Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1177/26338076221110272
D. Newton, Lesley A Hardcastle, Soula A Kontomichalos, J. McGillivray
Young people in residential out-of-home care are universally over-represented in the criminal justice system. This study presents an evaluation of Community around the Child, an early-intervention initiative designed to reduce contact with the criminal justice system among young people living in residential care in Victoria, Australia. Interviews and focus groups with professionals (n = 44) produced data that were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. The study found the program promoted positive relationships between young people in care and police and between police and residential carers. Increased knowledge on the part of both carers and police about the impact of trauma on young people’s behaviour and methods for supporting young people to regulate their behaviour contributed to these positive relationships. The study calls for a holistic, therapeutic response to the individual needs of young people who have experienced and continue to experience trauma. Essential to this is the provision of training in trauma informed care for police and other stakeholders.
{"title":"Community around the Child: Evaluation of a program to reduce the criminalisation of Australian youth in out-of-home care","authors":"D. Newton, Lesley A Hardcastle, Soula A Kontomichalos, J. McGillivray","doi":"10.1177/26338076221110272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26338076221110272","url":null,"abstract":"Young people in residential out-of-home care are universally over-represented in the criminal justice system. This study presents an evaluation of Community around the Child, an early-intervention initiative designed to reduce contact with the criminal justice system among young people living in residential care in Victoria, Australia. Interviews and focus groups with professionals (n = 44) produced data that were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. The study found the program promoted positive relationships between young people in care and police and between police and residential carers. Increased knowledge on the part of both carers and police about the impact of trauma on young people’s behaviour and methods for supporting young people to regulate their behaviour contributed to these positive relationships. The study calls for a holistic, therapeutic response to the individual needs of young people who have experienced and continue to experience trauma. Essential to this is the provision of training in trauma informed care for police and other stakeholders.","PeriodicalId":29902,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminology","volume":"55 1","pages":"338 - 358"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44789228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-29DOI: 10.1177/26338076221122939
Francis D. Boateng, M. Dzordzormenyoh, Damara Cavalcante
This paper sought to understand public attitudes and behavior toward criminal justice institutions in Brazil. Using a cross-sectional data from a sample of Brazilians, we made very important and intriguing observations about Brazilians’ attitudes. Among these observations is the finding that the presence of crime results in favorable attitudes toward the Brazilian judiciary. Also, sense of security, corruption (bribe solicitation), and citizens’ trust in the media predicted attitudes toward criminal justice institutions and officials. Given that this study is one of the few studies that have examined this issue in the Brazilian context, the findings serve as a starting point for discussion about improving the relationship between citizens and the system. Specific implications of the findings are discussed.
{"title":"Citizens’ attitudes toward legal authorities in Brazil: Examining the impact of crime, insecurity, and corruption","authors":"Francis D. Boateng, M. Dzordzormenyoh, Damara Cavalcante","doi":"10.1177/26338076221122939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26338076221122939","url":null,"abstract":"This paper sought to understand public attitudes and behavior toward criminal justice institutions in Brazil. Using a cross-sectional data from a sample of Brazilians, we made very important and intriguing observations about Brazilians’ attitudes. Among these observations is the finding that the presence of crime results in favorable attitudes toward the Brazilian judiciary. Also, sense of security, corruption (bribe solicitation), and citizens’ trust in the media predicted attitudes toward criminal justice institutions and officials. Given that this study is one of the few studies that have examined this issue in the Brazilian context, the findings serve as a starting point for discussion about improving the relationship between citizens and the system. Specific implications of the findings are discussed.","PeriodicalId":29902,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminology","volume":"55 1","pages":"604 - 620"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42984882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-22DOI: 10.1177/26338076221121402
G. Breetzke, Sophie Curtis-Ham, Jarrod Gilbert, Che Tibby
Previous research has shown that gang members typically emerge from more socially disorganised neighbourhoods. What is less known however is whether members of different types of gangs emerge from the same types of neighbourhoods. In this study, we use the social disorganisation theory as a framework to examine the spatial risk factors associated with two different types of gangs in New Zealand: Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs and New Zealand Adult Gangs. Overall, we found some consistency in spatial risk factors associated with gang membership by type in New Zealand; however, certain variables were significantly predictive of one type of gang membership but not of the other. The overall performance of our models also differed marginally depending on the type of gang being examined. In fact, our findings suggest some non-uniformity in the extent to which the various social disorganisation factors impact gang membership rates by type. The implications of this finding are discussed in the context of an ever-changing gang landscape in the country.
{"title":"The Mongrel Mob or Head Hunters? The association between neighbourhood-level factors on different types of gang membership in Aotearoa/New Zealand","authors":"G. Breetzke, Sophie Curtis-Ham, Jarrod Gilbert, Che Tibby","doi":"10.1177/26338076221121402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26338076221121402","url":null,"abstract":"Previous research has shown that gang members typically emerge from more socially disorganised neighbourhoods. What is less known however is whether members of different types of gangs emerge from the same types of neighbourhoods. In this study, we use the social disorganisation theory as a framework to examine the spatial risk factors associated with two different types of gangs in New Zealand: Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs and New Zealand Adult Gangs. Overall, we found some consistency in spatial risk factors associated with gang membership by type in New Zealand; however, certain variables were significantly predictive of one type of gang membership but not of the other. The overall performance of our models also differed marginally depending on the type of gang being examined. In fact, our findings suggest some non-uniformity in the extent to which the various social disorganisation factors impact gang membership rates by type. The implications of this finding are discussed in the context of an ever-changing gang landscape in the country.","PeriodicalId":29902,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminology","volume":"55 1","pages":"433 - 450"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44527187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-25DOI: 10.1177/26338076221114481
V. Truelove, Benjamin Davey, N. Watson-Brown
Drink and drug driving countermeasures have several similarities, yet also have a number of differences. To improve the effectiveness of these countermeasures, it is important to delineate the perceptions of both legal and non-legal factors between drink driving and drug driving. This study aimed to understand these differences and how legal and non-legal factors uniquely contribute to future intentions to engage in these illegal behaviours. A total of 546 licensed drivers who have a history of using both alcohol and drugs (marijuana, MDMA, and/or ice/speed) responded to an online survey that included legal deterrence measures as well as established measures of non-legal factors for both drink driving and drug driving. The non-legal factors included the fear of physical loss (e.g., fear of injuring yourself or others), social loss (e.g., social disapproval) and internal loss (e.g., guilt). Participants were more likely to report drug driving compared to drink driving, with a higher perceived chance of being caught for drink driving and more experience avoiding punishment for drug driving. Physical loss to others and internal loss were higher for drink driving. For both models, punishment avoidance was a significant predictor. Certainty of apprehension and severity punishment were only significant deterrents for drug driving, not drink driving. The threat of physical loss to oneself was a significant deterrent for drink driving, not drug driving. The results show that legal and non-legal deterrents are rated as lower for drug driving compared to drink driving, yet legal sanctions are still a deterrent for drug driving. Further, non-legal countermeasures are needed for both drink and drug driving that increase drivers’ perceived fear of physical loss to others, internal loss, and social sanctions associated with the behaviours.
{"title":"Examining the differences in perceived legal and non-legal factors between drink driving and drug driving","authors":"V. Truelove, Benjamin Davey, N. Watson-Brown","doi":"10.1177/26338076221114481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26338076221114481","url":null,"abstract":"Drink and drug driving countermeasures have several similarities, yet also have a number of differences. To improve the effectiveness of these countermeasures, it is important to delineate the perceptions of both legal and non-legal factors between drink driving and drug driving. This study aimed to understand these differences and how legal and non-legal factors uniquely contribute to future intentions to engage in these illegal behaviours. A total of 546 licensed drivers who have a history of using both alcohol and drugs (marijuana, MDMA, and/or ice/speed) responded to an online survey that included legal deterrence measures as well as established measures of non-legal factors for both drink driving and drug driving. The non-legal factors included the fear of physical loss (e.g., fear of injuring yourself or others), social loss (e.g., social disapproval) and internal loss (e.g., guilt). Participants were more likely to report drug driving compared to drink driving, with a higher perceived chance of being caught for drink driving and more experience avoiding punishment for drug driving. Physical loss to others and internal loss were higher for drink driving. For both models, punishment avoidance was a significant predictor. Certainty of apprehension and severity punishment were only significant deterrents for drug driving, not drink driving. The threat of physical loss to oneself was a significant deterrent for drink driving, not drug driving. The results show that legal and non-legal deterrents are rated as lower for drug driving compared to drink driving, yet legal sanctions are still a deterrent for drug driving. Further, non-legal countermeasures are needed for both drink and drug driving that increase drivers’ perceived fear of physical loss to others, internal loss, and social sanctions associated with the behaviours.","PeriodicalId":29902,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminology","volume":"56 1","pages":"59 - 77"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43117210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-25DOI: 10.1177/26338076221115891
E. Ferris, Stuart Ross
Wage theft, or the illegal non-payment of employee entitlements, is a pernicious and highly prevalent practice in industries across Australia, but particularly in hospitality. Despite recent media attention to cases involving some high-profile employers, little is known about how wage theft is experienced or understood by employees or the public. This research examines how wage theft is constructed and negotiated by employees and community members. Participants' constructions of wage theft reflected the consumerist, managerialist and individualist logics that have emerged in the wake of the intensive neoliberal restructuring of our economies and workplaces over the past three decades. It is argued that these views are also reflected in the current criminal enforcement regime that frames underpayment as a problem of rogue actors, rather than a social and structural issue. To disrupt the societal and disciplinary acceptance of wage theft, further criminological studies should aim to map out the direct and indirect harms arising from wage theft
{"title":"Decaffeinated resistance: Social constructions of wage theft in Melbourne’s hospitality industry","authors":"E. Ferris, Stuart Ross","doi":"10.1177/26338076221115891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26338076221115891","url":null,"abstract":"Wage theft, or the illegal non-payment of employee entitlements, is a pernicious and highly prevalent practice in industries across Australia, but particularly in hospitality. Despite recent media attention to cases involving some high-profile employers, little is known about how wage theft is experienced or understood by employees or the public. This research examines how wage theft is constructed and negotiated by employees and community members. Participants' constructions of wage theft reflected the consumerist, managerialist and individualist logics that have emerged in the wake of the intensive neoliberal restructuring of our economies and workplaces over the past three decades. It is argued that these views are also reflected in the current criminal enforcement regime that frames underpayment as a problem of rogue actors, rather than a social and structural issue. To disrupt the societal and disciplinary acceptance of wage theft, further criminological studies should aim to map out the direct and indirect harms arising from wage theft","PeriodicalId":29902,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminology","volume":"56 1","pages":"42 - 58"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43806075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-07DOI: 10.1177/26338076221113073
Kathryn McLachlan
Recently the concepts of ‘compassionate courts’, ‘humane justice’, ‘kindness in court’, and trauma-informed practice have emerged in legal theory and practice in the US, England, Scotland and Australia. This article uses a trauma-informed practice framework to examine how South Australian superior court judges acknowledge defendant trauma in sentencing. Trauma-informed sentencing practice requires that judges realise the presence of trauma, recognise its relevance, respond in a way that is informed by trauma and act to resist re-traumatisation. By using this ‘4Rs’ framework to analyse sentencing remarks of 448 defendants published in 2019, the presence of trauma-informed practice was explored. Analysis indicated that judges realised trauma was present in the lives of many defendants, particularly women and Aboriginal peoples, but did not always overtly recognise a link between trauma and criminal behaviour and were unlikely to refer to a defendant’s trauma history or use trauma-informed principles of practice in their sentencing response. Research findings were presented to judicial officers at a Judicial Development Day in 2021. The article reflects on those discussions as well as the primary research, when making recommendations for future sentencing practice primary for the judiciary, but also for legislators and legal practitioners.
{"title":"Trauma-informed sentencing in South Australian courts","authors":"Kathryn McLachlan","doi":"10.1177/26338076221113073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26338076221113073","url":null,"abstract":"Recently the concepts of ‘compassionate courts’, ‘humane justice’, ‘kindness in court’, and trauma-informed practice have emerged in legal theory and practice in the US, England, Scotland and Australia. This article uses a trauma-informed practice framework to examine how South Australian superior court judges acknowledge defendant trauma in sentencing. Trauma-informed sentencing practice requires that judges realise the presence of trauma, recognise its relevance, respond in a way that is informed by trauma and act to resist re-traumatisation. By using this ‘4Rs’ framework to analyse sentencing remarks of 448 defendants published in 2019, the presence of trauma-informed practice was explored. Analysis indicated that judges realised trauma was present in the lives of many defendants, particularly women and Aboriginal peoples, but did not always overtly recognise a link between trauma and criminal behaviour and were unlikely to refer to a defendant’s trauma history or use trauma-informed principles of practice in their sentencing response. Research findings were presented to judicial officers at a Judicial Development Day in 2021. The article reflects on those discussions as well as the primary research, when making recommendations for future sentencing practice primary for the judiciary, but also for legislators and legal practitioners.","PeriodicalId":29902,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminology","volume":"55 1","pages":"495 - 513"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42632923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-28DOI: 10.1177/26338076221110253
G. Walters
The purpose of this study was to determine whether perceived collective efficacy moderated the prospective relationship between school belonging and delinquency. Analyses were performed on a sample of 4048 youth (2020 boys, 1936 girls) from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC-K). Linear and negative binomial regression analyses performed with maximum likelihood (ML) and maximum likelihood with robust standard errors (MLR) estimators produced consistent results. Bootstrapped and normal theory analyses disclosed a significant interaction between school belonging and collective efficacy after age, sex, indigenous status, physical condition of dwelling, physical condition of surrounding housing, household income, weak parental monitoring, perceived peer delinquency, and prior delinquency were controlled. Further review of the significant interactive effect revealed that the increased levels of school belonging predicted decreased levels of future delinquency, but only when perceived collective efficacy was also elevated. These results support the presence of a small but significant conditional promotive effect.
{"title":"Schools and neighborhoods: Moderating the counter-delinquency effect of school belonging with perceived collective efficacy","authors":"G. Walters","doi":"10.1177/26338076221110253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26338076221110253","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to determine whether perceived collective efficacy moderated the prospective relationship between school belonging and delinquency. Analyses were performed on a sample of 4048 youth (2020 boys, 1936 girls) from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC-K). Linear and negative binomial regression analyses performed with maximum likelihood (ML) and maximum likelihood with robust standard errors (MLR) estimators produced consistent results. Bootstrapped and normal theory analyses disclosed a significant interaction between school belonging and collective efficacy after age, sex, indigenous status, physical condition of dwelling, physical condition of surrounding housing, household income, weak parental monitoring, perceived peer delinquency, and prior delinquency were controlled. Further review of the significant interactive effect revealed that the increased levels of school belonging predicted decreased levels of future delinquency, but only when perceived collective efficacy was also elevated. These results support the presence of a small but significant conditional promotive effect.","PeriodicalId":29902,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminology","volume":"55 1","pages":"306 - 321"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49626232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-23DOI: 10.1177/26338076221105898
Wai-Yin Wan, D. Weatherburn
Although they constitute a significant fraction of the workload of most courts, very little research has been conducted on the criminal careers of those who commit minor offences. Such research is important for both theoretical and practical reasons. It is of theoretical importance because the criminal careers of those who commit minor offences may differ significantly from those who commit serious offences. It is of practical importance because the assumed rate of re-offending among minor offenders has a bearing on both the sentence imposed and the question of whether some offences should be decriminalised. Use or possession of a prohibited drug is a common minor offence – and one that many have argued should be decriminalised. Little is known, however, about the criminal careers of those convicted of this offence. We do not know what proportion are rearrested, what further offences (if any) they commit, or what factors affect the rate of offending among those who do have further contact with the criminal justice system. To answer these questions, we examined a cohort of 13,953 people whose first proven offence was for the use or possession of a prohibited drug and examined their criminal careers over an average period of 4.4 years (sd. = 3.4 years, range = 20.8 years). The majority (73%) had no further contact with the NSW criminal justice system. The most common offence among those who did re-offend was another drug possession offence. Significantly higher risks of re-offending were found among those living in areas in the lowest quartile of disadvantage and among those found in possession of cannabis. The implications of these findings are discussed.
{"title":"Is arrest for prohibited drug use a prelude to more serious offending?","authors":"Wai-Yin Wan, D. Weatherburn","doi":"10.1177/26338076221105898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26338076221105898","url":null,"abstract":"Although they constitute a significant fraction of the workload of most courts, very little research has been conducted on the criminal careers of those who commit minor offences. Such research is important for both theoretical and practical reasons. It is of theoretical importance because the criminal careers of those who commit minor offences may differ significantly from those who commit serious offences. It is of practical importance because the assumed rate of re-offending among minor offenders has a bearing on both the sentence imposed and the question of whether some offences should be decriminalised. Use or possession of a prohibited drug is a common minor offence – and one that many have argued should be decriminalised. Little is known, however, about the criminal careers of those convicted of this offence. We do not know what proportion are rearrested, what further offences (if any) they commit, or what factors affect the rate of offending among those who do have further contact with the criminal justice system. To answer these questions, we examined a cohort of 13,953 people whose first proven offence was for the use or possession of a prohibited drug and examined their criminal careers over an average period of 4.4 years (sd. = 3.4 years, range = 20.8 years). The majority (73%) had no further contact with the NSW criminal justice system. The most common offence among those who did re-offend was another drug possession offence. Significantly higher risks of re-offending were found among those living in areas in the lowest quartile of disadvantage and among those found in possession of cannabis. The implications of these findings are discussed.","PeriodicalId":29902,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminology","volume":"55 1","pages":"322 - 337"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48337150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-06DOI: 10.1177/26338076221105899
Jacques Mellberg, Michael L. Chataway, M. Ball, Toby Miles-Johnson
The current study seeks to enhance the theoretical development of fear of crime by exploring the complex cognitive processes involved in risk perception formation. We apply Trope and Liberman’s construal level theory (CLT) of psychological distance to understand how and why these complex cognitive processes might shape an individual’s worry about crime. We pilot survey measures designed to capture perceptions of psychological distance and worry about crime using a convenience sample of N = 265 residents from Townsville, Queensland, Australia. Results of confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) reveal that these new measures have good scaling properties and that each dimension of psychological distance is empirically distinct. Multiple linear regression demonstrates that temporal, social and hypothetical psychological distance predicted worry at a statistically significant level, however, spatial distance was in the expected direction but was not statistically significant. These findings suggest that CLT is an appropriate lens to understand how individuals perceive their risk of criminal victimisation, but further research is needed to refine spatial distance survey measures. We recommend future research explores how psychological distance may interact with other well-known correlates of worry, such as age, gender and ethnicity.
{"title":"Psychological distance and fear of crime: Towards a new understanding of risk perception formation","authors":"Jacques Mellberg, Michael L. Chataway, M. Ball, Toby Miles-Johnson","doi":"10.1177/26338076221105899","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26338076221105899","url":null,"abstract":"The current study seeks to enhance the theoretical development of fear of crime by exploring the complex cognitive processes involved in risk perception formation. We apply Trope and Liberman’s construal level theory (CLT) of psychological distance to understand how and why these complex cognitive processes might shape an individual’s worry about crime. We pilot survey measures designed to capture perceptions of psychological distance and worry about crime using a convenience sample of N = 265 residents from Townsville, Queensland, Australia. Results of confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) reveal that these new measures have good scaling properties and that each dimension of psychological distance is empirically distinct. Multiple linear regression demonstrates that temporal, social and hypothetical psychological distance predicted worry at a statistically significant level, however, spatial distance was in the expected direction but was not statistically significant. These findings suggest that CLT is an appropriate lens to understand how individuals perceive their risk of criminal victimisation, but further research is needed to refine spatial distance survey measures. We recommend future research explores how psychological distance may interact with other well-known correlates of worry, such as age, gender and ethnicity.","PeriodicalId":29902,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminology","volume":"55 1","pages":"377 - 399"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42874655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.1177/26338076221087459
Jerome Reil, I. Lambie, R. Allen
Relative to those who first offend in adolescence, younger children who offend are at increased risk of engaging in serious, persistent, and violent offending. In addition, these children are at risk of a range of adverse psychosocial outcomes across the lifespan. Early intervention with children at risk of offending is therefore critical to support children to thrive and reduce offending and victimisation rates. This study sought to explore the backgrounds and experiences of children who offend prior to the age of 14 years to shed light on the development of child offending and assist early intervention efforts. Interviews with family members (with lived experience of interacting with the child welfare and child offending system) and frontline child welfare and judicial professionals (who directly engage with children who offend) (n = 33) were conducted. Their experiences show that children who offend have clear, significant, and unaddressed child welfare concerns, including growing up in poverty and experiencing abuse, which cumulatively impacts on children's normative development and can eventually culminate in offending. Participants called for urgent action to address the sociostructural concerns that underlie child welfare concerns and provide prompt and effective assistance to families in need to support children to thrive and prevent future victimisation.
{"title":"‘Offending doesn't happen in a vacuum’: The backgrounds and experiences of children under the age of 14 years who offend","authors":"Jerome Reil, I. Lambie, R. Allen","doi":"10.1177/26338076221087459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26338076221087459","url":null,"abstract":"Relative to those who first offend in adolescence, younger children who offend are at increased risk of engaging in serious, persistent, and violent offending. In addition, these children are at risk of a range of adverse psychosocial outcomes across the lifespan. Early intervention with children at risk of offending is therefore critical to support children to thrive and reduce offending and victimisation rates. This study sought to explore the backgrounds and experiences of children who offend prior to the age of 14 years to shed light on the development of child offending and assist early intervention efforts. Interviews with family members (with lived experience of interacting with the child welfare and child offending system) and frontline child welfare and judicial professionals (who directly engage with children who offend) (n = 33) were conducted. Their experiences show that children who offend have clear, significant, and unaddressed child welfare concerns, including growing up in poverty and experiencing abuse, which cumulatively impacts on children's normative development and can eventually culminate in offending. Participants called for urgent action to address the sociostructural concerns that underlie child welfare concerns and provide prompt and effective assistance to families in need to support children to thrive and prevent future victimisation.","PeriodicalId":29902,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminology","volume":"55 1","pages":"202 - 220"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43602426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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