Endgame, as well as films and television series in the MCU set thereafter, this function often comes at the detriment of the conservation of nature and species-other-than-human.","PeriodicalId":29644,"journal":{"name":"Australasian Journal of Popular Culture","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49084209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over the past four decades, since the transition of Robin into the Nightwing superhero persona in DC’s Tales of the Teen Titans #44 (July 1984), sidekick characters have become increasingly relevant in their narrative function for DC’s overall superhero storytelling and world-building strategies. By examining the comic book and television narratives across Teen Titans and Young Justice titles, this article argues for a critical examination in how sidekicks mature into independent superheroes and how this impacts the broader storytelling paradigm for DC and their related media. The animated Young Justice and live-action Titans series highlight the progression in a sidekick’s temporal function, guiding not only their own maturation into independent superheroes but also the overall evolution of the superhero storytelling genre, allowing the passage of time, the inevitable death of the superhero and the renaissance of the sidekick-turned-superhero.
{"title":"‘We prefer protégé’: The temporal function of sidekicks in Young Justice and Titans","authors":"Rusty Hatchell","doi":"10.1386/ajpc_00070_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/ajpc_00070_1","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past four decades, since the transition of Robin into the Nightwing superhero persona in DC’s Tales of the Teen Titans #44 (July 1984), sidekick characters have become increasingly relevant in their narrative function for DC’s overall superhero storytelling and world-building strategies. By examining the comic book and television narratives across Teen Titans and Young Justice titles, this article argues for a critical examination in how sidekicks mature into independent superheroes and how this impacts the broader storytelling paradigm for DC and their related media. The animated Young Justice and live-action Titans series highlight the progression in a sidekick’s temporal function, guiding not only their own maturation into independent superheroes but also the overall evolution of the superhero storytelling genre, allowing the passage of time, the inevitable death of the superhero and the renaissance of the sidekick-turned-superhero.","PeriodicalId":29644,"journal":{"name":"Australasian Journal of Popular Culture","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48252187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The television adaptation of The Boys, originally a comic book series written by Garth Ennis, has garnered attention for its graphic violence and satirical treatment of the superhero genre. The Boys engages with a number of critiques of the superhero genre and its tropes, one of which is the recurring presence of a Nazi supervillain. This article links The Boys to previous examples of comic books and screen adaptations which feature Nazis or similar fascist organizations, such as Captain America, Superman and X-Men. In particular, it argues that The Boys’s status as a subversive superhero narrative impacts the portrayal of Nazism in new ways, further troubling the distinction between superhero and supervillain and providing insight into contemporary cultural concerns. Through its representation of the superhero origin story and the Nazi character Stormfront, The Boys draws upon the memories of the Second World War in order to condemn the rise of fascism in the twenty-first century. Despite this ostensibly worthy goal, it is also important to consider criticisms of this type of representation of the historically specific atrocities of the Second World War, the role of exploitation and its resulting reception by viewers.
{"title":"Superheroes and Nazis: Re-examining the legacy of the Second World War in Eric Kripke’s The Boys","authors":"Abigail Whittall","doi":"10.1386/ajpc_00066_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/ajpc_00066_1","url":null,"abstract":"The television adaptation of The Boys, originally a comic book series written by Garth Ennis, has garnered attention for its graphic violence and satirical treatment of the superhero genre. The Boys engages with a number of critiques of the superhero genre and its tropes, one of which is the recurring presence of a Nazi supervillain. This article links The Boys to previous examples of comic books and screen adaptations which feature Nazis or similar fascist organizations, such as Captain America, Superman and X-Men. In particular, it argues that The Boys’s status as a subversive superhero narrative impacts the portrayal of Nazism in new ways, further troubling the distinction between superhero and supervillain and providing insight into contemporary cultural concerns. Through its representation of the superhero origin story and the Nazi character Stormfront, The Boys draws upon the memories of the Second World War in order to condemn the rise of fascism in the twenty-first century. Despite this ostensibly worthy goal, it is also important to consider criticisms of this type of representation of the historically specific atrocities of the Second World War, the role of exploitation and its resulting reception by viewers.","PeriodicalId":29644,"journal":{"name":"Australasian Journal of Popular Culture","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48238945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article explains how Marvel’s Black Widow film constructs both political liberation and personal satisfaction as dependent on a striving towards the heteronormative family. The family is, to use Sara Ahmed’s framework, the ultimate ‘happy object’: a relationship that promises social harmony as well as happiness and fulfilment, and the characters strive towards and ultimately agree upon the family as the good for which they fight. The film simultaneously enacts a Cold War politic by coding the enemy – the Red Room – as a communist Other whose cruelty manifests by perverting the model of the American nuclear family in favour of an extreme patriarchal model that foregoes normative reproductive. Consequently, the establishment of justice resides in defeating this communist Other and reinstituting the nuclear family, a narrative imported nearly wholesale from the Cold War era.
{"title":"‘You don’t feel anything?’ The Cold War, family affect and reproductive politics in Black Widow","authors":"Jena DiMaggio","doi":"10.1386/ajpc_00068_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/ajpc_00068_1","url":null,"abstract":"This article explains how Marvel’s Black Widow film constructs both political liberation and personal satisfaction as dependent on a striving towards the heteronormative family. The family is, to use Sara Ahmed’s framework, the ultimate ‘happy object’: a relationship that promises social harmony as well as happiness and fulfilment, and the characters strive towards and ultimately agree upon the family as the good for which they fight. The film simultaneously enacts a Cold War politic by coding the enemy – the Red Room – as a communist Other whose cruelty manifests by perverting the model of the American nuclear family in favour of an extreme patriarchal model that foregoes normative reproductive. Consequently, the establishment of justice resides in defeating this communist Other and reinstituting the nuclear family, a narrative imported nearly wholesale from the Cold War era.","PeriodicalId":29644,"journal":{"name":"Australasian Journal of Popular Culture","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46027890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The superhero as a masculine ideal has been extensively scrutinized; he is perceived as a man of physical strength, selflessness and conformity but also one capable of aggression, toxic violence, vigilantism and emotional detachment. Nolan’s superhero, Batman, is situated within this discourse of contradictory masculinity. Recent scholarly discussion has considered how superheroes, including Batman, portray a masculinity designed to fulfil the desires of a post-9/11 audience. This article will extend this examination of contradictory masculinity to consider the father figures who teach Batman to be a superhero and what their instruction identifies as desirable heroic traits in the decade following the 9/11 tragedy. This form of heroic masculinity is not new and exhibits an uncanny resemblance to the cowboy who, like the superhero, is a stylized, uniquely American character. This article will argue that this is a masculinity that is learned and then performed: it reveals the imitative nature of gender, such that Nolan’s trilogy acts as a series of lessons in the problematic, fictive and performative expressions of masculinity in a post-9/11 world.
{"title":"Paternalism, performative masculinity and the post-9/11 cowboy in Christopher Nolan’s Dark Knight trilogy","authors":"Cathrine Avery","doi":"10.1386/ajpc_00069_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/ajpc_00069_1","url":null,"abstract":"The superhero as a masculine ideal has been extensively scrutinized; he is perceived as a man of physical strength, selflessness and conformity but also one capable of aggression, toxic violence, vigilantism and emotional detachment. Nolan’s superhero, Batman, is situated within this discourse of contradictory masculinity. Recent scholarly discussion has considered how superheroes, including Batman, portray a masculinity designed to fulfil the desires of a post-9/11 audience. This article will extend this examination of contradictory masculinity to consider the father figures who teach Batman to be a superhero and what their instruction identifies as desirable heroic traits in the decade following the 9/11 tragedy. This form of heroic masculinity is not new and exhibits an uncanny resemblance to the cowboy who, like the superhero, is a stylized, uniquely American character. This article will argue that this is a masculinity that is learned and then performed: it reveals the imitative nature of gender, such that Nolan’s trilogy acts as a series of lessons in the problematic, fictive and performative expressions of masculinity in a post-9/11 world.","PeriodicalId":29644,"journal":{"name":"Australasian Journal of Popular Culture","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41426326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Review of: Using Superheroes and Villains in Counseling and Play Therapy: A Guide for Mental Health Professionals, Lawrence C. Rubin (ed.) (2020) New York: Routledge, 323 pp., ISBN 978-0-42945-495-0, e-book, AUD 68.99 ISBN 978-1-13861-326-3, h/bk, AUD 242.00 ISBN 978-1-13861-327-0, p/bk, AUD 75.99
{"title":"Using Superheroes and Villains in Counseling and Play Therapy: A Guide for Mental Health Professionals, Lawrence C. Rubin (ed.) (2020)","authors":"Ruth Barratt-Peacock","doi":"10.1386/ajpc_00071_5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/ajpc_00071_5","url":null,"abstract":"Review of: Using Superheroes and Villains in Counseling and Play Therapy: A Guide for Mental Health Professionals, Lawrence C. Rubin (ed.) (2020)\u0000 New York: Routledge, 323 pp.,\u0000 ISBN 978-0-42945-495-0, e-book, AUD 68.99\u0000 ISBN 978-1-13861-326-3, h/bk, AUD 242.00\u0000 ISBN 978-1-13861-327-0, p/bk, AUD 75.99","PeriodicalId":29644,"journal":{"name":"Australasian Journal of Popular Culture","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46153797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the 1970s and 1980s, comic book publishing giants DC and Marvel sought to diversify their cast of superheroes to better represent their US readership. While the publishers’ increasingly diverse cast of numerous US constituencies sought to reflect a shift towards greater representation, the flow of migrants/immigrants/refugees that marked the cold war years of the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s remained largely out of the pages of mainstream comics. However, Marvel’s Chris Claremont and DC’s Marv Wolfman and George Perez introduced Vietnamese refugees to two teenage teams in the early 1980s. This article seeks to examine the way these characters, Marvel’s Karma and DC’s Thunder and Lightning, reflect US political rhetoric concerning the South East Asian refugee crisis in the late 1970s/early 1980s. Marvel’s and DC’s characters represent two poles of political thought concerning refugees; Karma is depicted as a victim of communism who is rescued by the United States, while Thunder and Lightning are villains who seek to upend US patriarchal relationships with Asian nations. Using comic studies’ scholarship and current discussions in critical refugee studies, this article argues that the depictions of these refugees reflect national discourse concerning the ideals of the United States.
{"title":"‘You’re a refugee, are you not?’ ‘Extraordinary bodies’, monstrous outsiders and US refugee policies in superhero comics","authors":"Tina Powell","doi":"10.1386/ajpc_00065_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/ajpc_00065_1","url":null,"abstract":"In the 1970s and 1980s, comic book publishing giants DC and Marvel sought to diversify their cast of superheroes to better represent their US readership. While the publishers’ increasingly diverse cast of numerous US constituencies sought to reflect a shift towards greater representation, the flow of migrants/immigrants/refugees that marked the cold war years of the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s remained largely out of the pages of mainstream comics. However, Marvel’s Chris Claremont and DC’s Marv Wolfman and George Perez introduced Vietnamese refugees to two teenage teams in the early 1980s. This article seeks to examine the way these characters, Marvel’s Karma and DC’s Thunder and Lightning, reflect US political rhetoric concerning the South East Asian refugee crisis in the late 1970s/early 1980s. Marvel’s and DC’s characters represent two poles of political thought concerning refugees; Karma is depicted as a victim of communism who is rescued by the United States, while Thunder and Lightning are villains who seek to upend US patriarchal relationships with Asian nations. Using comic studies’ scholarship and current discussions in critical refugee studies, this article argues that the depictions of these refugees reflect national discourse concerning the ideals of the United States.","PeriodicalId":29644,"journal":{"name":"Australasian Journal of Popular Culture","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47296491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This Special Issue re-examines the part played by superheroes in contemporary narratives within popular culture. In so doing, it explores how these iconic figures reflect identities and meaning in social, cultural, political and historical contexts.
{"title":"Re-examining superhero politics in popular culture","authors":"C. Wilson, L. Piatti-Farnell","doi":"10.1386/ajpc_00064_2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/ajpc_00064_2","url":null,"abstract":"This Special Issue re-examines the part played by superheroes in contemporary narratives within popular culture. In so doing, it explores how these iconic figures reflect identities and meaning in social, cultural, political and historical contexts.","PeriodicalId":29644,"journal":{"name":"Australasian Journal of Popular Culture","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43522486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stereotypically, creative people are considered intelligent, immature, demanding, aware, receptive, autonomous, flexible, introverted, self-confident, unconventional and asocial. They are driven by a desire to create, peer acceptance and, to an extent, commercial gain. They negotiate their creative persona by seeking validation from others. Accordingly, creative people are active agents in the negotiation of their identities, and they can communicate their attitudes and feelings towards their work through the stories depicted in documentaries. Netflix has released several documentaries capturing the creative process and projects of musicians and singers, which offer a ‘behind the scenes’ account of what it is like working in the music industry. These same documentaries offer insights into what it means to be a creative navigating the trappings of project-based work, questions of authenticity, audience and management demands, and the pressures of making successful music. The purpose of this research is to use thematic analysis to explore the documentaries of Shawn Mendes, Taylor Swift, Beyoncé, Ariana Grande and Queen + Adam Lambert for how they conceptualize the creative identity and whether they maintain or challenge the stereotypes that continue to be perpetuated in the media.
{"title":"The me you see: The creative identity as constructed in music documentaries","authors":"Angelique Nairn","doi":"10.1386/ajpc_00048_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/ajpc_00048_1","url":null,"abstract":"Stereotypically, creative people are considered intelligent, immature, demanding, aware, receptive, autonomous, flexible, introverted, self-confident, unconventional and asocial. They are driven by a desire to create, peer acceptance and, to an extent, commercial gain. They negotiate their creative persona by seeking validation from others. Accordingly, creative people are active agents in the negotiation of their identities, and they can communicate their attitudes and feelings towards their work through the stories depicted in documentaries. Netflix has released several documentaries capturing the creative process and projects of musicians and singers, which offer a ‘behind the scenes’ account of what it is like working in the music industry. These same documentaries offer insights into what it means to be a creative navigating the trappings of project-based work, questions of authenticity, audience and management demands, and the pressures of making successful music. The purpose of this research is to use thematic analysis to explore the documentaries of Shawn Mendes, Taylor Swift, Beyoncé, Ariana Grande and Queen + Adam Lambert for how they conceptualize the creative identity and whether they maintain or challenge the stereotypes that continue to be perpetuated in the media.","PeriodicalId":29644,"journal":{"name":"Australasian Journal of Popular Culture","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41638759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To protect their membership rights to social resources, services and benefits, Australian citizens constantly renegotiate and reconceptualize sociocultural and political parameters around who belongs as a rights-worthy member of their society. Popular culture has the potential to shape the social, cultural and political attitudes that underpin these considerations. Popular culture mediums such as film and television are visual and narrative devices that posit binaries such as good/bad, men/women, citizen/non-citizen and so on. In particular, the binary of good/bad acts as a discourse through which audiences develop an understanding of what actions and behaviours are considered socially and culturally acceptable, and what actions and behaviours are not. This article seeks to broaden understandings of popular culture’s potential to influence how a society construes its social strictures around who is a member of the hegemonic group and who is the ‘other’. It examines depictions of poor, vulnerable and homeless women characters in film that frame them as the monstrous ‘other’ and argues that these representations negatively impact the visibility of real women who are poor, vulnerable and homeless in Australia, within spaces of sociopolitical discourse. The ongoing repercussions of which, it is contended, are that the needs of this cohort are less visible to the governments and policymakers who are tasked with protecting them.
{"title":"Othering the ‘bag-lady’: Examining stereotypes of vulnerable and homeless women in popular culture","authors":"Susan Ursula Anne Smith, J. Coghlan","doi":"10.1386/ajpc_00052_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/ajpc_00052_1","url":null,"abstract":"To protect their membership rights to social resources, services and benefits, Australian citizens constantly renegotiate and reconceptualize sociocultural and political parameters around who belongs as a rights-worthy member of their society. Popular culture has the potential to shape the social, cultural and political attitudes that underpin these considerations. Popular culture mediums such as film and television are visual and narrative devices that posit binaries such as good/bad, men/women, citizen/non-citizen and so on. In particular, the binary of good/bad acts as a discourse through which audiences develop an understanding of what actions and behaviours are considered socially and culturally acceptable, and what actions and behaviours are not. This article seeks to broaden understandings of popular culture’s potential to influence how a society construes its social strictures around who is a member of the hegemonic group and who is the ‘other’. It examines depictions of poor, vulnerable and homeless women characters in film that frame them as the monstrous ‘other’ and argues that these representations negatively impact the visibility of real women who are poor, vulnerable and homeless in Australia, within spaces of sociopolitical discourse. The ongoing repercussions of which, it is contended, are that the needs of this cohort are less visible to the governments and policymakers who are tasked with protecting them.","PeriodicalId":29644,"journal":{"name":"Australasian Journal of Popular Culture","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41943466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：