{"title":"Crisis in the Views of Russian Anarchists and Peter Kropotkin after His Return from Emigration to Russia (1917–1921)","authors":"","doi":"10.54664/mikh7882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54664/mikh7882","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29684,"journal":{"name":"Epohi","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46184242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During the 15th – 17th centuries, in the lands of the present-day Republic of North Macedonia, Christian nobility continued to exist. The Christian spahi, who were quite numerous in the southwest of the Bulgarian lands in the 15th century, gradually disappeared from Ottoman records. In urban centres such as Ohrid and Kratovo, the boyar estate remained. Duce Dimitar Pepić from Kratovo was the most distinguished Christian nobleman in the historical and geographical region of Macedonia in the 16th century, and he was respected by the people as a ruler. We have evidence about many Bulgarian nobles who became ktetors of churches and monasteries, thereby supporting not only the Christian fatee but also their people.
{"title":"Christian Nobility in the Lands of the Present-Day Republic of North Macedonia (15th – 17th Centuries)","authors":"Tervel Popov","doi":"10.54664/sjtn4980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54664/sjtn4980","url":null,"abstract":"During the 15th – 17th centuries, in the lands of the present-day Republic of North Macedonia, Christian nobility continued to exist. The Christian spahi, who were quite numerous in the southwest of the Bulgarian lands in the 15th century, gradually disappeared from Ottoman records. In urban centres such as Ohrid and Kratovo, the boyar estate remained. Duce Dimitar Pepić from Kratovo was the most distinguished Christian nobleman in the historical and geographical region of Macedonia in the 16th century, and he was respected by the people as a ruler. We have evidence about many Bulgarian nobles who became ktetors of churches and monasteries, thereby supporting not only the Christian fatee but also their people.","PeriodicalId":29684,"journal":{"name":"Epohi","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48560568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Donations and charity most clearly reveal the sympathy, solidarity, and willingness of the people to support cultural, educational, health, and social initiatives that are useful for the whole society. The history of Veliko Tarnovo in recent times has been marked by numerous acts of charity, which have had a significant contribution to the development of the city, and which are a permanent testimony to the morality and humanity of the Tarnovo citizens. This study is an attempt to systematize the available information about donations in Veliko Tarnovo in order to get a general picture of who is making these donations, to whom, for what, and for what reasons.
{"title":"About the History of Donation in Veliko Tarnovo (Late 19th – Mid-20th Centuries)","authors":"L. Doncheva","doi":"10.54664/jpmt9892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54664/jpmt9892","url":null,"abstract":"Donations and charity most clearly reveal the sympathy, solidarity, and willingness of the people to support cultural, educational, health, and social initiatives that are useful for the whole society. The history of Veliko Tarnovo in recent times has been marked by numerous acts of charity, which have had a significant contribution to the development of the city, and which are a permanent testimony to the morality and humanity of the Tarnovo citizens. This study is an attempt to systematize the available information about donations in Veliko Tarnovo in order to get a general picture of who is making these donations, to whom, for what, and for what reasons.","PeriodicalId":29684,"journal":{"name":"Epohi","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45032813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Review of: Mira Markova. Local Cultures and Traditions. Cultural Transformation of Ritual Systems in the 21st Century. Sofia: St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2022, 193 pр. ISBN 978-954-07-5518-2, ISBN 978-954-07-5519-9 (PDF)","authors":"M. Ivanova","doi":"10.54664/bszg6339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54664/bszg6339","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29684,"journal":{"name":"Epohi","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49453090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The holidays of a nation have different characteristics: political, historical, national, cultural, professional, personal, etc. Apart from a purely cultural and spiritual dimension, they have great social significance and a direct relation to the economic life and work activities of people. The state has always carried out legal regulation of official national holidays. The first special law act in this direction was the Law on Public Holidays in the Principality of 1900. The appearance of the law was a consequence of the economic upsurge of Bulgarian society in the last decade of the 19th century. The debates in the National Assembly during the discussion of the draft law were mainly focused on issues related to labour and legal matters – non-working days, restrictions on the exercise of trade and services, and their impact on the results of labour activity. The ideological, political, spiritual, and cultural dimensions of the holidays occupied significantly less space in the debates. Although the Principality Public Holidays Act of 1900 regulated a limited range of matter, its scope was considerably wide, and, in this sense, it can be defined as one of the earliest pieces of legislation in the field of labour law.
{"title":"The Law on Holidays in the Principality (1900): Beginnings of Labour Legislation in Bulgaria","authors":"K. Paev","doi":"10.54664/epab6835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54664/epab6835","url":null,"abstract":"The holidays of a nation have different characteristics: political, historical, national, cultural, professional, personal, etc. Apart from a purely cultural and spiritual dimension, they have great social significance and a direct relation to the economic life and work activities of people. The state has always carried out legal regulation of official national holidays. The first special law act in this direction was the Law on Public Holidays in the Principality of 1900. The appearance of the law was a consequence of the economic upsurge of Bulgarian society in the last decade of the 19th century. The debates in the National Assembly during the discussion of the draft law were mainly focused on issues related to labour and legal matters – non-working days, restrictions on the exercise of trade and services, and their impact on the results of labour activity. The ideological, political, spiritual, and cultural dimensions of the holidays occupied significantly less space in the debates. Although the Principality Public Holidays Act of 1900 regulated a limited range of matter, its scope was considerably wide, and, in this sense, it can be defined as one of the earliest pieces of legislation in the field of labour law.","PeriodicalId":29684,"journal":{"name":"Epohi","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45034210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article focuses on a short period of Petko Slaveykov’s political and literary biography. The circumstances surrounding his forcible exile in the summer of 1881 have been traced on the basis of letters, literary works, and original archival documents. Observations on the psychological state of an unjustly removed politician from high state positions show his personal maturity and ability to survive in difficult situations. Some of the ideas defended by Petko Slaveykov in the summer of 1881 have been considered from a historical perspective. It has been shown that his judgment of people and events was generally adequate, and that his prediction of a future collapse of the authoritarian princely regime was reasonable. Although temporary removed from political life, Petko Slaveykov maintained his contacts with friends and like-minded people. He was well informed about the course of events in the Principality of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia. The published letter to Prince Alexander I shows his civil courage and faith in liberal ideas. The role of the family in the difficult times of trial and exile is described through letters from his son Ivan. Some of the literary works created by Petko Slaveykov in the summer of 1881 in the ‘prison’ of his own house in the town of Tryavna are also mentioned. The full texts of two unpublished documents are attached – manuscripts by Petko Slaveykov from September 1881.
{"title":"“I Was Silent, but I Will Shout”: Petko Slaveykov in Exile in Tryavna (July–September 1881)","authors":"V. Boneva","doi":"10.54664/imci2915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54664/imci2915","url":null,"abstract":"The article focuses on a short period of Petko Slaveykov’s political and literary biography. The circumstances surrounding his forcible exile in the summer of 1881 have been traced on the basis of letters, literary works, and original archival documents. Observations on the psychological state of an unjustly removed politician from high state positions show his personal maturity and ability to survive in difficult situations. Some of the ideas defended by Petko Slaveykov in the summer of 1881 have been considered from a historical perspective. It has been shown that his judgment of people and events was generally adequate, and that his prediction of a future collapse of the authoritarian princely regime was reasonable. Although temporary removed from political life, Petko Slaveykov maintained his contacts with friends and like-minded people. He was well informed about the course of events in the Principality of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia. The published letter to Prince Alexander I shows his civil courage and faith in liberal ideas. The role of the family in the difficult times of trial and exile is described through letters from his son Ivan. Some of the literary works created by Petko Slaveykov in the summer of 1881 in the ‘prison’ of his own house in the town of Tryavna are also mentioned. The full texts of two unpublished documents are attached – manuscripts by Petko Slaveykov from September 1881.","PeriodicalId":29684,"journal":{"name":"Epohi","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70849955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Review of: Ivan Rusev, Stoyan Stoyanov, Kamelia Savova-Simeonova. The Institute of Certified Public Accountants in Bulgaria and Its Chairmen (1931–1948). Sofia: Spektar.bg, 2022, 215 pp., ISBN 978-954-91469-3-6","authors":"Milko Palangurski","doi":"10.54664/mkvv2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54664/mkvv2019","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29684,"journal":{"name":"Epohi","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43797711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polish-Bulgarian relations have a centuries-old history, and medieval Bulgarian history has been widely present in Polish research and publications throughout the 20th century. However, the deep crisis processes that started in the early 1980s, the massive activity of the Solidarity trade union in Poland, and the events of the 1980s marked the beginning of a new period in Polish research and, accordingly, in Polish-Bulgarian relations and contacts. The main task of the paper is to present and analyze studies and publications on medieval Bulgarian history over the decades following the fall of communist rule, in the context of complete liberalization of political, scientific, and cultural life in Polish society. Are there any traditional topics that continue to develop after 1989? Are there new topics and problems in Polish studies and publications on Bulgarian history that emerged in the decades of transition after 1989? Are there any new Polish research centres and schools working in the field of the Bulgarian Middle Ages that appeared in the last three decades? Despite the transition and difficulties of the 1980s and 1990s in Polish society and for Polish historians, the analysis demonstrates a strong and lasting interest in medieval Bulgarian history in Polish historiography at the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries. Finally, the author expresses hope that, despite the vicissitudes and challenges facing the two nations in today’s globalizing world, this interest in the medieval Bulgarian past will persist in the coming decades.
{"title":"Medieval Bulgaria in Polish Historiography after 1989","authors":"Ivelin Ivanov","doi":"10.54664/kdrf3905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54664/kdrf3905","url":null,"abstract":"Polish-Bulgarian relations have a centuries-old history, and medieval Bulgarian history has been widely present in Polish research and publications throughout the 20th century. However, the deep crisis processes that started in the early 1980s, the massive activity of the Solidarity trade union in Poland, and the events of the 1980s marked the beginning of a new period in Polish research and, accordingly, in Polish-Bulgarian relations and contacts. The main task of the paper is to present and analyze studies and publications on medieval Bulgarian history over the decades following the fall of communist rule, in the context of complete liberalization of political, scientific, and cultural life in Polish society. Are there any traditional topics that continue to develop after 1989? Are there new topics and problems in Polish studies and publications on Bulgarian history that emerged in the decades of transition after 1989? Are there any new Polish research centres and schools working in the field of the Bulgarian Middle Ages that appeared in the last three decades? Despite the transition and difficulties of the 1980s and 1990s in Polish society and for Polish historians, the analysis demonstrates a strong and lasting interest in medieval Bulgarian history in Polish historiography at the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries. Finally, the author expresses hope that, despite the vicissitudes and challenges facing the two nations in today’s globalizing world, this interest in the medieval Bulgarian past will persist in the coming decades.","PeriodicalId":29684,"journal":{"name":"Epohi","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41636034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Based on the original documentary material collected by the author in the National Archives of the Republic of Moldova, an attempt has been made to investigate some unknown aspects of the struggle of Bessarabian Bulgarians against the tsarist policy of assimilation during the First World War. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Bulgarians ranked fifth in terms of population in Bessarabia – a province annexed to the Russian Empire in 1812. In all these years, they preserved their language, culture, and national traditions, transforming the Alexander III Boys’ Gymnasium in Bolgrad into a true centre of national culture. Many Bessarabian Bulgarians played an important role in the history of Bulgaria, holding positions of responsibility in the Bulgarian state. Some of them were the Prime Minister of Bulgaria Aleksandar Malinov, the Minister of War Danail Nikolaev, the Mayor of Sofia Martin Todorov and his brother General Georgi Todorov, and General Ivan Kolev. Despite this fact, and in contradiction with Russian historical mythology about special relations privileged with Bulgarians, the Russian authorities treated them equally with other national minorities, exposing them to forced assimilation, deportations, expulsions, repressions, and arrests of representatives of the Bulgarian national movement in the Russian Empire.
{"title":"Repression of Bessarabian Bulgarians by Russian Authorities During World War I (1914–1917)","authors":"Artur Lescu","doi":"10.54664/bylj1910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54664/bylj1910","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the original documentary material collected by the author in the National Archives of the Republic of Moldova, an attempt has been made to investigate some unknown aspects of the struggle of Bessarabian Bulgarians against the tsarist policy of assimilation during the First World War. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Bulgarians ranked fifth in terms of population in Bessarabia – a province annexed to the Russian Empire in 1812. In all these years, they preserved their language, culture, and national traditions, transforming the Alexander III Boys’ Gymnasium in Bolgrad into a true centre of national culture. Many Bessarabian Bulgarians played an important role in the history of Bulgaria, holding positions of responsibility in the Bulgarian state. Some of them were the Prime Minister of Bulgaria Aleksandar Malinov, the Minister of War Danail Nikolaev, the Mayor of Sofia Martin Todorov and his brother General Georgi Todorov, and General Ivan Kolev. Despite this fact, and in contradiction with Russian historical mythology about special relations privileged with Bulgarians, the Russian authorities treated them equally with other national minorities, exposing them to forced assimilation, deportations, expulsions, repressions, and arrests of representatives of the Bulgarian national movement in the Russian Empire.","PeriodicalId":29684,"journal":{"name":"Epohi","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43804662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The medieval fortress of Galata was located on the high cliff coast of Cape Galata. Its harbour was located to the west of the cape in a small, but very well-protected bay against winds and sea waves. This article presents information known to date from written sources and scientific literature, as well as the results of remote non-destructive surveys in the area of the cape and the medieval harbour basin. During the analysis of the data from the field surveys, an L-shaped facility was registered that was part of the ancient port’s infrastructure, and fragmented medieval pottery was found. All these data allow accurate localization of the port of the Galata fortress. The results of the field studies suggest a high potential for future detailed studies, both on land and underwater.
{"title":"The Medieval Fortress of Galata and Its Harbour","authors":"P. Peev","doi":"10.54664/mssa7117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54664/mssa7117","url":null,"abstract":"The medieval fortress of Galata was located on the high cliff coast of Cape Galata. Its harbour was located to the west of the cape in a small, but very well-protected bay against winds and sea waves. This article presents information known to date from written sources and scientific literature, as well as the results of remote non-destructive surveys in the area of the cape and the medieval harbour basin. During the analysis of the data from the field surveys, an L-shaped facility was registered that was part of the ancient port’s infrastructure, and fragmented medieval pottery was found. All these data allow accurate localization of the port of the Galata fortress. The results of the field studies suggest a high potential for future detailed studies, both on land and underwater.","PeriodicalId":29684,"journal":{"name":"Epohi","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41538457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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