Journal of the American Nutrition Association最新文献

Obesity has been identified as a rapidly rising pandemic within the developed world, potentially increasing the risks of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Various studies have identified a positive association between stress, elevated cortisol levels and obesity. Mechanisms of the stress response lead to hyperpalatable food preference and increased appetite through the activation of the HPA axis, elevated cortisol and the resulting interactions with the dopaminergic system, neuropeptide Y, ghrelin, leptin and insulin. The methodology of this review involved a Systematic Search of the Literature with a Critical Appraisal of papers considering ashwagandha, mediation and mindfulness in relation to mechanisms of the stress response. It incorporated 12 searches yielding 330 hits. A total of 51 studies met the inclusion criteria and were critically appraised with ARRIVE, SIGN50 and Strobe checklists. Data from the 51 studies was extracted, coded into key themes and summarized in a narrative analysis. Thematic analysis identified 4 key themes related to ashwagandha and 2 key themes related to meditation. Results provide an overview of evidence assessing the efficacy of ashwagandha and meditation in relation to weight loss interventions by supporting the stress response and the pathways highlighted. Results of Clinical studies indicate that ashwagandha supports weight loss through reduced stress, cortisol and food cravings. Pre-clinical studies also suggest that ashwagandha possesses the capacity to regulate food intake by improving leptin and insulin sensitivity and reducing addictive behaviors through dopamine regulation. Clinical studies on meditation indicate it may enhance a weight loss protocol by reducing the stress response, cortisol release and blood glucose and improving eating behaviors.

Objective: This study aims to investigate the association between central obesity and the risk of osteoarthritis, and the mediating role of biological age and biological aging advance in this relationship.

Methods: The study is based on data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for the years 2005-2018. Thirteen commonly used clinical traits were used to calculate the Klemera-Doubal method age (KDM-Age) and phenotypic age (Pheno-Age) as two measures of biological aging. Additionally, KDM-Age advance and Pheno-Age advance were calculated as two measures of biological aging advance. Weighted multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze the association between central obesity and the risk of osteoarthritis (OA). Mediation analysis was then applied to elucidate the role of biological aging and biological aging advance in this relationship.

Results: A total of 31,162 subjects aged ≥20 years were included in this study, of which 3,964 subjects reported having OA (14%). Compared to the Non-OA group, the OA group showed significantly higher proportions of central obesity, KDM-Age, KDM-Age advance, PhenoAge, and PhenoAge advance. Compared to the Non-central obesity group, the central obesity group had higher KDM-Age, KDM-Age advance, PhenoAge, PhenoAge advance, and a higher risk of OA (p < 0.05). Additionally, higher KDM-Age, KDM-Age advance, PhenoAge, and PhenoAge advance were positively correlated with the risk of OA (p < 0.05). Mediation analysis revealed that part of the association between central obesity and the risk of OA was mediated by KDM-Age, KDM-Age advance, PhenoAge, and PhenoAge advance (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: Central obesity increases the risk of OA, with part of this association being mediated by biological aging and biological aging advance.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate changes in sensory ratings (liking, sweetness intensity, "just about right" (JAR) level of sweetness) of 0-10.7% w/w sugar in soda after 1 and 2 wk of replacing sugar-sweetened soda consumption with unsweetened, flavored, sparkling water.

Methods: Consumers of sugar-sweetened sodas (17 men and women, average age 28 years) replaced their sodas with unsweetened, flavored sparkling waters for 2 wk. Changes in sensory ratings were evaluated for sodas ranging from 0-10.7% w/w added sugar. In a secondary analysis, cluster analysis identified "Sweet Likers" (liking increased with sugar concentration) and "Sweet Moderates" (liking peaked in the middle of the concentration range) in the baseline ratings, and models for changes in sensory ratings were reevaluated by sweet-liking group.

Results: The primary analyses showed no significant effects of the intervention on sweetness intensity or liking ratings. However, the secondary analysis showed that Sweet Likers reduced liking ratings for all sodas, but particularly for the highest concentration (p = 0.0021) after the intervention. Sweet Moderates, however, increased liking ratings after the intervention, driven by an increase in liking for the lower concentrations of sugar (p = 0.0058). Additionally, Sweet Moderates increased their overall ratings for sweetness intensity in sodas (p = 0.00074).

Conclusion: These results suggest that the intervention may have been more successful in shifting sensory perception and acceptance of less-sweet sodas for Sweet Moderates than for Sweet Likers. These results should be verified in a larger sample that intentionally recruits by sweet liker status, to see if initial liking for sweetness may be a critical factor in interventions aiming to improve liking of less sweet beverages.

Objective: The pathogenesis of periodontal diseases is partially driven by oxidative stress. However, studies on the relationship between periodontitis and the inflammatory load of diet are still insufficient. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the relationship between the diet's inflammatory load and periodontitis and clinical attachment loss (CAL).

Methods: This cross-sectional study included 119 participants diagnosed with periodontitis according to the 1999 classification. The dietary inflammatory index (DII) was calculated using three-day food consumption records and divided into quartiles (Q1, Q2, and Q3). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight and height (kg/m²). Clinical attachment loss (CAL) score was determined, and the patients were grouped with those CAL scores as 7 < CAL and ≥7 CAL.

Results: Of the 119 patients with periodontitis, aged 46.24 ± 12.84 years, 45.3% were found to have an anti-inflammatory diet profile (n = 54). When the daily energy and nutrient intake of individuals were examined, it was found that the intake of omega-3 fatty acids (p = 0.004), black tea (p = 0.021), and green pepper (p = 0.029) was higher in those with CAL < 7 compared to those with CAL ≥ 7. There was no relationship between the patients' DII and CAL values. Daily energy, protein, fiber, vitamin A, vitamin E, folic acid, Fe, Zn, and Mg intake in patients with an anti-inflammatory diet in Q1 were higher than in Q2 and Q3 (p < 0.001).

Conclusion: This study found no relationship between DII levels and CAL scores. However, it was observed that periodontitis patients following an anti-inflammatory diet had higher intakes of omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins A, E, and C, as well as zinc and magnesium which are nutrients known to be effective against inflammation. These patients also had CAL scores below 7. Therefore, reducing the inflammatory load of the diet may prevent the development of periodontitis, and further research in this regard would be beneficial.

Magnesium (Mg), which is predominantly present in cells as a micronutrient, is involved in numerous vital physiological processes, such as DNA repair and energy metabolism. Mg deficiency has been reported to contribute toward the advent and progression of a variety of liver diseases; in particular, these two pathological entities may synergistically act. Given the significant impact and increasing burden of liver diseases on global healthcare resources and economic expenditure, it is tempting to manage Mg insufficiency as novel promising therapeutic strategies. In this review, we comprehensively elaborate on the complicated relationship between Mg deficiency and several contextual liver diseases, with concentrating on the underlying molecular mechanisms.

Background and objective: Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr. (Family: Burseraceae; Genus: Boswellia) gum resin (Salai guggul) has profound therapeutic value in Ayurvedic and Unani medicines in alleviating several chronic inflammatory illnesses, including arthritis, asthma, skin and blood diseases, fever, etc. SN13108F (Aflapin^®) is a proprietary, standardized Boswellia serrata gum resin extract. This 180-day randomized, placebo-controlled clinical study aimed to evaluate cartilage morphology using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), pain and joint function and long-term safety in the SN13108F-supplemented volunteers with knee osteoarthritis (KOA).

Materials and methods: Eighty adult male and female subjects with the Kellgren-Lawrence grade II - III KOA were supplemented with SN13108F (100 mg/day) or a matched placebo for 180 consecutive days.

Results: SN13108F reduced (p < 0.001; vs. baseline and placebo) Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, Visual Analogue Scale, Lequesne's Functional Index scores, improved six-minute walk test, and stair climb test. Post-trial MRI assessments of the tibiofemoral joints revealed that the cartilage volume, thickness, and joint space width were increased (p < 0.001; vs. placebo), and levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, matrix metalloproteinase-3, Fibulin-3, type II collagen degradation peptide in serum, and cross-linked C-terminal telopeptide of type II collagen in urine were significantly reduced (p < 0.001; vs. baseline and placebo) in the SN13108F-supplemented subjects. Hematology, complete serum biochemistry, urine analysis, and the participants' vital signs did not alter between the groups.

Conclusion: SN13108F supplementation is safe, and it mitigates joint pain and improves musculoskeletal function and cartilage morphology in KOA.

Objective: This study aimed to examine the association of nutritional literacy levels and sustainable nutritional behaviors with the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and diabetes in the Turkish adult population.

Methods: Sociodemographic information, disease history, nutritional habits, and physical activity levels of 3146 volunteer individuals (male = 1590, female = 1556) between the ages of 40-75 were collected using a questionnaire form and face-to-face interviews. The sustainable nutritional behaviors of the participants were evaluated using Turkish validated scales for Sustainable and Healthy Eating Behavior (SHE) and nutritional literacy levels with the Evaluation Instrument of Nutrition Literacy on Adults (EINLA). Cardiovascular disease risks of the participants were assessed with the Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) Risk Estimator program and the Heart Score (SCORE) scale and type-2 diabetes risk with the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC). Each participant's 24-h food consumption record was obtained using the retrospective recall method.

Results: It was determined that ASCVD and SCORE levels were significantly higher in males compared to females. It was observed that individuals with lower cardiovascular and diabetes risk scores had higher educational levels, and the risks increased significantly with age (p < 0.05). Anthropometric measurements such as body mass index, and waist hip circumference were significantly higher in those with higher cardiovascular and diabetes risk scores. Furthermore, in individuals with higher SCORE and FINDRISC levels, SHE and EINLA scores were significantly lower (p < 0.05). It was also observed that SCORE and diabetes risk scores increased with higher energy and macronutrient intakes.

Conclusion: The risk of developing cardiovascular disease and diabetes was associated with sustainable nutritional behaviors and nutritional literacy. It may be suggested that increasing nutritional literacy and encouraging sustainable nutritional behaviors may be effective strategies in the management and reduction of the prevalence of certain chronic diseases. KEY TEACHING POINTSCardiovascular diseases and diabetes are two major chronic conditions that can be managed and treated through proper nutrition.Increased nutritional literacy levels and sustainable dietary habits may result in reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.Nutritionists should assess the patients' nutrition literacy levels and implement sustainable, health-focused nutrition education programs to enhance their understanding of nutrition.

Background: A diet rich in fat and sugar is present in society everyday life, leading to the development of metabolic changes, especially in intestinal microbiota. Chia oil is a source of alpha-linolenic acid, which has antioxidant and anti-glycemic effects. Based on this, we hypothesized that chia oil may promote intestinal health.

Objective: The study aims to investigate the effects of chia oil on gut microbiota and intestinal health in Wistar rats fed a high-fat and high-fructose diet (HFHF).

Methods: The animals were separated into two groups and received the following diets: standard murine diet (AIN-93M) (n = 10) and HFHF (n = 20) to induce metabolic changes (phase I) during eight weeks. After that, the AIN-93M group remained unchanged, while the HFHF group was divided into two groups: HFHF (n = 10) and HFHF with chia oil (HFHF+CO) (n = 10) for ten weeks (phase II, chia oil treatment). We analyzed immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels, cecal pH, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), intestinal permeability, intestinal microbiome composition, histomorphometry, and murinometric parameters.

Results: Chia oil consumption increased alpha-linolenic acid intake, IgA levels, propionic acid production, cecum weight, goblet cell number, thickness and depth of intestinal crypts, and the thickness of both circular and longitudinal muscle layers of the colon, and decreased cecal pH. No change was observed in the alpha and beta diversity between the HFHF and HFHF+CO groups. The HFHF+CO diet increased the relative abundance of genera Lactobacillus sp., Faecalibacterium sp., and Erysipelatoclostridium sp., compared to the AIN-93M group. No difference was observed in the intestinal permeability among the groups.

Conclusion: Chia oil consumption is an alternative for improving the intestinal health of rats fed a HFHF diet.

Objective: Since exam periods are used as a benchmark to determine academic achievement, they may result in increased anxiety, changes in dietary behavior, weight fluctuations and increased gastrointestinal symptoms in students. For this reason, this research was conducted to evaluate the effect of test anxiety on nutritional status and gastrointestinal symptoms in adolescents.

Methods: This study was conducted with 104 senior high school students who agreed to participate in the study in a private and public school in Ankara 7 months before the exam and 1 month before the exam to evaluate the effect of exam anxiety on nutritional status and gastrointestinal symptoms of students preparing for the university exam. Health status, nutritional status, anthropometric measurements, information about exam anxiety, International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form, Test Anxiety Inventory, Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale, Food Frequency Questionnarie (FFQ) were asked to the students.

Results: In both genders, the mean BMI-Z score increased during the second evaluation, indicating a significant difference in various dietary and lifestyle factors such as meal frequency, water intake, and nutrient intake. Most students were classified as minimally active. Additionally, the total score of affective, delusional, and test anxiety inventory increased closer to the exam date. Weak positive correlations were observed between gastrointestinal symptoms and affective, delusional, and test anxiety scores during the first evaluation, while a moderately strong positive correlation emerged during the second evaluation.

Conclusion: The results of the current study support that students experience increased gastrointestinal symptoms during the exam period. Nutrition and stress reduction educations should be given in high schools both during and before the exam period in a multidisciplinary team consisted of dietitians and psychologists in order to provide healthy stress management.

Mindfulness is the practice of focusing one's attention and energy on the present moment with an accepting attitude and an open mindset. Its adoption is increasingly utilized in addressing health concerns, particularly in the realm of nutrition. Mindful eating seeks to adjust disordered eating patterns by cultivating intentional awareness of the physical, mental, and emotional aspects of eating. Mindfulness techniques may involve meditation, breathing exercises, and simply being more attentive in daily activities. Integrating mindfulness into a nutrition strategy may improve digestion, foster a healthier relationship with food, and lead to making better choices aligned with overall well-being. This critical review aims to examine recent prevailing studies on the effects of mindfulness-based interventions (MBI) on weight regulation, eating disorders related to obesity, emotional eating, and diabetes management. For the methods section, the study utilized the Google Scholar and PubMed databases, employing the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) descriptors. The search included articles published up to September 2024, resulting in a total of 122 articles gathered using various keyword combinations. Results show that out of the 122 studies, 28 articles were common, leaving a total of 94 articles. They included 33 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 17 systematic reviews and meta-analyses, 11 observational studies, 14 reviews, and 19 others. The findings from these studies demonstrate the positive impact of MBI on conditions such as binge eating disorder, weight loss, emotional eating, and diabetes-related issues. In conclusion, the review supports the growing evidence suggesting that the incorporation of mindfulness can play a crucial role in managing obesity, eating disorders, and their associated consequences. However, further research is necessary to establish a definitive understanding of its effectiveness and how to integrate it into healthcare practices.