Renewable Energy Focus最新文献_第7页

Low-carbon optimal scheduling of integrated energy system with concentrating solar power based on entropy weight IGDT 基于熵权IGDT的聚光太阳能综合能源系统低碳优化调度

IF 5.9 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable Energy Focus

Pub Date : 2025-08-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.ref.2025.100746

Ankang Miao , Yue Yuan , Junpeng Zhu , Mengda Li

Concentrating solar power (CSP) can effectively mitigate the randomness and intermittency of solar resources. To accurately characterize the operation characteristics of the CSP and address the multiple uncertainties, this study establishes a low-carbon optimal scheduling model of an integrated energy system with CSP based on entropy weight information gap decision theory (IGDT). Firstly, based on the start-up characteristics of the CSP, a refined model of a multi-period cumulative heat start-up for the CSP is established. Then, considering the multiple uncertainties, the IGDT is applied to address the new uncertainties in energy and load power. The entropy weight method is employed to eliminate the subjectivity associated with the weights of multiple uncertain variables and their corresponding deviation factors. Finally, the IGDT optimization model is compared with the established stochastic model, robust model, and robust stochastic model. The sensitivity of the uncertainties of the opportunity and robust strategies is also analyzed. The case studies verify the validity and feasibility of the established model of IES with CSP based on entropy weight IGDT, which provides a reference for operational research in CSP and uncertainty research in energy systems.

聚光太阳能发电（CSP）可以有效地缓解太阳能资源的随机性和间歇性。为准确表征CSP的运行特性，解决其多重不确定性，基于熵权信息缺口决策理论（IGDT），建立了CSP集成能源系统的低碳优化调度模型。首先，根据CSP的启动特点，建立了CSP多周期积热启动的精细化模型；然后，考虑多重不确定性，应用IGDT来解决能量和负载功率的新不确定性。采用熵权法消除了多个不确定变量的权重及其对应的偏差因子所带来的主观性。最后，将IGDT优化模型与已建立的随机模型、鲁棒模型和鲁棒随机模型进行了比较。分析了机会不确定性和稳健策略的敏感性。实例研究验证了基于熵权IGDT的CSP系统IES模型的有效性和可行性，为CSP系统的运筹学研究和能源系统的不确定性研究提供了参考。

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引用次数: 0

Strategic assessment of waste-to-energy pathways for sustainable municipal solid waste management in Bangladesh 对孟加拉国可持续城市固体废物管理中废物转化为能源途径的战略评估

IF 5.9 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable Energy Focus

Pub Date : 2025-08-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.ref.2025.100745

Md.Sazid Khan , Hasan Muhommod Robin , Md Nahid Khan , Sadman Salim Rahman Asif , Md.Sadbin Islam , Mim Mashrur Ahmed

Uncontrolled accumulation of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Rajshahi City Corporation (RCC), Bangladesh, poses a critical threat to environmental and public health. With MSW projected to rise by over 320% by 2040 from 2024 levels, there is an urgent need to transition from open dumping to sustainable energy recovery solutions. This study presents a techno-economic and environmental assessment of three waste-to-energy (WtE) pathways anaerobic digestion (AD), incineration (INC), and landfill gas (LFG) recovery over the 2024-2040 period. AD and INC emerged as the most effective, each producing over 700 million kWh annually by 2040, compared to 45 million kWh for LFG. AD and INC showed strong financial viability, with net present values of USD 419 million and USD 392 million and discounted payback periods of 4.2 years. Levelized cost of energy remained low across all options. AD had the lowest acidification and dioxin emissions, while LFG and No Recovery scenarios imposed the highest human health (USD 1.39 million) and ecosystem damages (USD 15 million). Sensitivity analysis confirmed the resilience of AD and INC under varying inflation and electricity price conditions. Overall, an AD-led strategy, supported by selective INC, offers the most balanced energy, economic, and environmental outcomes. The study provides an evidence-based framework for implementing decentralized WtE systems in rapidly urbanizing cities.

孟加拉国拉杰沙希市公司（RCC）的城市固体废物（MSW）无控制地积累，对环境和公众健康构成严重威胁。预计到2040年，城市生活垃圾将比2024年的水平增加320%以上，因此迫切需要从露天倾倒转向可持续的能源回收解决方案。本研究提出了2024-2040年期间厌氧消化（AD）、焚烧（INC）和垃圾填埋气（LFG）回收三种垃圾发电（WtE）途径的技术经济和环境评估。AD和INC是最有效的，到2040年，它们的年发电量均超过7亿千瓦时，而LFG的年发电量为4500万千瓦时。AD和INC表现出强大的财务可行性，净现值分别为4.19亿美元和3.92亿美元，贴现回收期为4.2年。能源平准化成本在所有选项中保持较低水平。AD的酸化和二恶英排放量最低，而LFG和No Recovery情景对人类健康造成的损害最高（139万美元），对生态系统造成的损害最高（1500万美元）。敏感性分析证实了AD和INC在不同通胀和电价条件下的弹性。总体而言，由ad主导的战略，在选择性公司的支持下，可以提供最平衡的能源、经济和环境结果。该研究为在快速城市化的城市实施分散的WtE系统提供了一个基于证据的框架。

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引用次数: 0

State-of-the-art of hierarchical microgrid technological framework: operational strategies with manifold barriers and future trajectories 分层微电网技术框架的最新技术：具有多种障碍和未来轨迹的运营策略

IF 5.9 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable Energy Focus

Pub Date : 2025-07-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ref.2025.100743

Abdul Latif , Abdelhakim Saim , Azeddine Houari , Ali Djerioui

Microgrids represent a critical and integral element in the advancement of smart grid technologies. These are diminutive-scale power systems, encompassing distributed energy resources. For the realization of the potential inherent in distributed generation, it is imperative to adopt a framework wherein the corresponding loads and generation are conceptualized as a sub-system, or more precisely, a microgrid. This article presents a comprehensive review of the scholarly literature pertaining to microgrid concept, technological applications. Research in this field is bifurcated into three primary domains: feasibility, control with management and stability strategies. Initially, the article delineates the various applications and categorizations of microgrids. Subsequently, it elucidates the objectives underlying microgrid control. Additionally, the article delves into the issue of small signal stability and hierarchal stability framework and clustering within microgrids, exploring various methodologies to enhance this aspect. Later, the paper scrutinizes the aspect of load frequency control within the microgrid paradigm. Additionally, numerous potential issues and barriers associated with microgrid implementation are identified and discussed. The paper concludes by delineating key areas for future microgrid research. This work aims to provide scientists, academician, and policymakers with comprehensive and structured knowledge about microgrids.

微电网是智能电网技术发展的关键和不可或缺的组成部分。这些都是小规模的电力系统，包括分布式能源。为了实现分布式发电固有的潜力，必须采用一种框架，将相应的负载和发电概念化为一个子系统，或者更准确地说，是一个微电网。本文介绍了有关微电网概念、技术应用的学术文献的全面回顾。该领域的研究分为三个主要领域：可行性、控制与管理和稳定性策略。首先，文章描述了微电网的各种应用和分类。随后，阐明了微电网控制的目标。此外，本文还深入研究了微电网内的小信号稳定性和层次稳定性框架以及聚类问题，探索了增强这方面的各种方法。在此基础上，对微网模式下的负荷频率控制进行了研究。此外，还确定并讨论了与微电网实施相关的许多潜在问题和障碍。最后，提出了未来微电网研究的重点领域。这项工作旨在为科学家、学者和政策制定者提供有关微电网的全面和结构化知识。

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引用次数: 0

A review of data-driven deep learning models for solar and wind energy forecasting 数据驱动的太阳能和风能预测深度学习模型综述

IF 4.2 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable Energy Focus

Pub Date : 2025-07-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.ref.2025.100739

Shubham Shringi , Lalit Mohan Saini , Sanjeev Kumar Aggarwal

Numerous papers using advanced Artificial Intelligence (AI) based models - such as deep neural networks (DNN), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks - have been reported for solar and wind forecasting. However, a systematic quantitative comparison of these diverse studies remains underexplored. This paper presents a comprehensive review and critical comparison of data-driven forecasting methods based on key parameters, including forecasting horizon, input features, geographical location, forecasting accuracy, training/testing period data length, pre-processing techniques, model architecture, activation functions, training algorithms, and the simulation platforms. Special emphasis is placed on data preparation strategies and model optimization techniques that significantly influence forecasting performance and model robustness. The scope is focused on purely data-driven AI and hybrid approaches, excluding physical and statistical models. An exploration of the strengths and weaknesses of these methods underscores the significance of hybrid models, particularly those combining DNN. A key contribution of this study lies in its structured synthesis of performance outcomes from various reported works, methodically arranged by increasing testing data duration. This organization aids in identifying consistently reliable and high-performing models. The findings highlight the superior accuracy and adaptability of hybrid AI models, offering practical guidance for researchers, developers, and stakeholders in renewable energy forecasting and planning.

许多论文使用先进的人工智能（AI）为基础的模型-如深度神经网络（DNN），卷积神经网络（CNN）和长短期记忆（LSTM）网络-已经报道了太阳和风的预测。然而，对这些不同的研究进行系统的定量比较仍然没有得到充分的探索。本文从预测视界、输入特征、地理位置、预测精度、训练/测试周期数据长度、预处理技术、模型架构、激活函数、训练算法和仿真平台等关键参数，对数据驱动预测方法进行了全面的综述和比较。特别强调的是数据准备策略和模型优化技术，它们显著影响预测性能和模型鲁棒性。范围专注于纯数据驱动的人工智能和混合方法，不包括物理和统计模型。对这些方法优缺点的探讨强调了混合模型的重要性，特别是那些结合深度神经网络的模型。本研究的一个关键贡献在于它对各种报告工作的性能结果进行了结构化的综合，并通过增加测试数据持续时间进行了有条不紊的安排。该组织有助于确定始终可靠和高性能的模型。研究结果强调了混合人工智能模型的卓越准确性和适应性，为可再生能源预测和规划的研究人员、开发人员和利益相关者提供了实用指导。

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引用次数: 0

An adaptive robust planning method for data center micro-energy system towards flexibility enhancement 一种增强数据中心微能源系统灵活性的自适应鲁棒规划方法

IF 4.2 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable Energy Focus

Pub Date : 2025-07-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.ref.2025.100742

Lijun Yang , Baiting Pan , Qinglong Duan

Driven by the economic, flexibility, and sustainability requirements of data center (DC) development, a key challenge lies in optimizing the capacity planning of diverse energy devices within DC micro-energy systems. Thus, to further exploit the flexibility potential and ensure robustness, a two-stage adaptive robust methodology is proposed, based on an innovative architecture for DC micro-energy system. First, to achieve the efficient utilization of energy, dual-condition heat pumps is integrated into the system architecture with seasonal waste heat recovery (WHR) strategy. Second, a novel batch load demand response (DR) model with a differential compensation scheme is proposed, uniquely incorporating users’ fatigue effect and trust process, to incentivize load participation. Finally, a two-stage adaptive robust planning model that accounts for planning flexibility is developed, utilizing gaussian process regression (GPR) to capture key features of forecasted data. Case studies demonstrate that compared to conventional waste heat recovery strategies, carbon emission reductions increased by 79% and investment costs for photovoltaic, gas turbine and energy storage systems were reduced by 9.1%, 14.3% and 8.6%, respectively. And compared to scenarios that omit planning flexibility, the planning costs can be reduced by approximately 0.5% to 4.9%. Through the incorporation of resource and planning flexibility, alongside the refinement of the uncertainty set, the flexibility of the system is unlocked, while the stability and economy of the planning results are guaranteed.

在数据中心发展的经济性、灵活性和可持续性要求的驱动下，优化数据中心微能源系统中各种能源设备的容量规划是一个关键挑战。因此，为了进一步挖掘灵活性潜力并保证鲁棒性，提出了一种基于创新直流微能源系统架构的两阶段自适应鲁棒方法。首先，为了实现能源的高效利用，采用季节性余热回收（WHR）策略将双工况热泵集成到系统架构中。其次，提出了一种新的带差分补偿方案的批负荷需求响应模型，该模型独特地考虑了用户疲劳效应和信任过程，以激励用户的负荷参与。最后，利用高斯过程回归（GPR）捕捉预测数据的关键特征，建立了考虑规划灵活性的两阶段自适应鲁棒规划模型。案例研究表明，与传统的余热回收策略相比，碳减排增加了79%，光伏、燃气轮机和储能系统的投资成本分别降低了9.1%、14.3%和8.6%。与忽略规划灵活性的情况相比，规划成本可以减少大约0.5%到4.9%。通过结合资源和规划灵活性，在细化不确定性集的同时，解锁了系统的灵活性，同时保证了规划结果的稳定性和经济性。

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引用次数: 0

Engaging the Next Generation: the role of youth in promoting demand response participation in Ghana 参与下一代：青年在促进加纳需求响应参与中的作用

IF 4.2 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable Energy Focus

Pub Date : 2025-07-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.ref.2025.100741

Timothy King Avordeh , Forson Peprah , Christopher Quaidoo , Rockson Opare-Boateng

Ghana’s energy sector struggles with power shortages (“dumsor”), increasing demand, and its reliance on fossil fuels. While Demand Response (DR) programs could improve grid stability and renewable integration, low participation persists due to awareness gaps and cultural barriers. This study examines youth (15-35 years) as potential DR catalysts, bridging digital literacy and traditional household decision-making. Through a mixed-methods approach (comprising 400 surveys, six focus group discussions, and 12 interviews), we found that urban youth had higher DR awareness (mean = 3.47) compared to rural youth (mean = 2.67). However, rural areas showed better energy-saving behaviors through community trust networks. Hybrid digital-community approaches (social media + radio) boosted engagement by 18-30%, outperforming top-down policies. Successful models from Kenya (Green Schools) and South Africa (#PowerShiftSA) demonstrate scalability. Key recommendations include integrating the DR curriculum, establishing youth task forces, and implementing mobile enrollment platforms. The research positions youth as active energy stakeholders, offering a framework for sustainable transitions in similar contexts through intergenerational engagement and culturally-adapted policy reforms.

加纳的能源部门与电力短缺（“dumsor”）、不断增长的需求以及对化石燃料的依赖作斗争。虽然需求响应（DR）计划可以改善电网稳定性和可再生能源的整合，但由于意识差距和文化障碍，参与率仍然很低。本研究考察了青年（15-35岁）作为数字化发展的潜在催化剂，在数字素养和传统家庭决策之间架起桥梁。通过混合方法（包括400份调查，6个焦点小组讨论和12个访谈），我们发现城市青年的DR意识（平均= 3.47）高于农村青年（平均= 2.67）。然而，农村地区通过社区信任网络表现出更好的节能行为。混合数字社区方法（社交媒体+广播）提高了18-30%的参与度，优于自上而下的政策。肯尼亚（绿色学校）和南非（#PowerShiftSA）的成功模式证明了可扩展性。主要建议包括整合DR课程、建立青年工作组和实施移动入学平台。该研究将青年定位为积极的能源利益相关者，通过代际参与和适应文化的政策改革，为类似背景下的可持续转型提供了一个框架。

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引用次数: 0

Optimizing biomass re-collection center locations for vietnam’s growing bioenergy industry: An integrated dematel and gra approach 优化越南不断发展的生物能源产业的生物质再收集中心位置：一个综合的dematel和gra方法

IF 4.2 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable Energy Focus

Pub Date : 2025-07-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.ref.2025.100740

Thi Be Oanh Cao , Duc Duy Nguyen , Thi Diem Chau Le

This study introduces a process for selecting potential locations that not only supports better decisions by balancing multiple criteria such as economic, social, and environmental factors but also clarifies the relationships among these criteria and highlights the most influential ones. The objective is to help decision-makers accurately and comprehensively identify key criteria, understand their interrelationships, and quickly determine the best location choices. An integration of two techniques, including the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) and Grey Relational Analysis (GRA), is proposed. Particularly, DEMATEL is used to determine attributes’ weights and relationships. GRA supports decision-makers in choosing the best option. A case study, a re-collection center in 13 provinces in the South of Vietnam, under consideration of 15 criteria formed from three pillars of the sustainable supply chain, is to describe the proposed process. Data were gathered from interviews with nine experts and specialized departments, including the General Statistics Office of Vietnam, the People’s Committee of Can Tho City, the Department of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs, and the Department of Planning and Investment. The results show that the local and government policy criteria have the highest weight, and Ben Tre province is the best location. These contribute to selecting optimal facilities with complex criteria quickly and effectively for other developing countries and promoting bioenergy production, such as in Vietnam.

本研究介绍了一个选择潜在地点的过程，该过程不仅通过平衡经济、社会和环境因素等多种标准来支持更好的决策，而且还澄清了这些标准之间的关系，并突出了最具影响力的标准。目标是帮助决策者准确、全面地识别关键标准，了解它们之间的相互关系，并快速确定最佳的选址选择。提出了决策试验与评价实验室（DEMATEL）和灰色关联分析（GRA）两种技术的融合。特别是，DEMATEL用于确定属性的权重和关系。GRA支持决策者选择最佳方案。一个案例研究是在越南南部13个省的一个回收中心，根据可持续供应链的三大支柱形成的15个标准进行考虑，以描述拟议的过程。数据来自对9位专家和专门部门的采访，包括越南总统计局、芹苴市人民委员会、劳动、荣军部和社会事务部以及规划和投资部。结果表明，地方和政府政策标准的权重最高，本特省是最佳选址。这些有助于快速有效地为其他发展中国家选择具有复杂标准的最佳设施，并促进越南等国的生物能源生产。

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引用次数: 0

Modeling energy resilience and outage survivability of hybrid distributed energy resource system using REopt: A case study of a coastal institution 基于REopt的混合分布式能源系统能量弹性和停电生存能力建模——以某沿海机构为例

IF 4.2 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable Energy Focus

Pub Date : 2025-07-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.ref.2025.100737

Md Mahmudul Hasan , Md Ezazul Kabir Shawon , Sayma Khandaker , Hadi Manap

Energy systems must evolve to become more economical and resilient in response to the increasing frequency of climate-related disruptions. While several studies have presented renewable energy options, their resilience benefits, particularly in sensitive places, remain unexplored. This study analyzes the possibility of a hybrid distributed energy resource (DER) system to increase energy reliability and sustainability at the Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah (UMPSA), located in a coastal area with potential for flooding. The system configuration was evaluated using the REopt optimization software under an extended grid outage scenario utilizing a mixed-integer linear programming model. The results show that an efficient DER system could effectively maintain critical loads during long power outages while increasing energy autonomy. The findings additionally demonstrate that environmental performance and economic feasibility have significantly improved. Overall, this study indicates how hybrid DER systems can be used to improve energy resilience in vital infrastructures located in regions at risk of disasters.

能源系统必须不断发展，以变得更加经济和有弹性，以应对日益频繁的气候相关破坏。虽然有几项研究提出了可再生能源的选择，但它们的弹性效益，特别是在敏感地区，仍未得到探索。本研究分析了马来西亚大学Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah （UMPSA）的混合分布式能源（DER）系统提高能源可靠性和可持续性的可能性，该大学位于可能发生洪水的沿海地区。利用混合整数线性规划模型，在扩展电网中断场景下使用REopt优化软件对系统配置进行了评估。结果表明，高效的分布式电源系统可以在长时间停电时有效地维持临界负荷，同时提高能源自主性。研究结果还表明，环境绩效和经济可行性都得到了显著改善。总体而言，本研究表明了如何使用混合分布式发电系统来提高灾害风险地区重要基础设施的能源恢复能力。

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引用次数: 0

Cost optimization of electrolytic oxygen distribution: A mathematical framework with a green steel and hospital case study in Portugal 电解氧分配的成本优化：葡萄牙绿色钢铁和医院案例研究的数学框架

IF 4.2 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable Energy Focus

Pub Date : 2025-06-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ref.2025.100736

Florentin Eckl , Ana Moita , Rui Costa Neto

Decarbonizing the steel industry is crucial as it accounts for 7 % of global carbon emissions. Hydrogen-based direct reduced iron with electric arc furnace technology offers a sustainable solution. Both gases, hydrogen and oxygen, from electrolysis are necessary for steel production, however, in a different ratio than the electrolyzer delivers. This study evaluates the economic feasibility of distributing electrolytic excess oxygen from a green steel facility in Portugal to hospitals. Using a capacitated vehicle routing problem model, results show liquefaction (57 %), distribution (39.9 %) as key cost components, emphasizing the need for optimized logistics. Selling 6007 tons of excess oxygen yearly for 0.7 €/kg results in a net present value of €39.1 million over 20 years and a cost-benefit ratio of 8.25 and provides highly profitable application. The internal rate of return of 248 % and a discounted payback period of under half a year further underscore the project’s strong financial viability. This study confirms the economic benefits of valorizing electrolytic oxygen, providing a competitive alternative to conventional production while supporting steel decarbonization and medical oxygen supply.

钢铁行业的脱碳至关重要，因为它占全球碳排放量的7%。氢基直接还原铁与电弧炉技术提供了一个可持续的解决方案。然而，电解产生的氢气和氧气这两种气体对钢铁生产都是必需的，其比例与电解槽提供的比例不同。本研究评估了从葡萄牙一家绿色钢铁工厂向医院输送电解多余氧气的经济可行性。利用有能力车辆路线问题模型，结果表明液化（57%）和配送（39.9%）是关键成本组成部分，强调了优化物流的必要性。每年以0.7欧元/公斤的价格销售6007吨多余的氧气，20年的净现值为3910万欧元，成本效益比为8.25，并提供了高利润的应用。248%的内部收益率和不到半年的贴现回收期进一步强调了该项目强大的财务可行性。这项研究证实了电解氧的经济效益，为传统生产提供了一种有竞争力的替代方案，同时支持钢铁脱碳和医疗供氧。

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引用次数: 0

Techno-economic assessment of green hydrogen production via an optimized solar and wind system 通过优化的太阳能和风能系统进行绿色制氢的技术经济评估

IF 4.2 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable Energy Focus

Pub Date : 2025-06-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.ref.2025.100726

Raj Sawhney , John Hearn , Ross Hibbett , Khaya Kingston , Makenna Parkinson , Mathias Zacarias , Joseph Majkut

The economic feasibility of green hydrogen is integral to decarbonizing industries which are energy intensive and challenging to electrify via current power generation sectors. Cost-effective green hydrogen is dependent on the cost of both electrolyzer equipment and renewable energy production systems. In this study, the cost of producing green hydrogen was assessed worldwide. We produced a model using seven years of global solar and wind data to estimate the costs associated with off-grid, entirely emission-free, solar and wind hydrogen production facilities. These 6 costs were mapped across the world to visualize cost differences. We optimized for both the electrolyzer/renewable energy overfit and provide the option to combine solar and wind renewable systems, resulting in the lowest levelized cost of hydrogen at a given location. This procedure provides end users with the ability to toggle between wind, solar, and combined systems allowing for more realistic modeling and greater optionality. We incorporated country-level capital expenditure and operational expenditure data to more accurately model regional cost variations in global production costs. An analysis of these global costs resulted in a levelized cost of hydrogen range of $1 to > $5 per kilogram of hydrogen, in general agreement with public estimates.

绿色氢的经济可行性对于脱碳行业是不可或缺的，这些行业是能源密集型行业，通过当前的发电部门实现电气化具有挑战性。具有成本效益的绿色氢取决于电解槽设备和可再生能源生产系统的成本。在本研究中，对全球范围内生产绿色氢的成本进行了评估。我们利用7年的全球太阳能和风能数据制作了一个模型，以估计与离网、完全无排放的太阳能和风能制氢设施相关的成本。这6种成本在全球范围内被绘制出来，以可视化成本差异。我们针对电解槽/可再生能源过拟合进行了优化，并提供了太阳能和风能可再生能源系统的组合选择，从而在给定地点实现了最低的氢气平均成本。该程序为最终用户提供了在风能，太阳能和组合系统之间切换的能力，允许更真实的建模和更大的可选性。我们结合了国家一级的资本支出和运营支出数据，以更准确地模拟全球生产成本的区域成本变化。对这些全球成本的分析得出，氢的平均成本范围为1美元至1亿美元；每公斤氢5美元，与公众估计大体一致。

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引用次数: 0