Journal of the American Nutrition Association最新文献

Objective: To evaluate the sensorial acceptance of sorghum beverage and its acute effect on the glycemic and insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) responses, food consumption, and subjective appetite and satiety sensations in normoglycemic adults.

Methods: The sorghum flour was characterized, followed by the development of the beverages and sensory analysis with 60 adults. Subsequently, an acute trial was conducted with 14 normoglycemic individuals, where capillary and venous blood were collected at different time points to assess glycemic, insulinemic and satiety responses. Glycemic index of the beverages, food intake, and subjective appetite sensations were also evaluated. The study was registered in the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (register number: RBR-32v2gm5).

Results: The germinated and extruded BRS305 whole sorghum flour presented resistant starch, condensed tannins, and phenolic compounds, which promote important antioxidant activity. Among the developed sorghum beverages, the strawberry-flavored was the most well sensorially accepted and, therefore, selected for an acute clinical study. The sorghum beverage increased GLP-1 and decreased the incremental area under the curve of insulin and the feeling of "hunger" by maintaining the glycemic and improving insulin response in the normoglycemic adults relative to the control beverage. The subjective sensations of "satisfaction" and "fullness" and the composite satiety score were higher at all points of time for the sorghum beverage.

Conclusion: Germinated and extruded sorghum beverage presented good nutritional and sensory quality, and its acute consumption improved postprandial insulin and GLP-1 responses, enhanced satiety in normoglycemic adults.

Objective: Intake of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) may be related to the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and menstrual symptoms through inflammation. The present study aims to investigate the relation between diet-derived AGE (dAGE) intake levels, DII, and menstrual symptoms among university students.

Method: The study was conducted with 380 female students between November 2023 and January 2024. Participants were administered a questionnaire through face-to-face interviews. Demographic information, dietary habits, physical activity status, and findings from the Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire (MSQ) were evaluated. Additionally, participants' 24-hour dietary intake records were collected.

Results: The average intake of dAGEs among students was 6483.82 ± 4084.75 kU/d, with mean DII scores of 7.14 ± 4.06 and mean MSQ total scores of 3.10 ± 0.76. In terms of AGE intake levels, students who preferred frying as a cooking method had statistically higher median values compared to those who preferred baking and boiling. As individuals' dAGE intake increased, there was an observed increase in energy, protein, and fat consumption. Conversely, an increase in DII total scores was associated with decreased intake of dietary fiber, vitamin E, vitamin B1, potassium, magnesium, and copper.

Conclusions: As participants' dAGE intakes increased, a decrease in DII total scores was observed; statistically significant correlation was not found between dAGE intake levels and MSQ total scores. This study revealed the relationship between dAGE intake and DII and menstrual symptoms and suggests the need for comprehensive studies to achieve clearer conclusions.

Background: Hispanic individuals represent the fastest-growing U.S. population, yet their body composition profiles remain poorly understood, particularly regarding fat-free mass (FFM) characteristics such as density (D_FFM), hydration (TBW:FFM), bone mineral content (Mo:FFM), and residual mass (R:FFM).

Objective: The aim of this research was to measure FFM characteristics in Hispanic adults and compare them against cadaver reference values using a 4-compartment (4C) model.

Methods: One-hundred thirty Hispanic adults (60 male, 70 female; aged 28 ± 12, 30 ± 11 years; body mass index 28.28 ± 5.20, 27.90 ± 6.32 kg/m²) participated in data collection. Deuterium oxide, dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, and air displacement plethysmography were used to calculate D_FFM, TBW:FFM, Mo:FFM, and R:FFM. Differences between the Hispanic cohort and cadaver reference values were compared using 1-sample t tests, and between-group differences were analyzed using independent-samples t tests.

Results: Hispanic males (1.103 g/cm³) and females (1.103 g/cm³) showed small effect sizes (ES) in D_FFM compared to cadaver reference values (1.100 g/cm³; both ES = 0.41). Female FFM characteristics (TBW:FFM, Mo:FFM, and R:FFM) demonstrated small to moderate differences from reference values (ES = 0.30-0.59). Compared to cadaver values, males showed moderate differences in TBW:FFM (ES = 0.70) and large differences in Mo:FFM (ES = 1.08) and R:FFM (ES = 0.98). Sex-based comparisons revealed moderate differences in Mo:FFM (ES = 0.78), while all other FFM characteristics exhibited only trivial to small differences (ES = 0.001-0.43).

Conclusion: The small ES for D_FFM and TBW:FFM indicate that densitometry- and bioimpedance-based methods, which rely upon outlined assumptions, may accurately assess body composition in Hispanic adults. Nonetheless, future research should continue evaluating the accuracy of existing body density and total body water-based methods in Hispanic populations to confirm their validity and determine whether refinement or development of population- or sex-specific equations is necessary.

Objectives: Natural products like Aronia (Aronia melanocarpa) are promising candidates to manage metabolic abnormalities due to their bioactive compounds. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of daily Aronia fruit extract supplementation on the components of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), cardiovascular health, inflammation, and atherogenic markers in elderly patients.

Methods: Our study is a randomized controlled trial of 44 subjects (12 males and 32 females) diagnosed with MetS. The study groups were the intervention group (n = 22), which received daily 10 g Aronia fruit extract for 8 wk, and the control group, which did not receive the extract (n = 22). Demographics, dietary intake, and food habits were recorded by an extended survey. Baseline and post-intervention measurements of anthropometric data, dietary intake, cardiovascular parameters, blood pressure, blood lipid composition, plasma atherogenic index (PAI), triglyceride (TG), and the triglyceride-glucose index (TyG), and biomarkers of inflammation, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and oxidative stress biomarkers, were represented as delta values.

Results: No significant changes were observed in anthropometric measurements within or between groups over the 8 wk. However, several cardiovascular health parameters, including diastolic blood pressure (-10.00 mmHg), PAI index (-0.06), triglycerides (-9.0 mg/dL), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (-6.30 mg/dL) were significantly decreased in the intervention group compared to the control group at the end of 8 wk of use (p < 0.05). Inflammatory markers TNF-α (-7.87 pg/mL) and IL-6 (-0.58 pg/mL), as well as oxidative stress markers, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) (-132.17 U/L) and small dense low-density lipoprotein (sdLDL) (-0.79 mg/dL), also significantly decreased in the intervention group (p < 0.001).

Conclusion: Our findings suggest that daily supplementation with Aronia fruit extract significantly improves cardiovascular health markers and reduces inflammation and oxidative stress in elderly patients with MetS. Hence, Aronia extract may be an effective dietary supplement for managing MetS in high-risk groups.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a prevalent global health issue, and nutritional management of CKD is an integral component through all stages of the disease. However, response to dietary interventions varies, potentially due to genetic variations influencing metabolic pathways. This review highlights key gene-diet interactions relevant to CKD management, including risk factors and comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and proteinuria. Variants in the ACE gene influence salt sensitivity and blood pressure responses, while TCF7L2 polymorphisms affect the relationship between dietary glycemic load and diabetes risk, impacting kidney complications. Protein intake, a key modifier of CKD, correlates with proteinuria risk, moderated by a PPM1K polymorphism. Dietary bioactives, such as caffeine, may also alter the progression rate of proteinuria and hypertension, with effects contingent upon CYP1A2 genotype. Additional markers of cardiovascular disease, CKD-associated bone-mineral disease, and CKD anemia are also discussed as well as role of the gut microbiome in nutrition modulation and vice versa. The review concludes with the potential of artificial intelligence as a clinical tool to refine precision nutrition, enabling clinicians to adopt targeted approaches, stratified by genetic-metabolic patient profiles that match best nutritional interventions for prevention and management of CKD. Vitamin D is used as a model nutrient to illustrate a simulated framework for precision nutrition, incorporating molecular mechanisms, genetic variation, epigenetic modifications, and translational tools applicable to both population health and clinical practice.

Objective: The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of cardiovascular health (CVH), genetic predisposition, and their interactions on new-onset type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) among individuals with prediabetes.

Method: We assessed 26,962 individuals with prediabetes from the UK Biobank. Life's Essential 8 (LE8) was utilized to measure CVH. LE8 score encompasses 4 health behaviors (diet, physical activity, nicotine exposure, sleep) and 4 health factors (body mass index, blood lipids, blood glucose, blood pressure). Polygenic risk score (PRS) was utilized to evaluate genetic predisposition. Cox regression analyses were applied to explore the associations of LE8 score and PRS with new-onset T2D, CVD, myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke.

Results: Higher LE8 score was associated with lower risk of adverse outcomes (hazard ratios [HRs] ranging from 0.26 to 0.72) after multivariate adjustment. Even a 1-point increment in LE8 score was significantly linked to decreased risk of adverse outcomes in participants with prediabetes (HRs ranging from 0.97 to 0.99). A substantial proportion of incident T2D (70.47%) and CVD (45.12%) cases could be attributable to low LE8 score. Higher PRS was significantly associated with higher risk of adverse outcomes (HRs ranging from 1.38 to 3.68). Compared with those who had a low LE8 score and high PRS, participants with a high LE8 score and low PRS had lower risk of T2D, CVD, MI, and stroke. Participants with low PRS benefited more from adherence to LE8 concerning incident T2D. Besides, further analysis suggested that BMI, blood pressure, and nicotine exposure have the greatest contribution to incident T2D and CVD during the prediabetes stage.

Conclusions: Ideal CVH was associated with lower risk of incident T2D and CVD among individuals with prediabetes, irrespective of their genetic predisposition. If all metrics could not be improved at once, achieving ideal status of BMI and blood pressure and avoiding nicotine exposure should be prioritized.

Objective: As awareness of the health benefits of resistance exercise grows, an increasing number of people are participating, but eccentric movements in such exercises can cause muscle damage. This study aimed to investigate the effects of whey protein supplementation on resistance exercise-induced serum creatine kinase (CK) increase.

Design: Cross-sectional study with repeated measures intervention lasting 1 week.

Methods: Thirty-six men were randomly assigned to a protein supplement group (PSG) or a placebo group (CON). Participants consumed three packed meals with protein supplement or placebo daily. Resistance exercise (60% 1-RM intensity) occurred for 60 min over 6 consecutive days. Blood was collected at baseline, within 1-h post-exercise for 6 days, and 24 h after the final session.

Results: There was a significant group-by-time interaction (p = 0.049). In PSG, there were no significant changes in serum CK levels at any consecutive time points. However, a significant increase in serum CK levels was observed exclusively in CON from 0 to 24 h after exercise (from 551.4 ± 323.4 to 1244.8 ± 1203.6, p = 0.036), and also from 24 to 48 h after exercise (from 1244.8 ± 1203.6 to 7480.2 ± 9173.0, p = 0.044). Additionally, a significant decrease was noted only in CON from 96 to 120 h after exercise (from 12696.3 ± 10438.4 to 9957.8 ± 9176.6, p = 0.023). Serum CK levels on the last day were lower in PSG than in CON (p = 0.023).

Conclusion: In conclusion, whey protein supplementation may have a positive effect in mitigating the serum CK increase induced by six consecutive days of resistance exercise.

Breast cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide, with the highest mortality of all cancers. In most cases, breast cancer is estrogen-dependent, which means cancer cells express estrogen receptors. Phytoestrogens, due to their structural similarities with estrogen, are capable of binding to estrogen receptors and are therefore also referred to as selective estrogen receptor modulators. They can be either estrogen agonists or antagonists and influence the risk of breast cancer. Two prominent representatives of phytoestrogens are isoflavones, which are found in soy products, and lignans, which are found in flaxseed, vegetables, and certain nuts. Phytoestrogens may be used in breast cancer prevention. They can reduce the risk of breast cancer incidence and its recurrence, yet mostly in postmenopausal women, and the reasons for this have not yet been explained. Plausible mechanisms of cancer risk-lowering properties of phytoestrogens include antiestrogenic action, influencing estrogen metabolism, sex hormone concentrations, and menstrual cycle length. These actions are not observed in every consumer. Phytoestrogens are found in plants in glycoside form (bound with sugar molecules), and at least part of them must be metabolized to their biologically active metabolites (equol for isoflavones and enterolactone for lignans) by intestinal microbiota. Bacterial strains capable of phytoestrogen metabolism have been identified. This article thoroughly describes phytoestrogens' metabolism and their associations with breast cancer risk and outcomes.

Objective: Oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) exerts an impact on the inflammatory response and malnutrition. We tested the association between the inflammatory response (nitric oxide metabolites, myeloperoxidase, C-reactive protein, interleukin [IL] 1β, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10) and malnutrition using the criteria of the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) in adults/older people with OD.

Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 51 adults/older people with OD distributed as follows: OD group with malnutrition (n = 15) and OD group without malnutrition (n = 36). A no-dysphagia group (n = 20) was matched to the OD groups for sex/age. Swallowing function was assessed using videofluoroscopy and classified using the Dysphagia Outcome and Severity Scale (DOSS), the Laryngeal Penetration and Aspiration Scale, and the Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS). The Functional Independence Measure (FIM) was administered. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression analyses were performed.

Results: The prevalence of malnutrition was 29.4% in the OD group. The FIM scale (odds ratio [OR] = 0.97, p = 0.002), Laryngeal Penetration and Aspiration Scale (OR = 1.32, p = 0.024), and FOIS (OR = 0.73, p = 0.026) were significantly associated with malnutrition. Among the inflammatory response markers, only IL-1β (OR = 1.10, p = 0.043) was associated with malnutrition in the adjusted analysis.

Conclusions: IL-1β was associated with malnutrition based on the GLIM criteria after adjustments for excess weight and neurodegenerative diseases. Higher functional dependence and impaired swallowing were associated with malnutrition.

Objectives: Understanding the biological pathways linking low-carbohydrate diets (LCDs) to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is complex due to heterogeneity in LCD patterns, limited clinical biomarkers that reflect underlying mechanisms, and substantial interindividual variability. This study aimed to identify plasma metabolomic and proteomic signatures of total, healthy, and unhealthy LCDs to elucidate biological pathways associated with these LCDs.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 57,199 participants with metabolomics data and 9,895 participants with proteomics data without CVD at baseline from the UK Biobank. The LCD adherence was assessed using multiple validated 24-h dietary recalls. Plasma metabolites were profiled using high-throughput nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and protein expression levels were quantified using the antibody-based Proximity Extension Assay by Olink. Elastic net regression was applied to identify the metabolomic and proteomic signatures of total, healthy, and unhealthy LCDs. Pathway overrepresentation analysis was conducted for LCD-related proteins.

Results: A total of 29, 36, and 89 metabolites were associated with total, healthy, and unhealthy LCDs, respectively, including lipoproteins, fatty acids, lipids, ketone bodies, amino acids, inflammation, fluid balance, and glycolysis metabolites. Pearson correlations between total, healthy, and unhealthy LCD scores and the metabolomic signatures were 0.177, 0.302, 0.254 in the training set and 0.159, 0.293, and 0.250 in the test set, respectively (p < 0.001). For the proteomic analysis, 89, 62, and 163 proteins were associated with total, healthy, and unhealthy LCDs, respectively with corresponding Pearson correlations of 0.343, 0.325, 0.396 in the training set and 0.294, 0.284, and 0.337 in the test set, respectively (p < 0.001). Six unique biological pathways were significantly enriched by LCD-related proteins.

Conclusions: Distinct plasma metabolomic and proteomic profiles were associated with adherence to total, healthy, and unhealthy LCDs in UK adults. Further study is warranted to clarify the link between LCDs, metabolomic and proteomic profiles, and pathogenesis of CVDs.