Dega (Dmitriy) Vitalyevich Deopik (born in 1932) is a Soviet and Russian archaeologist, historian and orientalist. Born in Moscow, in the family of a Russian painter and graphics artists Vitaliy Nikolaevich Goriaev (1910-1982) and his wife Valentina Pavlovna Deopik (1907-1990) who herself was an outstanding Soviet painter and artist. Graduated from the MSU Faculty of History in 1956. In 1996 obtained Doctor of Sciences degree. In 2000 was one of the founders of Faculty of History of St. Tikhons Orthodox University. For many years was head of or participated in archaeological expeditions in the regions adjacent to Caucasus and in Black Sea Region. His areas of academic interest include: quantitative methods in historical studies, Biblical archaeology, archaeology of Southern Russia, traditional history of Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma, Indonesia, China, problems of East Asia archaeology and ancient East Asia writing systems. He created Russian school of quantitative and precise methods in sinology.
{"title":"Dega V. Deopik 90th Birthday Interview","authors":"Victor V. Bashkeev, D. Deopik","doi":"10.17816/ch112621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/ch112621","url":null,"abstract":"Dega (Dmitriy) Vitalyevich Deopik (born in 1932) is a Soviet and Russian archaeologist, historian and orientalist. Born in Moscow, in the family of a Russian painter and graphics artists Vitaliy Nikolaevich Goriaev (1910-1982) and his wife Valentina Pavlovna Deopik (1907-1990) who herself was an outstanding Soviet painter and artist. Graduated from the MSU Faculty of History in 1956. In 1996 obtained Doctor of Sciences degree. In 2000 was one of the founders of Faculty of History of St. Tikhons Orthodox University. For many years was head of or participated in archaeological expeditions in the regions adjacent to Caucasus and in Black Sea Region. His areas of academic interest include: quantitative methods in historical studies, Biblical archaeology, archaeology of Southern Russia, traditional history of Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma, Indonesia, China, problems of East Asia archaeology and ancient East Asia writing systems. \u0000He created Russian school of quantitative and precise methods in sinology.","PeriodicalId":298584,"journal":{"name":"China: society and culture","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129741360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article centres upon the emergence in the second half of the VI century BC in the kingdom of Lu a new school, which was intended for the training of officials and was of a mass character. It replaced the temple and palace schools. Confucius (552479) is considered its founder. The emergence of such a school is a manifestation of a cultural process. Since it was intended for the training of men of service (servitors), its appearance was caused by a social process the formation of this new social group. In turn, this process was caused by the growth of contradictions in the struggle for supreme power between the monarchs and their relatives in the male line, the clans of the descendants of the monarchs of previous generations. These contradictions are a manifestation of the political process. Since the new school was not elite, but was available to people from various social groups and natives of other kingdoms, it can be called mass school. The most important and most complete source of information about this is his biography, which is contained in chapter 47 of Sima Qians Shiji.
{"title":"The “common” school for the training of official in the Chunqiu Period (771-453 BC): Part 1. The history of emerging in the context of the biography of Kung Tzu (552-479 BC)","authors":"Mark Y. Ulyanov","doi":"10.17816/ch112164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/ch112164","url":null,"abstract":"The article centres upon the emergence in the second half of the VI century BC in the kingdom of Lu a new school, which was intended for the training of officials and was of a mass character. It replaced the temple and palace schools. Confucius (552479) is considered its founder. \u0000The emergence of such a school is a manifestation of a cultural process. Since it was intended for the training of men of service (servitors), its appearance was caused by a social process the formation of this new social group. In turn, this process was caused by the growth of contradictions in the struggle for supreme power between the monarchs and their relatives in the male line, the clans of the descendants of the monarchs of previous generations. These contradictions are a manifestation of the political process. Since the new school was not elite, but was available to people from various social groups and natives of other kingdoms, it can be called mass school. The most important and most complete source of information about this is his biography, which is contained in chapter 47 of Sima Qians Shiji.","PeriodicalId":298584,"journal":{"name":"China: society and culture","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126232812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper continues the research of the symbolic aspect of Chinese history through study of the reign names (nianhao) of the monarchs. The current part of the research is focused mainly on the question of the cultural continuity of the worldview in different epochs of Chinese state development. This also implicates questioning the consistency of Chinese history and its self-perception over the course of two millennia. The proposed solution of the problem in question consists in classifying reign names into a small set of groups and analyzing the historical change in proportions of these groups. The research shows that, despite the fact, that different regional models of the reign names systems arose through the history of China, still the tradition itself retained consistency even in the eras of nomadic conquest. It is also shown, that the discontinuity of the said tradition was caused by no external force, but arose through its own evolution in the deep layers of Chinese culture.
{"title":"The worldview of Chinese dynasties: cultural continuity and rupture in the reign names of emperors","authors":"D. Deopik, Bogdan K. Ganshin","doi":"10.17816/ch112066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/ch112066","url":null,"abstract":"This paper continues the research of the symbolic aspect of Chinese history through study of the reign names (nianhao) of the monarchs. The current part of the research is focused mainly on the question of the cultural continuity of the worldview in different epochs of Chinese state development. This also implicates questioning the consistency of Chinese history and its self-perception over the course of two millennia. The proposed solution of the problem in question consists in classifying reign names into a small set of groups and analyzing the historical change in proportions of these groups. The research shows that, despite the fact, that different regional models of the reign names systems arose through the history of China, still the tradition itself retained consistency even in the eras of nomadic conquest. It is also shown, that the discontinuity of the said tradition was caused by no external force, but arose through its own evolution in the deep layers of Chinese culture.","PeriodicalId":298584,"journal":{"name":"China: society and culture","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126581537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the division of the complex heterogeneous source text, namely the 6th chapter of the Basic Annals in the Sima Qians Records of the Grand Historian, into parts according to linguistic criteria. Also the paper analyzes the problem of distinguishing boundaries and differences between the primary sources included in the text of the examined source. We employed the identification of the grammatical characters in the text as a way of linguistic analysis based on the A.M. Karapetiants method, compiling the frequency dictionaries of grammatical characters and selecting the fixed set of the most frequent ones. Comparison of the figures obtained for the Records of the Grand Historian 6th chapter with the similar figures obtained for some epigraphic texts from Shuihudi (that is, the grammatical characters percentage within the whole text and the set of the most frequent ones) allows us to propose a hypothesis that explains the differences between the data due to the fact that authors of the texts come from different cultural fields. Thus, the results of the study allow us to distinguish the differences in the cultural fields producing the historical sources from chronological differences indicating dissimilar (or similar) times of texts creation.
{"title":"Some linguistic criteria for the relative dating of the primary sources within the complex text of the «Basic Annals of the first emperor of Qin» in the Sima Qian’s «Records of the Grand Historian»","authors":"Anna I. Pyrkova","doi":"10.17816/ch112546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/ch112546","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the division of the complex heterogeneous source text, namely the 6th chapter of the Basic Annals in the Sima Qians Records of the Grand Historian, into parts according to linguistic criteria. Also the paper analyzes the problem of distinguishing boundaries and differences between the primary sources included in the text of the examined source. We employed the identification of the grammatical characters in the text as a way of linguistic analysis based on the A.M. Karapetiants method, compiling the frequency dictionaries of grammatical characters and selecting the fixed set of the most frequent ones. Comparison of the figures obtained for the Records of the Grand Historian 6th chapter with the similar figures obtained for some epigraphic texts from Shuihudi (that is, the grammatical characters percentage within the whole text and the set of the most frequent ones) allows us to propose a hypothesis that explains the differences between the data due to the fact that authors of the texts come from different cultural fields. Thus, the results of the study allow us to distinguish the differences in the cultural fields producing the historical sources from chronological differences indicating dissimilar (or similar) times of texts creation.","PeriodicalId":298584,"journal":{"name":"China: society and culture","volume":"456 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132914607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper focuses on exploring the symbolical side of the Chinas emperors reign names as the highest sacral generalizations. Reign symbol is pair of characters, which defines a reign of a monarch (or a part of the reign). The first character is a so-called Attribute, second is an Object. This paper raises the question whether the historical dynamics of these symbols change reflects the real changes of socio-political processes. This question is resolved through methods of quantitative analysis of the entire assembly of the reign names of all the centralized empires in the history of East Asia. Methodologically taking these symbols (reign names) as a system, as one hypertext, we categorized their meaning into groups (semantic categories). By studying the dynamics of these groups proportional change through the epochs of various Chinese empires, we came to the conclusion, that the symbolic dynamic of reign names reflects the change the properties of political ideology, changes in the religious politics, and political institutions. Reign names symbols can be used as a historical source on those topics.
{"title":"Reign Symbols as a Source on Chinese History (Part 1)","authors":"D. Deopik, Bogdan K. Ganshin","doi":"10.17816/ch81799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/ch81799","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on exploring the symbolical side of the Chinas emperors reign names as the highest sacral generalizations. Reign symbol is pair of characters, which defines a reign of a monarch (or a part of the reign). The first character is a so-called Attribute, second is an Object. This paper raises the question whether the historical dynamics of these symbols change reflects the real changes of socio-political processes. This question is resolved through methods of quantitative analysis of the entire assembly of the reign names of all the centralized empires in the history of East Asia. Methodologically taking these symbols (reign names) as a system, as one hypertext, we categorized their meaning into groups (semantic categories). By studying the dynamics of these groups proportional change through the epochs of various Chinese empires, we came to the conclusion, that the symbolic dynamic of reign names reflects the change the properties of political ideology, changes in the religious politics, and political institutions. Reign names symbols can be used as a historical source on those topics.","PeriodicalId":298584,"journal":{"name":"China: society and culture","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122084160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper investigates the interaction between the state system stability and the kingdoms system stability in the Western Han Empire, according to The Records of the Grand Historian written by Sima Qian and The Book of Han by Ban Gu. The stability of kingdoms system determines by the rate of legitimacy of the transfer of power in the kingdoms. The research also sheds a light on the reasons of the violation of the order of succession, including the rate of violent deaths of princes in the kingdoms. The paper quantitatively proves that the stability of the state system in Western Han requires the permanent instability at the level of kingdoms.
{"title":"The Transfer of Power in Kingdoms and the Dynamics of the Political Processes in Western Han","authors":"Victoria V. Glazunova","doi":"10.17816/ch81803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/ch81803","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the interaction between the state system stability and the kingdoms system stability in the Western Han Empire, according to The Records of the Grand Historian written by Sima Qian and The Book of Han by Ban Gu. The stability of kingdoms system determines by the rate of legitimacy of the transfer of power in the kingdoms. The research also sheds a light on the reasons of the violation of the order of succession, including the rate of violent deaths of princes in the kingdoms. The paper quantitatively proves that the stability of the state system in Western Han requires the permanent instability at the level of kingdoms.","PeriodicalId":298584,"journal":{"name":"China: society and culture","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129999635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the earliest textual layers of the ancient Chinese Classics Shujing 書經. Analyzing the form and content of its chapters we determine their functions in the context of socio-political communication between different groups of ancient Chinese society and political class. While studying the formal properties of the shu, we come to reconstruct different types of its basic elements. This formal heterogeneity of early shu differentiates them greatly from the poetic hymns of Shijing 詩經, thus contradicting the well-spread hypothesis of the texts liturgical nature and functions. Exploring the main elements of narrative reveals the main recipient of its message, that being not the relatives of the royal lineage, but the servants, stewards and wardens of Luoyang, which is the spatial and chronological centre of narration. Thus we can reconstruct the main function of the texts, and that is to legitimize the communication and interaction between such groups of Zhou society and ruling class, which are not connected by kinship. This once again contradicts the liturgical hypothesis, as the stewards and servants were not connected to the cult of royal ancestors.
{"title":"The Functions of Shujing’s Earliest Chapters in Socio-Political Communication","authors":"Maxim S. Tseluyko","doi":"10.17816/ch81800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/ch81800","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the earliest textual layers of the ancient Chinese Classics Shujing 書經. Analyzing the form and content of its chapters we determine their functions in the context of socio-political communication between different groups of ancient Chinese society and political class. While studying the formal properties of the shu, we come to reconstruct different types of its basic elements. This formal heterogeneity of early shu differentiates them greatly from the poetic hymns of Shijing 詩經, thus contradicting the well-spread hypothesis of the texts liturgical nature and functions. Exploring the main elements of narrative reveals the main recipient of its message, that being not the relatives of the royal lineage, but the servants, stewards and wardens of Luoyang, which is the spatial and chronological centre of narration. Thus we can reconstruct the main function of the texts, and that is to legitimize the communication and interaction between such groups of Zhou society and ruling class, which are not connected by kinship. This once again contradicts the liturgical hypothesis, as the stewards and servants were not connected to the cult of royal ancestors.","PeriodicalId":298584,"journal":{"name":"China: society and culture","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123693736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This essay describes the papers published in this issue as (mostly) belonging to one problematic and methodological field, thus composing one scientific school or tradition. The main traits of this school are briefly outlined in the beginning. The papers written by the founder of the school, D. Deopik and his coauthor B. Ganshin comprise the first part of the issue, together with the papers of A. Andreeva and A. Kozhukhov. These papers are united by the problem of the era names, their functions, and correlation between them and real political process in the history of various empires, which existed on the territory of East Asia. The two papers comprising the second part of the issue, written by V. Bashkeev and V. Glazunova, have a common period of studies, that being the Western Han Empire. The last two papers of the issue are authored by O. Bonch-Osmolovskaya and M. Tseluyko. They deal with the problems of canon studies in China, researching exegetic tradition and the contents of ancient canonical text Shujing, respectively. Each paper presented in this issue either broadens or deepens the field of studies for their common scientific school, meaning that it either includes a new hitherto untouched (in this specific scientific school) problem and proposes a distinct approach to solving it or outlines a complication of the already existing problem, proposing an additional method for solving it. The only exception is the paper of O. Bonch-Osmolovskaya, which does not belong to the same scientific school as other papers on the issue but represents a good point for reflection and comparison.
{"title":"Introduction: The New Approaches to the Quantitative Structural Analysis of Chinese History","authors":"A. Maslov, Maxim S. Tseluyko","doi":"10.17816/ch81796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/ch81796","url":null,"abstract":"This essay describes the papers published in this issue as (mostly) belonging to one problematic and methodological field, thus composing one scientific school or tradition. The main traits of this school are briefly outlined in the beginning. The papers written by the founder of the school, D. Deopik and his coauthor B. Ganshin comprise the first part of the issue, together with the papers of A. Andreeva and A. Kozhukhov. These papers are united by the problem of the era names, their functions, and correlation between them and real political process in the history of various empires, which existed on the territory of East Asia. The two papers comprising the second part of the issue, written by V. Bashkeev and V. Glazunova, have a common period of studies, that being the Western Han Empire. The last two papers of the issue are authored by O. Bonch-Osmolovskaya and M. Tseluyko. They deal with the problems of canon studies in China, researching exegetic tradition and the contents of ancient canonical text Shujing, respectively. Each paper presented in this issue either broadens or deepens the field of studies for their common scientific school, meaning that it either includes a new hitherto untouched (in this specific scientific school) problem and proposes a distinct approach to solving it or outlines a complication of the already existing problem, proposing an additional method for solving it. The only exception is the paper of O. Bonch-Osmolovskaya, which does not belong to the same scientific school as other papers on the issue but represents a good point for reflection and comparison.","PeriodicalId":298584,"journal":{"name":"China: society and culture","volume":"273 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116286225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The review of the book (Lewis M.E. The Early Chinese Empires Qin and Han. Cambridge (MA): The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007) sums up the contents of the book and reviews its value for the world Han studies as well as those methods and research traditions of Western sinology in Ancient China studies which lay in the very base of the book creation. After paying respect to the advantages of the book, the author of this review discusses the effectiveness of methods used in the book for studying Chinese Ancient history.
{"title":"A Review of the Book «The Early Chinese Empires Qin and Han» by Mark E. Lewis","authors":"Victor V. Bashkeev","doi":"10.17816/ch108290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/ch108290","url":null,"abstract":"The review of the book (Lewis M.E. The Early Chinese Empires Qin and Han. Cambridge (MA): The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007) sums up the contents of the book and reviews its value for the world Han studies as well as those methods and research traditions of Western sinology in Ancient China studies which lay in the very base of the book creation. After paying respect to the advantages of the book, the author of this review discusses the effectiveness of methods used in the book for studying Chinese Ancient history.","PeriodicalId":298584,"journal":{"name":"China: society and culture","volume":"37 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134600768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper compares the subjective Chinese periodization through era (reign) names of the Tang emperor Gao-zong (649683 CE) reign to scientific model of periodization through means of analyzing change in political process. To accomplish this we explore the historical events laid out in the 4th chapter of the Jiu Tang shu 舊唐書 (Old book of Tang) chronicle, which is one of Chinese medieval standard Histories zhengshi 正史. Our research shows that the reign names periodization is founded upon the real changes of political and historical dynamic even in cases when our primary source lists the reasons of an era name change among the purely ritual, sacral, mantic and mystical happenings, like the omens, portents and emergence of fairy creatures.
{"title":"The Era Names Change and Periodization of the First Half of Tang Emperor Gao-zong (649–683 CE) Reign","authors":"A. Andreeva","doi":"10.17816/ch81804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/ch81804","url":null,"abstract":"This paper compares the subjective Chinese periodization through era (reign) names of the Tang emperor Gao-zong (649683 CE) reign to scientific model of periodization through means of analyzing change in political process. To accomplish this we explore the historical events laid out in the 4th chapter of the Jiu Tang shu 舊唐書 (Old book of Tang) chronicle, which is one of Chinese medieval standard Histories zhengshi 正史. Our research shows that the reign names periodization is founded upon the real changes of political and historical dynamic even in cases when our primary source lists the reasons of an era name change among the purely ritual, sacral, mantic and mystical happenings, like the omens, portents and emergence of fairy creatures.","PeriodicalId":298584,"journal":{"name":"China: society and culture","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115998788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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