Pub Date : 2018-07-26DOI: 10.1093/LAW/9780198824152.003.0008
Millicay Fernanda
This chapter examines the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ). It first provides an overview of the Preparatory Committee (PrepCom), convened by the UN General Assembly to make recommendations on the elements for a possible future multilateral agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The material scope of the PrepCom is constituted by ‘the package’ agreed upon in 2011 and includes the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction. The chapter discusses the challenges of the package, focusing on two interlinked dimensions of the package plus the big issue that underlies it. It also considers two main tasks facing PrepCom: the first is to clearly identify all elements of each substantive set of issues composing the package, and the second task is to understand the implications of each element of these three substantive sets of issues and the inter-linkages between them.
{"title":"Part III Marine Biodiversity Conservation and Global Ocean Governance, 8 Marine Biodiversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction: Securing a Sound Law of the Sea Instrument","authors":"Millicay Fernanda","doi":"10.1093/LAW/9780198824152.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/LAW/9780198824152.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ). It first provides an overview of the Preparatory Committee (PrepCom), convened by the UN General Assembly to make recommendations on the elements for a possible future multilateral agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The material scope of the PrepCom is constituted by ‘the package’ agreed upon in 2011 and includes the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction. The chapter discusses the challenges of the package, focusing on two interlinked dimensions of the package plus the big issue that underlies it. It also considers two main tasks facing PrepCom: the first is to clearly identify all elements of each substantive set of issues composing the package, and the second task is to understand the implications of each element of these three substantive sets of issues and the inter-linkages between them.","PeriodicalId":296661,"journal":{"name":"The IMLI Treatise On Global Ocean Governance","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133621633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-26DOI: 10.1093/LAW/9780198824152.003.0005
Golitsyn Vladimir
This chapter focuses on the role of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) in global ocean governance. Established under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the jurisdiction of the ITLOS comprises all disputes and all applications concerning interpretation or application of the Convention and all matters specifically provided for in any other agreement which confers jurisdiction on the Tribunal. In the performance of its responsibilities, ITLOS has accumulated a body of jurisprudence which constitutes its contribution to the progressive development of international law of the sea and thus global ocean governance. The chapter discusses the most important examples of the ITLOS's contribution to the global ocean governance, such as dealing with contentious cases, requests for provisional measures, and prompt release cases as well as providing advisory opinions.
{"title":"Part I Assessing the UN Institutional Structure for Global Ocean Governance: The UN’s Role in Global Ocean Governance, 5 The Role of International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) in Global Ocean Governance","authors":"Golitsyn Vladimir","doi":"10.1093/LAW/9780198824152.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/LAW/9780198824152.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on the role of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) in global ocean governance. Established under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the jurisdiction of the ITLOS comprises all disputes and all applications concerning interpretation or application of the Convention and all matters specifically provided for in any other agreement which confers jurisdiction on the Tribunal. In the performance of its responsibilities, ITLOS has accumulated a body of jurisprudence which constitutes its contribution to the progressive development of international law of the sea and thus global ocean governance. The chapter discusses the most important examples of the ITLOS's contribution to the global ocean governance, such as dealing with contentious cases, requests for provisional measures, and prompt release cases as well as providing advisory opinions.","PeriodicalId":296661,"journal":{"name":"The IMLI Treatise On Global Ocean Governance","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130335139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-26DOI: 10.1093/LAW/9780198823957.003.0010
Stemre Turid
This chapter discusses the content of the recently adopted Polar Code and outlines the methodology used in the working group of the Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) that led to the Code being developed and adopted. In doing so, the chapter provides invaluable insight into the workings of International Maritime Organization (IMO) committees. In addition, the chapter maintains that, in the absence of political will to do so, the intended results of this lengthy negotiation at IMO will not be achieved. An additional area this chapter identifies for further action concerns the International Life-saving Appliance (LSA) Code and the International Code for the Application of Fire Test Procedures (FTP). This area urgently needs revision in order to take into account the new requirements of the Polar Code regarding procedures and performance standards.
{"title":"10 The IMO, the Polar Regions, and Global Ocean Governance: Newly Accessible Maritime Environments","authors":"Stemre Turid","doi":"10.1093/LAW/9780198823957.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/LAW/9780198823957.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the content of the recently adopted Polar Code and outlines the methodology used in the working group of the Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) that led to the Code being developed and adopted. In doing so, the chapter provides invaluable insight into the workings of International Maritime Organization (IMO) committees. In addition, the chapter maintains that, in the absence of political will to do so, the intended results of this lengthy negotiation at IMO will not be achieved. An additional area this chapter identifies for further action concerns the International Life-saving Appliance (LSA) Code and the International Code for the Application of Fire Test Procedures (FTP). This area urgently needs revision in order to take into account the new requirements of the Polar Code regarding procedures and performance standards.","PeriodicalId":296661,"journal":{"name":"The IMLI Treatise On Global Ocean Governance","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128840540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-26DOI: 10.1093/law/9780198823957.003.0002
Blanco-Bazan Agustin
This chapter explains the main features of the interface between the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and International Maritime Organization (IMO) regulations. Since its adoption the UNCLOS, and in particular its jurisdictional principles, has remained a reference point for much of the IMO’s work. The chapter suggests that greater use could be made by flag and coastal administrations of the powers afforded them under UNCLOS and IMO treaties to ensure that the high seas do not become a ‘dustbin’ for the spill of polluting substances from ships. Flag states have the power to investigate incidents on the high seas involving its ships. Likewise, coastal states have the power in certain defined circumstances to intercept foreign vessels in their exclusive economic zones (EEZs) and territorial seas, as well as to undertake physical inspection and to detain such vessels.
{"title":"2 The IMO: Working within the UNCLOS Framework and Global Ocean Governance","authors":"Blanco-Bazan Agustin","doi":"10.1093/law/9780198823957.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198823957.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explains the main features of the interface between the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and International Maritime Organization (IMO) regulations. Since its adoption the UNCLOS, and in particular its jurisdictional principles, has remained a reference point for much of the IMO’s work. The chapter suggests that greater use could be made by flag and coastal administrations of the powers afforded them under UNCLOS and IMO treaties to ensure that the high seas do not become a ‘dustbin’ for the spill of polluting substances from ships. Flag states have the power to investigate incidents on the high seas involving its ships. Likewise, coastal states have the power in certain defined circumstances to intercept foreign vessels in their exclusive economic zones (EEZs) and territorial seas, as well as to undertake physical inspection and to detain such vessels.","PeriodicalId":296661,"journal":{"name":"The IMLI Treatise On Global Ocean Governance","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114669361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-26DOI: 10.1093/law/9780198824152.003.0009
This chapter examines the concept of ‘force’ as invoked in public international law more generally and in Article 301 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) more specifically, with emphasis on its application as an aspect of global ocean governance. Article 301 adopts the formulation of the prohibition of force contained in the Charter of the United Nations, but a variation of this formulation can also be found in the definition of ‘innocent passage’ contained in Article 19(2) of UNCLOS. The chapter considers the scope of this prohibition and the actions — or activities — it was designed to address as well as the occasions when UNCLOS envisages some form of physicality or physical interposition by States occurring outside their respective jurisdictions. It also discusses the threat as well as the use of force as spelled out in Article 2(4) of the UN Charter, along with emerging themes for ocean governance.
{"title":"Part IV Maritime Security and Global Ocean Governance, 9 The Application of Force as an Aspect of Global Ocean Governance","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/law/9780198824152.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198824152.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the concept of ‘force’ as invoked in public international law more generally and in Article 301 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) more specifically, with emphasis on its application as an aspect of global ocean governance. Article 301 adopts the formulation of the prohibition of force contained in the Charter of the United Nations, but a variation of this formulation can also be found in the definition of ‘innocent passage’ contained in Article 19(2) of UNCLOS. The chapter considers the scope of this prohibition and the actions — or activities — it was designed to address as well as the occasions when UNCLOS envisages some form of physicality or physical interposition by States occurring outside their respective jurisdictions. It also discusses the threat as well as the use of force as spelled out in Article 2(4) of the UN Charter, along with emerging themes for ocean governance.","PeriodicalId":296661,"journal":{"name":"The IMLI Treatise On Global Ocean Governance","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125874499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-26DOI: 10.1093/LAW/9780198823964.003.0013
Negri Stefania
This chapter focuses on the contribution of the World Health Organization (WHO) to global ocean governance. It first provides an overview of ‘oceans and human health’ as a new interdisciplinary area of research before discussing the range of benefits to human health provided by the oceans as well as the public health risks associated with the degradation of coastal and ocean water quality due to anthropogenic and natural hazards. It then examines the WHO’s institutional profile and position in the United Nations system, its governing texts and governing bodies, and competence and activity in the field of environmental health. It also considers the important role played by the WHO in global ocean governance, highlighting specific areas of intervention, and its commitment to ocean-related Sustainable Development Goals. Finally, it analyses the potential for a strengthened and more visible role of the WHO in ocean governance.
{"title":"Part III Human Health and Human Rights, 13 Healthy Oceans for Healthy Lives: The Contribution of the World Health Organization to Global Ocean Governance","authors":"Negri Stefania","doi":"10.1093/LAW/9780198823964.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/LAW/9780198823964.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on the contribution of the World Health Organization (WHO) to global ocean governance. It first provides an overview of ‘oceans and human health’ as a new interdisciplinary area of research before discussing the range of benefits to human health provided by the oceans as well as the public health risks associated with the degradation of coastal and ocean water quality due to anthropogenic and natural hazards. It then examines the WHO’s institutional profile and position in the United Nations system, its governing texts and governing bodies, and competence and activity in the field of environmental health. It also considers the important role played by the WHO in global ocean governance, highlighting specific areas of intervention, and its commitment to ocean-related Sustainable Development Goals. Finally, it analyses the potential for a strengthened and more visible role of the WHO in ocean governance.","PeriodicalId":296661,"journal":{"name":"The IMLI Treatise On Global Ocean Governance","volume":"96 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132880079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-26DOI: 10.1093/LAW/9780198823964.003.0012
T. Seline
This chapter discusses the role of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in ocean governance. Created in 1950 to replace the International Refugee Organization, the UNHCR provides protection to refugees and displaced persons. In addition to promoting the development and ratification of multilateral and bilateral agreements for the protection of refugees, the UNHCR assists governments and private organizations dealing with the repatriation or settlement of refugees in host countries. The chapter first provides a brief overview of the UNHCR’s beginnings and the progressive expansion of its mandate before analysing the role of the UNHCR Executive Committee (ExCom). It then considers how the UNHCR handles crises involving irregular migration by sea, including the Haitian crisis and the Indochinese crisis, along with its influence on the development of the international legal framework of search and rescue services. Finally, it highlights the ways in which the UNHCR contributes to ocean governance.
{"title":"Part II Commercial Aspects of the Marine Environment, 12 The Contribution of UNHCR to Ocean Governance","authors":"T. Seline","doi":"10.1093/LAW/9780198823964.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/LAW/9780198823964.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the role of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in ocean governance. Created in 1950 to replace the International Refugee Organization, the UNHCR provides protection to refugees and displaced persons. In addition to promoting the development and ratification of multilateral and bilateral agreements for the protection of refugees, the UNHCR assists governments and private organizations dealing with the repatriation or settlement of refugees in host countries. The chapter first provides a brief overview of the UNHCR’s beginnings and the progressive expansion of its mandate before analysing the role of the UNHCR Executive Committee (ExCom). It then considers how the UNHCR handles crises involving irregular migration by sea, including the Haitian crisis and the Indochinese crisis, along with its influence on the development of the international legal framework of search and rescue services. Finally, it highlights the ways in which the UNHCR contributes to ocean governance.","PeriodicalId":296661,"journal":{"name":"The IMLI Treatise On Global Ocean Governance","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133276701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-26DOI: 10.1093/law/9780198823957.003.0009
Hughes Edmund
This chapter focusses on the vexed question of climate change and the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) attempts to control and reduce ship-sourced emissions. It notes that, while international maritime transport remains the most energy-efficient mode of mass cargo transport, a global approach to further improvements in energy efficiency and work to address greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from ships is highly necessary. After all, sea transport is predicted to grow significantly in the coming years. In line with this, a roadmap has been approved by the Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) for the development of a comprehensive strategy on the reduction of GHG emissions from ships. Under the roadmap and to provide a long-term vision for the shipping sector, the MEPC will need to address a number of important questions.
{"title":"9 The IMO: Ship-sourced Emissions, Climate Change, and Global Ocean Governance","authors":"Hughes Edmund","doi":"10.1093/law/9780198823957.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198823957.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focusses on the vexed question of climate change and the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) attempts to control and reduce ship-sourced emissions. It notes that, while international maritime transport remains the most energy-efficient mode of mass cargo transport, a global approach to further improvements in energy efficiency and work to address greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from ships is highly necessary. After all, sea transport is predicted to grow significantly in the coming years. In line with this, a roadmap has been approved by the Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) for the development of a comprehensive strategy on the reduction of GHG emissions from ships. Under the roadmap and to provide a long-term vision for the shipping sector, the MEPC will need to address a number of important questions.","PeriodicalId":296661,"journal":{"name":"The IMLI Treatise On Global Ocean Governance","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131228794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-26DOI: 10.1093/LAW/9780198823964.003.0016
Pavliha Marko
This chapter examines the role of ethics in international maritime law and ocean governance. It first considers the general ethical flavour of international law, giving a few examples of moral standards in the law of the sea and maritime law, before discussing a range of issues relating to ocean governance. It suggests that the phrase ‘international maritime law’ should be understood broadly as inspired by the International Maritime Organization’s International Maritime Law Institute (IMO IMLI), thus including the law of the sea as part of public international law and the maritime law, also known as shipping, admiralty or marine law. The chapter goes on to outline actions aimed at conserving and sustainably using the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development. Finally, it offers recommendations on how to improve legal education with an obligatory course on legal ethics.
{"title":"Part III Human Health and Human Rights, 16 Ethics of International Maritime Law and Ocean Governance","authors":"Pavliha Marko","doi":"10.1093/LAW/9780198823964.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/LAW/9780198823964.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the role of ethics in international maritime law and ocean governance. It first considers the general ethical flavour of international law, giving a few examples of moral standards in the law of the sea and maritime law, before discussing a range of issues relating to ocean governance. It suggests that the phrase ‘international maritime law’ should be understood broadly as inspired by the International Maritime Organization’s International Maritime Law Institute (IMO IMLI), thus including the law of the sea as part of public international law and the maritime law, also known as shipping, admiralty or marine law. The chapter goes on to outline actions aimed at conserving and sustainably using the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development. Finally, it offers recommendations on how to improve legal education with an obligatory course on legal ethics.","PeriodicalId":296661,"journal":{"name":"The IMLI Treatise On Global Ocean Governance","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116967825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-26DOI: 10.1093/law/9780198823964.003.0015
Wong Meagan, Elias Olufemi
This chapter focuses on the role of the World Bank in ocean governance. Created in 1944, the World Bank is an international financial institution belonging to the United Nations (UN) system. It comprises two institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA). The chapter first provides an institutional overview and structure of the World Bank before discussing its position in the UN system as well as its mission. It then considers the World Bank’s role in the conservation and management of oceans, and particularly in the areas of food security, marine biodiversity and climate change. It also examines the World Bank’s strategy towards helping to restore ocean health to an optimal through its so-called blue projects.
{"title":"Part III Human Health and Human Rights, 15 Our Oceans, Our Livelihoods: The World Bank and Oceans Governance","authors":"Wong Meagan, Elias Olufemi","doi":"10.1093/law/9780198823964.003.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198823964.003.0015","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on the role of the World Bank in ocean governance. Created in 1944, the World Bank is an international financial institution belonging to the United Nations (UN) system. It comprises two institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA). The chapter first provides an institutional overview and structure of the World Bank before discussing its position in the UN system as well as its mission. It then considers the World Bank’s role in the conservation and management of oceans, and particularly in the areas of food security, marine biodiversity and climate change. It also examines the World Bank’s strategy towards helping to restore ocean health to an optimal through its so-called blue projects.","PeriodicalId":296661,"journal":{"name":"The IMLI Treatise On Global Ocean Governance","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115139236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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