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Vastness as an Embodied Representation of Existential Concepts 广袤是存在概念的具象化表征
Pub Date : 2024-01-08 DOI: 10.1558/jcsr.26061
Mary Harmon-Vukic, Kate Spitalnic
This project explores the nature of the representation of non-agentic qualities that are associated with the Christian God (e.g., peace, love, joy, existence, unity, etc.). Specifically, we propose that these existential words maintain an embodied representation that involves visuo-spatial vastness. In four experiments, participants saw an image followed by words and non-words. The words were either existential words (e.g., peace, hope, unity, joy, etc.) or positively-valenced abstract concepts (e.g., luck, wealth, success, fun, etc.). Participants indicated whether the string of letters was a word or not by pressing a “yes” or “no” key as quickly as possible. Response times were recorded. In Experiments 1 and 2, images of nature depicting visuo-spatial vastness or close-up images of nature, respectively, facilitated responses to existential words compared to control words. However, in Experiment 3, when the images were presented for a much briefer duration (i.e., 250 msecs), only vast images facilitated responses to existential words. Finally, Experiments 4A and 4B demonstrated that the priming effect between vast images and existential words varied as a function of posture. Specifically, the facilitation to existential words following vast images remained when participants maintained a vast posture (i.e., arms open) but was eliminated with a constricted posture (e.g., arms crossed). The overall pattern of results across the four experiments supports the notion that existential words are associated with visuo-spatial, and perhaps, proprioceptive vastness. The results hint at the possibility that vastness is an important component of the embodied representation of existential concepts and may also relate to the representation of the Christian God.
本项目探讨了与基督教上帝相关的非代理特质(如和平、爱、喜悦、存在、合一等)的表征性质。具体来说,我们认为这些存在性词语保持着一种涉及视觉空间广度的体现性表征。在四项实验中,参与者看到的是一幅图像,然后是词语和非词语。这些词要么是存在性词语(如和平、希望、团结、快乐等),要么是正面价值的抽象概念(如幸运、财富、成功、乐趣等)。参与者以最快的速度按下 "是 "或 "否 "键,表示这串字母是否是一个单词。反应时间会被记录下来。在实验 1 和 2 中,与对照组词语相比,描绘视觉空间广阔的自然图像或特写自然图像分别促进了对存在感词语的反应。然而,在实验 3 中,当图像呈现的时间更短(即 250 毫秒)时,只有广阔的图像才会促进对存在感词语的反应。最后,实验 4A 和 4B 表明,巨大图像和存在感词语之间的引物效应随姿势的变化而变化。具体来说,当参与者保持宽阔的姿势(即双臂张开)时,宽阔图像对存在感词语的促进作用依然存在,但当参与者保持收缩的姿势(如双臂交叉)时,这种促进作用就会消失。四项实验结果的总体模式支持这样一种观点,即存在词与视觉空间相关,或许也与本体感觉的广阔性相关。这些结果表明,广阔性可能是存在概念具身表征的重要组成部分,也可能与基督教上帝的表征有关。
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引用次数: 0
Embodiment, Deity Yoga, Cognitive and Evolutionary Approaches to Religion 体现、神性瑜伽、宗教的认知和进化方法
Pub Date : 2023-11-23 DOI: 10.1558/jcsr.26507
A. Geertz
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引用次数: 0
Beyond Heaven and Earth: A Cognitive Theory of Religion, by Gabriel Levy 《超越天地:宗教的认知理论》,作者:Gabriel Levy
Pub Date : 2023-08-11 DOI: 10.1558/jcsr.26235
Anastasiia Shabalina
Beyond Heaven and Earth: A Cognitive Theory of Religion, by Gabriel Levy. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2022. xiii + 249 pages, $45.00. ISBN: 9780262543248
《超越天地:宗教的认知理论》,作者:Gabriel Levy。剑桥:麻省理工学院出版社,2022。13 + 249页,$45.00。ISBN: 9780262543248
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引用次数: 0
Raising the Buddha’s Hand 举佛之手
Pub Date : 2023-08-11 DOI: 10.1558/jcsr.22811
Piotr Szymanek, Matylda Ciołkosz
Deity yoga is a practice found in Tibetan Buddhism involving visualizations that have the normative goal of “becoming one” with a supernatural being. During the practice, practitioners report experiencing that their own body transforms into the body of the deity. This paper offers a potential cognitive explanation of how such an experience is possible. Applying findings from cognitive science on the phenomenon of illusory ownership, we argue that the practice of deity yoga has the necessary means to cause an experience analogous to the famous “rubber hand illusion” in which one misattributes their ownership to a fake hand. In this paper, we 1) introduce deity yoga practice and its key aspects; 2) discuss illusory ownership and its explanation embedded in a predictive processing framework; 3) argue that visualization in deity yoga may induce the experience of illusory ownership; and 4) conclude with a short discussion of the hypothesis’ limitations and of ways to test our hypothesis. Overall, the paper suggests how the practice of visualization in deity yoga may lead to an experience of a transfer of identity onto an imagined supernatural agent.
神性瑜伽是藏传佛教中发现的一种练习,涉及到与超自然存在“融为一体”的规范目标。在练习过程中,练习者报告说,他们体验到自己的身体变成了神的身体。这篇论文提供了一种潜在的认知解释,说明这种体验是如何可能的。运用认知科学对错觉所有权现象的研究结果,我们认为神性瑜伽的练习有必要的手段来引起类似于著名的“橡胶手错觉”的体验,在这种错觉中,人们错误地将自己的所有权归因于假手。本文首先介绍神性瑜伽的练习及其关键方面;2)讨论了嵌入在预测处理框架中的虚幻所有权及其解释;3)认为神性瑜伽中的观想可能诱发幻相所有权的体验;最后对假设的局限性和检验假设的方法进行简短的讨论。总的来说,这篇论文表明,在神性瑜伽中,形象化的练习可能会导致一种身份转移到想象中的超自然媒介上的体验。
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引用次数: 0
Religion Devolving? 宗教将?
Pub Date : 2023-06-26 DOI: 10.1558/jcsr.23578
F. LeRon Shults
This article highlights several of the valuable contributions in Religion Evolving by Benjamin Purzycki and Richard Sosis (2022) and offers some material and methodological reflections that are intended to complement their efforts. Their book offers a clear and useful operationalization of religion, emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary approaches to the phenomena in question, and makes great strides in overcoming the polarizing debate between proponents of the “by-product” and “adaptationist” camps in the cognitive and evolutionary science of religion. The bulk of the current article argues for the importance of building on their efforts by also attending to the conditions under which – and the mechanisms by which – religion can become “maladaptive” in contemporary contexts.
本文重点介绍了Benjamin Purzycki和Richard Sosis(2022)在《宗教演变》中的一些有价值的贡献,并提供了一些材料和方法上的反思,以补充他们的努力。他们的书为宗教提供了一个清晰而有用的操作化,强调了跨学科方法对问题现象的重要性,并在克服宗教认知和进化科学中“副产品”和“适应主义”阵营的支持者之间的两极分化辩论方面取得了重大进展。当前这篇文章的大部分论述了在他们的努力的基础上,关注宗教在当代环境中“不适应”的条件和机制的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Cognitive Approaches to Ancient Religious Experience, edited by Esther Eidinow, Armin W. Geertz, and John North 《古代宗教经验的认知方法》,由Esther Eidinow、Armin W. Geertz和John North编辑
Pub Date : 2023-03-28 DOI: 10.1558/jcsr.24372
Lars Albinus
Cognitive Approaches to Ancient Religious Experience, edited by Esther Eidinow, Armin W. Geertz, and John North. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022. xiv + 299 pages, $99.99. ISBN 978-1-316-51533-4.
古代宗教经验的认知方法》,由埃斯特-艾迪诺、阿明-W-格尔茨和约翰-诺斯编辑。剑桥:剑桥大学出版社,2022 年。xiv + 299 页,99.99 美元。ISBN978-1-316-51533-4。
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引用次数: 0
How Ritual an Animal? Harvey Whitehouse on Ritual, Trust, and Cooperation 动物如何仪式?哈维·怀特豪斯谈仪式、信任与合作
Pub Date : 2022-11-16 DOI: 10.1558/jcsr.22515
K. Sterelny
Harvey Whitehouse documents the great variety of ritual in human life, while offering a unified framework. Ritual’s essential social role is to support social cohesion and cooperation, but it does so via distinct mechanisms: through social fusion and through social identification. For, despite variation, ritual clusters at two poles: rare, intense, often aversive rituals; and frequent, low arousal rituals. Those frequent rituals operate through social identification primed by mutual recognition of common doctrine. In principle, this mechanism is scale independent. Rare, intense rituals generate cohesion through social fusion, itself triggered by shared, congruent autobiographical memory. This is intrinsically a small-scale mechanism. In this paper, I (i) argue that cost-based analyses of the function of ritual have a larger scope than Whitehouse supposes, (ii) offer a modified view of social fusion and the role of autobiographical memory, and (iii) argue that the primary upshot of doctrinal ritual is the legitimation of hierarchy rather than social cohesion over large social scales.
哈维·怀特豪斯记录了人类生活中各种各样的仪式,同时提供了一个统一的框架。仪式的基本社会作用是支持社会凝聚力和合作,但它是通过不同的机制实现的:通过社会融合和社会认同。因为,尽管有差异,仪式聚集在两个极端:罕见的,激烈的,通常是令人厌恶的仪式;以及频繁的低唤醒仪式。这些频繁的仪式是通过社会认同来运作的,这种认同是由共同教义的相互认可所激发的。原则上,这种机制与规模无关。罕见的、强烈的仪式通过社会融合产生凝聚力,而社会融合本身是由共享的、一致的自传式记忆触发的。这本质上是一个小规模的机制。在本文中,我(I)认为基于成本的仪式功能分析比怀特豪斯假设的范围更大,(ii)对社会融合和自传体记忆的作用提供了一种修正的观点,(iii)认为教义仪式的主要结果是等级制度的合法化,而不是在大社会尺度上的社会凝聚力。
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引用次数: 0
Ritual Animals also Require Pedagogy, Communication, and Social Reasoning 仪式动物也需要教学,沟通和社会推理
Pub Date : 2022-11-16 DOI: 10.1558/jcsr.23448
R. Umbreș
Harvey Whitehouse offers a complex and stimulating theory of rituals that bind people together and propagate via affiliative imitation. The Ritual Animal argues that fundamental problems of group cooperation can be solved by causally opaque and goal-demoted behaviors which produce arbitrary cultural conventions, honest signals of membership, and collective fused identities. This amply evidenced and compelling account explains a broad variety of prominent examples, yet other key causal mechanisms emerge from the ethnographic literature and analytical reflection on affiliation and groups. Taking a glance at some widespread and unusual rituals, this paper highlights the importance of cultural transmission via pedagogy with or without copying, costly signaling and coordination without coalitional groups, and meta-representations of impenetrable ritual efficacy. Future research can explain how bonding rituals become central features of social interaction without relying upon a quite debatable adaptive function of ritual behavior for cooperation – or anything else.
哈维·怀特豪斯提出了一个复杂而刺激的仪式理论,它将人们联系在一起,并通过附属模仿进行传播。《仪式动物》认为,群体合作的基本问题可以通过产生武断的文化习俗、诚实的成员信号和集体融合身份的不透明和目标降低的行为来解决。这种充分证明和令人信服的叙述解释了各种各样的突出例子,然而其他关键的因果机制从民族志文献和对从属关系和群体的分析反思中出现。通过对一些广泛和不寻常的仪式的回顾,本文强调了文化传播的重要性,包括有或没有复制的教育,没有联盟团体的昂贵信号和协调,以及难以穿透的仪式功效的元表征。未来的研究可以解释结合仪式如何成为社会互动的核心特征,而不依赖于仪式行为对合作或其他任何东西的相当有争议的适应功能。
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引用次数: 2
An Overview of Harvey Whitehouse’s The Ritual Animal: Imitation and Cohesion in the Evolution of Social Complexity (2021) 哈维·怀特豪斯的《仪式动物:社会复杂性进化中的模仿与凝聚》(2021)综述
Pub Date : 2022-11-16 DOI: 10.1558/jcsr.22039
R. Jagiello
In the book The Ritual Animal: Imitation and Cohesion in the Evolution of Social Complexity (2021), Harvey Whitehouse presents an interdisciplinary approach to the study of ritual that is remarkable in range and versatility. Embedded in evolutionary principles, his theories hold vast explanatory potential, asking pertinent questions about the evolutionary functions and psychological substrates of ritual behaviour and its pivotal role in the origins of cultural and social complexity. Moreover, he compellingly discusses how the research outlined, resulting from many collaborations over several decades, can serve as a basis for meaningful policy making as well as the bridging of various fields within academia, hence demonstrating its potential for making contributions toward some of the most pressing issues currently faced by humanity.
在《仪式动物:社会复杂性进化中的模仿和凝聚力》(2021)一书中,哈维·怀特豪斯提出了一种跨学科的方法来研究仪式,这种方法的范围和多样性都很显著。他的理论植根于进化原理,具有巨大的解释潜力,提出了有关仪式行为的进化功能和心理基础及其在文化和社会复杂性起源中的关键作用的相关问题。此外,他还令人信服地讨论了几十年来许多合作所产生的研究概述,如何作为有意义的政策制定的基础,以及学术界各领域之间的桥梁,从而展示了它对人类目前面临的一些最紧迫问题做出贡献的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Cognitively Accessible Words Associated with God as Effective Lexical Primes 与上帝相关的认知可及词作为有效的词素
Pub Date : 2022-11-16 DOI: 10.1558/jcsr.22679
Michael B. Kitchens, Isabella M Lang, Sydney E Petrasic, Brian C Remper, Brittany Wilson
Do the words used to prime the concept of God in psychology of religion research studies accurately reflect a mental representation of God? To examine this, two samples completed a free-association task, where they listed 10 words that came to mind when they thought about God (Studies 1a–1b). We found that more than half of the lexical primes used in previous studies were rarely or never produced (< 5 times) in the 2,610 free-association responses. Using a false memory paradigm, Study 2 revealed that the most frequent free-association words produced in Studies 1a and 1b more effectively primed the concept of God than a set of prime words used in previous religious priming studies that were not frequent free-association words in Studies 1a and 1b. This research advances the methodological practices in religious priming research and contributes to an understanding of people’s thoughts about God.
宗教心理学研究中用来提出上帝概念的词语是否准确地反映了上帝的心理表征?为了检验这一点,两个样本完成了一项自由联想任务,列出了他们在思考上帝时想到的10个单词(研究1a–1b)。我们发现,在之前的研究中,超过一半的词汇素数在2610个自由联想反应中很少或从未产生(<5次)。使用错误记忆范式,研究2表明,研究1a和1b中产生的最频繁的自由联想词比之前的宗教启动研究中使用的一组主词更有效地启动了上帝的概念,而这些主词在研究1a和1b中不是频繁的自由联系词。这项研究推进了宗教启动研究的方法论实践,有助于理解人们对上帝的思想。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal for the Cognitive Science of Religion
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