Pub Date : 2024-01-03DOI: 10.1177/26338076231207406
Madeline Lee, Emily Moir, Nadine McKillop
The prevalence of sexual assaults against older people in Residential Aged Care Facilities (RACFs) is estimated to be more than double the incidents in the community, yet there is a paucity of empirical research focused on this context. Considering significant revelations and community concerns stemming from Australia's recent Royal Commission into Aged Care Quality and Safety, the current study sought to assess public knowledge of sexual assaults in RACFs, specifically, the causes, delegations of responsibility, and possible solutions to limit reoccurrences. Thematic analysis was conducted on 2,398 social media comments made in response to posts concerning sexual assault in RACFs ( n = 27 sources). Results suggest systemic factors frequently contributed to incidents (e.g., staffing insufficiencies, apathetic management, and meagre regulatory requirements), while improved guardianship, sanctions, and regulation were expected to mitigate risk. Notably, the government was frequently blamed for its role in establishing and maintaining conditions that manifest in abuse within RACFs, with responsibility also delegated to family members. Importantly, public opinion strongly coincided with prior empirical prevention recommendations, endorsing the implementation of identified measures to limit sexual victimisation risk in RACFs.
{"title":"Public views of sexual assault, and its prevention, in residential aged care facilities","authors":"Madeline Lee, Emily Moir, Nadine McKillop","doi":"10.1177/26338076231207406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26338076231207406","url":null,"abstract":"The prevalence of sexual assaults against older people in Residential Aged Care Facilities (RACFs) is estimated to be more than double the incidents in the community, yet there is a paucity of empirical research focused on this context. Considering significant revelations and community concerns stemming from Australia's recent Royal Commission into Aged Care Quality and Safety, the current study sought to assess public knowledge of sexual assaults in RACFs, specifically, the causes, delegations of responsibility, and possible solutions to limit reoccurrences. Thematic analysis was conducted on 2,398 social media comments made in response to posts concerning sexual assault in RACFs ( n = 27 sources). Results suggest systemic factors frequently contributed to incidents (e.g., staffing insufficiencies, apathetic management, and meagre regulatory requirements), while improved guardianship, sanctions, and regulation were expected to mitigate risk. Notably, the government was frequently blamed for its role in establishing and maintaining conditions that manifest in abuse within RACFs, with responsibility also delegated to family members. Importantly, public opinion strongly coincided with prior empirical prevention recommendations, endorsing the implementation of identified measures to limit sexual victimisation risk in RACFs.","PeriodicalId":29902,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminology","volume":"83 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139388085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-18DOI: 10.1177/26338076231219271
Martin Daly, Gretchen Perry, Megan E. Gath
Intimate partner homicide (IPH) is a worldwide scourge and a topic of great interest in New Zealand, but its patterns and prevalence have not been quantified and compared to those in other comparable countries such as Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Using a data set of the 187 IPH cases known to have occurred in New Zealand over 16 years, 174 of which involved current or former marriage (including de facto marriage) partners, we present analyses demonstrating the following. As in other comparable countries, a large majority of IPH victims are women, and the wife's youth, spousal age disparity, and de facto marriage are all associated with elevated risk. New Zealand is also unexceptional with respect to gross IPH rates, a very high incidence of recent marital separation as a trigger for male violence, a substantial incidence of offender suicide when the perpetrators are men but not when they are women and an overrepresentation of stepfamilies among the spousal cases. Despite frequent claims that New Zealand is exceptional in the magnitude of its intimate partner violence problem, the true picture is strikingly similar to that in other comparable countries.
{"title":"Intimate partner homicide in New Zealand, 2004–2019. Risk markers, demographic patterns, and prevalence","authors":"Martin Daly, Gretchen Perry, Megan E. Gath","doi":"10.1177/26338076231219271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26338076231219271","url":null,"abstract":"Intimate partner homicide (IPH) is a worldwide scourge and a topic of great interest in New Zealand, but its patterns and prevalence have not been quantified and compared to those in other comparable countries such as Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Using a data set of the 187 IPH cases known to have occurred in New Zealand over 16 years, 174 of which involved current or former marriage (including de facto marriage) partners, we present analyses demonstrating the following. As in other comparable countries, a large majority of IPH victims are women, and the wife's youth, spousal age disparity, and de facto marriage are all associated with elevated risk. New Zealand is also unexceptional with respect to gross IPH rates, a very high incidence of recent marital separation as a trigger for male violence, a substantial incidence of offender suicide when the perpetrators are men but not when they are women and an overrepresentation of stepfamilies among the spousal cases. Despite frequent claims that New Zealand is exceptional in the magnitude of its intimate partner violence problem, the true picture is strikingly similar to that in other comparable countries.","PeriodicalId":29902,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminology","volume":"130 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139173737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-17DOI: 10.1177/26338076231211014
Eeva Järveläinen, T. Rantanen
Digitalisation offers prisons versatile opportunities to promote the rehabilitation of incarcerated people during their imprisonment, on their return to society, and in communicating with relatives and service providers such as social welfare and health care services, housing services, and employment services. This study focuses on the Hämeenlinna prison, which is Finland's first closed women's prison using personal in-cell laptops for each incarcerated person. We ask (1) how is the principle of normalisation realised in the adoption of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in a women's prison and (2) how do cultural factors hinder the adoption of ICTs in prison. Research material was collected through ethnographic fieldwork and research interviews (22 prison employees and 15 incarcerated women). According to the results, the use of ICTs diversified and enhanced internal communication in the prison and offered a new tool for interacting in prison. The prison offered a limited opportunity for video-mediated motherhood, and efforts were made to respond to women's multi-problematic service needs in prison, and through utilising various digital services. However, the study shows that the realisation of the principle of normalisation in the adoption of ICT in a women's prison poses many challenges. Furthermore, security-oriented thinking and passive resistance appeared as key cultural factors that slow down the adoption of ICTs and new practices. As a conclusion, it can be stated that the adoption of ICTs and the construction of a new prison culture that utilises technology is a long-term process that requires a change in practices, culture and policies that emphasise security.
{"title":"Realisation of the principle of normalisation in the adoption of ICTs in a women's prison: A Finnish qualitative study","authors":"Eeva Järveläinen, T. Rantanen","doi":"10.1177/26338076231211014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26338076231211014","url":null,"abstract":"Digitalisation offers prisons versatile opportunities to promote the rehabilitation of incarcerated people during their imprisonment, on their return to society, and in communicating with relatives and service providers such as social welfare and health care services, housing services, and employment services. This study focuses on the Hämeenlinna prison, which is Finland's first closed women's prison using personal in-cell laptops for each incarcerated person. We ask (1) how is the principle of normalisation realised in the adoption of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in a women's prison and (2) how do cultural factors hinder the adoption of ICTs in prison. Research material was collected through ethnographic fieldwork and research interviews (22 prison employees and 15 incarcerated women). According to the results, the use of ICTs diversified and enhanced internal communication in the prison and offered a new tool for interacting in prison. The prison offered a limited opportunity for video-mediated motherhood, and efforts were made to respond to women's multi-problematic service needs in prison, and through utilising various digital services. However, the study shows that the realisation of the principle of normalisation in the adoption of ICT in a women's prison poses many challenges. Furthermore, security-oriented thinking and passive resistance appeared as key cultural factors that slow down the adoption of ICTs and new practices. As a conclusion, it can be stated that the adoption of ICTs and the construction of a new prison culture that utilises technology is a long-term process that requires a change in practices, culture and policies that emphasise security.","PeriodicalId":29902,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminology","volume":"25 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138966236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-26DOI: 10.1177/26338076231213090
Alexandra Macafee, E. Reeves
Family violence and mental health are pervasive and wicked problems, and the state of Victoria (Australia) has emphasised these areas of focus through two dedicated Royal Commissions. Despite the increased prioritisation of mental health and family violence and recognition of existing systems and policy failures, research into the overlap of these two areas remains limited. This article examines the unique and elevated risk factors of mental health consumers experiencing coercive control and poor system experiences/intervention outcomes as victim-survivors. Utilising lived experience accounts from the Royal Commission into Family Violence and the Royal Commission into Victoria's Mental Health System, this study qualitatively analyses 60 submissions and draws compelling parallels between consumer and victim-survivor experiences, and examines how they intersect at critical junctures to exacerbate risk. The findings suggest that mental health consumers have existing experiences and identity aspects that put them at high risk of being targeted by coercive control and experiencing unique tactics of abuse related to their mental health diagnoses. This article highlights that lived experience expertise is essential for bridging the gap in policy and practice.
{"title":"Lived experiences at the intersection: Understanding the overlap of family violence and mental health for victim-survivors and consumers in Victoria, Australia","authors":"Alexandra Macafee, E. Reeves","doi":"10.1177/26338076231213090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26338076231213090","url":null,"abstract":"Family violence and mental health are pervasive and wicked problems, and the state of Victoria (Australia) has emphasised these areas of focus through two dedicated Royal Commissions. Despite the increased prioritisation of mental health and family violence and recognition of existing systems and policy failures, research into the overlap of these two areas remains limited. This article examines the unique and elevated risk factors of mental health consumers experiencing coercive control and poor system experiences/intervention outcomes as victim-survivors. Utilising lived experience accounts from the Royal Commission into Family Violence and the Royal Commission into Victoria's Mental Health System, this study qualitatively analyses 60 submissions and draws compelling parallels between consumer and victim-survivor experiences, and examines how they intersect at critical junctures to exacerbate risk. The findings suggest that mental health consumers have existing experiences and identity aspects that put them at high risk of being targeted by coercive control and experiencing unique tactics of abuse related to their mental health diagnoses. This article highlights that lived experience expertise is essential for bridging the gap in policy and practice.","PeriodicalId":29902,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminology","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139235740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-07DOI: 10.1177/26338076231208028
Glenn D Walters
In an effort to understand the segment of the juvenile population that seemingly ceases engaging in delinquency during adolescence, the relationship between a performance competency (task persistence) and offending was explored in 3,928 youth (2,005 boys and 1,923 girls) from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Three waves of data, with adjacent time periods separated by two years, were used to test the hypothesis that a change in task persistence would correlate with a change in future delinquency. Given that the two dependent variables in this study (delinquency at Time 2 and delinquency at Time 3) followed a negative binomial distribution, negative binomial regression and binomial logistic regression analyses were performed. Results from both analyses confirmed the hypothesis that a rise in task persistence from Time 1 to Time 2 would predict a decrease in delinquency from Time 1 to Time 2 to Time 3 and that a static measure of task persistence at Time 1 would predict a change in delinquency from Time 1 to Time 2. These results suggest that task persistence may be a competency capable of suppressing delinquency during a developmental period in which delinquency ordinarily rises.
{"title":"Task persistence as a competency capable of reducing delinquency in early to mid-adolescence","authors":"Glenn D Walters","doi":"10.1177/26338076231208028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26338076231208028","url":null,"abstract":"In an effort to understand the segment of the juvenile population that seemingly ceases engaging in delinquency during adolescence, the relationship between a performance competency (task persistence) and offending was explored in 3,928 youth (2,005 boys and 1,923 girls) from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Three waves of data, with adjacent time periods separated by two years, were used to test the hypothesis that a change in task persistence would correlate with a change in future delinquency. Given that the two dependent variables in this study (delinquency at Time 2 and delinquency at Time 3) followed a negative binomial distribution, negative binomial regression and binomial logistic regression analyses were performed. Results from both analyses confirmed the hypothesis that a rise in task persistence from Time 1 to Time 2 would predict a decrease in delinquency from Time 1 to Time 2 to Time 3 and that a static measure of task persistence at Time 1 would predict a change in delinquency from Time 1 to Time 2. These results suggest that task persistence may be a competency capable of suppressing delinquency during a developmental period in which delinquency ordinarily rises.","PeriodicalId":29902,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminology","volume":"74 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135539700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-07DOI: 10.1177/26338076231208769
Janko Međedović, Nikola Drndarević, Milena Milićević
In the present research, we analysed the properties of the Measuring the Quality of Prison Life (MQPL) survey in Serbia; it assesses five dimensions of prisoners’ well-being (harmony, professionalism, security, conditions and family contact, and well-being and development) composed of 21 narrow scales. The participants were 650 prisoners serving sentences in five prisons. Reliabilities (measured by both Cronbach's alphas and test–retest correlations) were high for most narrow scales and excellent for global scales. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a satisfactory fit of the model although the MQPL dimensions showed high intercorrelations (indicating elevated informational redundancy). The validity of the scales was established by detecting positive correlations with the WHOQOL-BREF quality of life scale and by capturing the differences between the five prisons in which the data were collected. We used network analysis to detect the most central nodes in MQPL: analysis on the dimension level revealed that harmony, professionalism, and well-being and development had high centrality. Estimating the network on the level of narrow scales demonstrated that prisoners’ well-being, organisation and consistency in prison activities, and help and assistance from prison staff were central aspects of their quality of life. Therefore, the present findings show that MQPL scales have high reliability and validity, the model fits the empirical data, and the central aspects of prisoners’ quality of life are identified; at the same time, we also analysed the limitations of MQPL. In general, the results suggest that MQPL is a valuable tool for assessing the quality of life and social climate in prisons.
{"title":"Integrating standard and network psychometrics to assess the quality of prison life in Serbia","authors":"Janko Međedović, Nikola Drndarević, Milena Milićević","doi":"10.1177/26338076231208769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26338076231208769","url":null,"abstract":"In the present research, we analysed the properties of the Measuring the Quality of Prison Life (MQPL) survey in Serbia; it assesses five dimensions of prisoners’ well-being (harmony, professionalism, security, conditions and family contact, and well-being and development) composed of 21 narrow scales. The participants were 650 prisoners serving sentences in five prisons. Reliabilities (measured by both Cronbach's alphas and test–retest correlations) were high for most narrow scales and excellent for global scales. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a satisfactory fit of the model although the MQPL dimensions showed high intercorrelations (indicating elevated informational redundancy). The validity of the scales was established by detecting positive correlations with the WHOQOL-BREF quality of life scale and by capturing the differences between the five prisons in which the data were collected. We used network analysis to detect the most central nodes in MQPL: analysis on the dimension level revealed that harmony, professionalism, and well-being and development had high centrality. Estimating the network on the level of narrow scales demonstrated that prisoners’ well-being, organisation and consistency in prison activities, and help and assistance from prison staff were central aspects of their quality of life. Therefore, the present findings show that MQPL scales have high reliability and validity, the model fits the empirical data, and the central aspects of prisoners’ quality of life are identified; at the same time, we also analysed the limitations of MQPL. In general, the results suggest that MQPL is a valuable tool for assessing the quality of life and social climate in prisons.","PeriodicalId":29902,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminology","volume":"73 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135539538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1177/26338076231209044
Timothy Piatkowski, Nick Gibbs, Matthew Dunn
This study aimed to investigate how Anabolic–Androgenic Steroid (AAS) users and healthcare professionals perceive the criminalisation of AAS on users’ ability to seek help and, ultimately, what effect this has on the health outcomes for these consumers. This study triangulated the views ( N = 24) of male ( n = 8) and female ( n = 7) AAS users ( M age = 35.4, SD = 9.1), as well as healthcare providers ( n = 9), regarding how the criminalisation of AAS had an impact on consumers’ health behaviours and help-seeking. Data were analysed thematically. An overarching narrative was developed regarding the “politicogenic drug effects” which emerge from the illegality of AAS with three overarching themes. First, participants expressed challenges in seeking help and support due to the stigma and fear associated with the illegal nature of AAS use. This fear stemmed from the criminalisation of AAS and the potential legal consequences. Participants also highlighted the social challenges and the need for secrecy surrounding AAS use, which further hindered open discussions and engagement with healthcare providers. The cohort emphasised the close-knit social networks among AAS users, offering support and shared experiences but also entangled in the criminality associated with AAS use. Moreover, participants acknowledged the difficulties in promoting harm reduction initiatives due to the need for secrecy and the potential social and economic disadvantages. The escalation of AAS criminalisation that has impacted both consumers and healthcare professionals has exacerbated the challenges associated with their interaction, further impeding a relationship already fraught with obstacles. Consequently, users remain entrenched within the illicit market, with few options for harm reduction intervention. The study advocates for a rethinking of AAS policies, considering a potential reclassification aligned with the United Kingdom's Class C framework to destigmatise use and promote harm reduction. This shift would require comprehensive research to assess its impact on public health, user behaviour, and harm reduction outcomes.
{"title":"Beyond the law: Exploring the impact of criminalising anabolic–androgenic steroid use on help-seeking and health outcomes in Australia","authors":"Timothy Piatkowski, Nick Gibbs, Matthew Dunn","doi":"10.1177/26338076231209044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26338076231209044","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to investigate how Anabolic–Androgenic Steroid (AAS) users and healthcare professionals perceive the criminalisation of AAS on users’ ability to seek help and, ultimately, what effect this has on the health outcomes for these consumers. This study triangulated the views ( N = 24) of male ( n = 8) and female ( n = 7) AAS users ( M age = 35.4, SD = 9.1), as well as healthcare providers ( n = 9), regarding how the criminalisation of AAS had an impact on consumers’ health behaviours and help-seeking. Data were analysed thematically. An overarching narrative was developed regarding the “politicogenic drug effects” which emerge from the illegality of AAS with three overarching themes. First, participants expressed challenges in seeking help and support due to the stigma and fear associated with the illegal nature of AAS use. This fear stemmed from the criminalisation of AAS and the potential legal consequences. Participants also highlighted the social challenges and the need for secrecy surrounding AAS use, which further hindered open discussions and engagement with healthcare providers. The cohort emphasised the close-knit social networks among AAS users, offering support and shared experiences but also entangled in the criminality associated with AAS use. Moreover, participants acknowledged the difficulties in promoting harm reduction initiatives due to the need for secrecy and the potential social and economic disadvantages. The escalation of AAS criminalisation that has impacted both consumers and healthcare professionals has exacerbated the challenges associated with their interaction, further impeding a relationship already fraught with obstacles. Consequently, users remain entrenched within the illicit market, with few options for harm reduction intervention. The study advocates for a rethinking of AAS policies, considering a potential reclassification aligned with the United Kingdom's Class C framework to destigmatise use and promote harm reduction. This shift would require comprehensive research to assess its impact on public health, user behaviour, and harm reduction outcomes.","PeriodicalId":29902,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminology","volume":"130 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135371948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-12DOI: 10.1177/26338076231202047
Patricia Collingwood, Lorraine Mazerolle, Stephanie M. Cardwell
School truancy is associated with many negative life outcomes, including violent, property, and drug offending, lower levels of education, and subsequently lower status and lower-paying jobs. These negative life outcomes are also related to future reliance on government welfare payments. This research sought to identify how high school truancy affects young people's welfare receipt dynamics in emerging adulthood. It uses longitudinal data from a nationally representative household panel survey (the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey) to estimate the effect of truancy on young people's likelihood of receiving government-paid cash transfers in emerging adulthood. We find that young people who are truant are over four times more likely to receive cash transfers than young people who are not truant. Findings also show that the extent of truancy does not impact the likelihood of welfare receipt, even when differentiating between infrequent and problem truants. We conclude with some comments on truancy's role in welfare dynamics.
{"title":"School truancy and welfare receipt dynamics in early adulthood: A longitudinal study","authors":"Patricia Collingwood, Lorraine Mazerolle, Stephanie M. Cardwell","doi":"10.1177/26338076231202047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26338076231202047","url":null,"abstract":"School truancy is associated with many negative life outcomes, including violent, property, and drug offending, lower levels of education, and subsequently lower status and lower-paying jobs. These negative life outcomes are also related to future reliance on government welfare payments. This research sought to identify how high school truancy affects young people's welfare receipt dynamics in emerging adulthood. It uses longitudinal data from a nationally representative household panel survey (the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey) to estimate the effect of truancy on young people's likelihood of receiving government-paid cash transfers in emerging adulthood. We find that young people who are truant are over four times more likely to receive cash transfers than young people who are not truant. Findings also show that the extent of truancy does not impact the likelihood of welfare receipt, even when differentiating between infrequent and problem truants. We conclude with some comments on truancy's role in welfare dynamics.","PeriodicalId":29902,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminology","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135923144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-26DOI: 10.1177/26338076231199542
Darren Green
The impact of random breath testing (RBT) on alcohol-related traffic crashes has been the subject of numerous studies over the past 30 years. The existing body of research clearly identifies the positive impact of RBT programmes around the world. However, very little is known about when and where RBT is deployed locally to achieve the desired outcomes. By understanding how RBT is being deployed in space and time opportunities may be identified to improve current practices. To start addressing this gap, the current paper characterises the location and timing of RBT within a Queensland Police District. Results identify RBT is more likely to be conducted within specific locations, on particular days and at particular times. These outcomes provide a level of clarity over the operationalisation of RBT, offering opportunities to explore how this strategy could be varied to try and improve road safety outcomes, for example, increasing the diversity of RBT locations or evening out the number of tests conducted each day of the week to increase the perceived certainty of sanctions. The results also have implications for future research. Of interest would be the impact of RBT predictability on perceptions of avoidance. The repeat police presence also provides an opportunity for future research to explore a potential diffusion of benefit, crime reduction. These implications are discussed, within the context of the extant literature, to guide future research aiming to maximise the efficacy and efficiency of RBT programmes.
{"title":"Anytime, anywhere: Understanding random breath testing deployments at the local level","authors":"Darren Green","doi":"10.1177/26338076231199542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26338076231199542","url":null,"abstract":"The impact of random breath testing (RBT) on alcohol-related traffic crashes has been the subject of numerous studies over the past 30 years. The existing body of research clearly identifies the positive impact of RBT programmes around the world. However, very little is known about when and where RBT is deployed locally to achieve the desired outcomes. By understanding how RBT is being deployed in space and time opportunities may be identified to improve current practices. To start addressing this gap, the current paper characterises the location and timing of RBT within a Queensland Police District. Results identify RBT is more likely to be conducted within specific locations, on particular days and at particular times. These outcomes provide a level of clarity over the operationalisation of RBT, offering opportunities to explore how this strategy could be varied to try and improve road safety outcomes, for example, increasing the diversity of RBT locations or evening out the number of tests conducted each day of the week to increase the perceived certainty of sanctions. The results also have implications for future research. Of interest would be the impact of RBT predictability on perceptions of avoidance. The repeat police presence also provides an opportunity for future research to explore a potential diffusion of benefit, crime reduction. These implications are discussed, within the context of the extant literature, to guide future research aiming to maximise the efficacy and efficiency of RBT programmes.","PeriodicalId":29902,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminology","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134960299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-26DOI: 10.1177/26338076231199793
Chad Whelan, David Bright, James Martin
The concept of organised cybercrime has been the subject of much debate over the last decade. Many researchers who have applied scholarly definitions of organised crime to cyber-criminal groups have concluded that such groups are not “organised criminal groups” and do not engage in “organised crime”. This paper adopts a different perspective to argue that certain cyber-criminal groups involved in ransomware can and should be considered organised crime if a more contemporary and flexible framework for conceptualising organised crime is adopted. We make this argument using three primary domains of organised crime first described by von Lampe: criminal activities, offender social structures, and extra-legal governance. We narrow in on the concepts of violence and extra-legal governance in particular as they have been interpreted to hold significant differences for criminal groups operating in physical and digital domains. The paper argues that it is time to move on from criminological debates regarding whether organised cybercrime can exist to focus on the many rich questions that researchers can take from organised crime scholarship and apply to cyber-criminal groups. We put forward a reconceptualisation of organised cybercrime towards this end.
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