Pub Date : 2022-11-07DOI: 10.1177/26338076221135330
M. Parker, K. Richards
Very little has previously been documented about judicial decision-making in relation to young people who commit sexual offences. This article begins to address this gap by examining judicial decision-making in cases of young people with sexual offence convictions in one Australian jurisdiction. Employing a qualitative content analysis of sentencing remarks and judgments, it investigates how judicial decision-makers construct this cohort of young people given the ‘central paradox’ that young offenders are typically regarded as reformable while sexual offenders are not. Results of the study make an original contribution toward understanding judicial constructions of both sex offenders and youth offenders, and in particular toward the very under-researched area of judicial constructions of youthful sexual offenders specifically. In doing so, the study offers a much-needed evidence base that can contribute to a better understanding of judicial reasoning.
{"title":"A ‘central paradox’: Judicial decision-making in cases of sexual offending by young people","authors":"M. Parker, K. Richards","doi":"10.1177/26338076221135330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26338076221135330","url":null,"abstract":"Very little has previously been documented about judicial decision-making in relation to young people who commit sexual offences. This article begins to address this gap by examining judicial decision-making in cases of young people with sexual offence convictions in one Australian jurisdiction. Employing a qualitative content analysis of sentencing remarks and judgments, it investigates how judicial decision-makers construct this cohort of young people given the ‘central paradox’ that young offenders are typically regarded as reformable while sexual offenders are not. Results of the study make an original contribution toward understanding judicial constructions of both sex offenders and youth offenders, and in particular toward the very under-researched area of judicial constructions of youthful sexual offenders specifically. In doing so, the study offers a much-needed evidence base that can contribute to a better understanding of judicial reasoning.","PeriodicalId":29902,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminology","volume":"56 1","pages":"26 - 41"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49191925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-09DOI: 10.1177/26338076221110251
W. Forrest
Despite widespread community concern about the incidence of lethal violence against women in Australia, the numbers and rates of women murdered each year have been falling for almost 30 years. The risk of homicide victimisation among Australian women is now the lowest it has ever been since federation. Few studies have explored these patterns or sought to explain their development. One plausible explanation, anticipated by feminist theories of violence, is that homicide has declined as the status of women and gender equality have increased. In this paper, I analyse changes in the annual female homicide victimisation rate in Australia from 1962 to 2016. Using unobserved components models, I investigate the extent to which increases in either the status of women or gender equality can account for the decline in female homicide victimisation since the late 1980s. Despite absolute and relative advances in women's educational access and achievement, labour force participation, and earnings, those changes had little discernible impact on the aggregate-level risk of lethal violence against women. Instead, other social and economic conditions, such as falling unemployment, the shrinking of the young male population and ongoing urbanisation, seem better able to explain recent improvements in women's safety.
{"title":"The drop in female homicide victimisation in Australia","authors":"W. Forrest","doi":"10.1177/26338076221110251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26338076221110251","url":null,"abstract":"Despite widespread community concern about the incidence of lethal violence against women in Australia, the numbers and rates of women murdered each year have been falling for almost 30 years. The risk of homicide victimisation among Australian women is now the lowest it has ever been since federation. Few studies have explored these patterns or sought to explain their development. One plausible explanation, anticipated by feminist theories of violence, is that homicide has declined as the status of women and gender equality have increased. In this paper, I analyse changes in the annual female homicide victimisation rate in Australia from 1962 to 2016. Using unobserved components models, I investigate the extent to which increases in either the status of women or gender equality can account for the decline in female homicide victimisation since the late 1980s. Despite absolute and relative advances in women's educational access and achievement, labour force participation, and earnings, those changes had little discernible impact on the aggregate-level risk of lethal violence against women. Instead, other social and economic conditions, such as falling unemployment, the shrinking of the young male population and ongoing urbanisation, seem better able to explain recent improvements in women's safety.","PeriodicalId":29902,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminology","volume":"55 1","pages":"403 - 432"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44515156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-05DOI: 10.1177/26338076221128997
D. Weatherburn
There are stark and enduring differences between the Australian States and Territories in their rates of imprisonment. The Australian Capital Territory, for example, has an imprisonment rate of 113/100,000 population. The Northern Territory imprisonment rate is more than 8 times the Australian Capital Territory rate, and 41% higher than the imprisonment rate in Louisiana; the US state with the highest imprisonment rate in that country. The disparity is not limited to the Australian Territories. The imprisonment rates of Western Australia, Queensland, South Australia, and New South Wales are between 1.5 and 2.4 times higher than the Victoria rate. The aim of the present article is to determine whether the lower rate of entry into Victorian prisons is due to less frequent use of imprisonment or a lower arrest/court appearance rate. We find that the principal reason is a lower court appearance rate, particularly in relation to traffic and vehicle regulatory offences, justice procedure and related offences, burglary/break and enter, and illicit drug offences.
{"title":"Interjurisdictional differences in Australian imprisonment rates: Sentencing or arrest rates?","authors":"D. Weatherburn","doi":"10.1177/26338076221128997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26338076221128997","url":null,"abstract":"There are stark and enduring differences between the Australian States and Territories in their rates of imprisonment. The Australian Capital Territory, for example, has an imprisonment rate of 113/100,000 population. The Northern Territory imprisonment rate is more than 8 times the Australian Capital Territory rate, and 41% higher than the imprisonment rate in Louisiana; the US state with the highest imprisonment rate in that country. The disparity is not limited to the Australian Territories. The imprisonment rates of Western Australia, Queensland, South Australia, and New South Wales are between 1.5 and 2.4 times higher than the Victoria rate. The aim of the present article is to determine whether the lower rate of entry into Victorian prisons is due to less frequent use of imprisonment or a lower arrest/court appearance rate. We find that the principal reason is a lower court appearance rate, particularly in relation to traffic and vehicle regulatory offences, justice procedure and related offences, burglary/break and enter, and illicit drug offences.","PeriodicalId":29902,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminology","volume":"55 1","pages":"621 - 635"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43543044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1177/26338076221128996
Bronwyn Naylor, G. Heydon
Criminal record checking is now widespread in Australia. Aboriginal people are disproportionately represented in the criminal justice system, for a range of reasons including historic levels of disadvantage due to colonisation. They are therefore disproportionately likely to be negatively affected by criminal record checking when seeking employment, when taking on community governance roles, when being considered as kinship carers and so on. At the same time, productive and rewarding employment, and engagement in governance roles, are vital aspects of Aboriginal people's participation, contribution and engagement across all parts of the Australian community. This article examines practices, protocols and experiences of employers, employment agencies and government organisations in Western Australia and the Northern Territory managing the potential impact of a criminal record on Aboriginal employment. The article identifies four fields that can give rise to good employment practice: Background Checking; Recruitment; Risk Management; and Support and Engagement.
{"title":"Criminal records, discrimination, and Aboriginal communities: Enhancing employment opportunities","authors":"Bronwyn Naylor, G. Heydon","doi":"10.1177/26338076221128996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26338076221128996","url":null,"abstract":"Criminal record checking is now widespread in Australia. Aboriginal people are disproportionately represented in the criminal justice system, for a range of reasons including historic levels of disadvantage due to colonisation. They are therefore disproportionately likely to be negatively affected by criminal record checking when seeking employment, when taking on community governance roles, when being considered as kinship carers and so on. At the same time, productive and rewarding employment, and engagement in governance roles, are vital aspects of Aboriginal people's participation, contribution and engagement across all parts of the Australian community. This article examines practices, protocols and experiences of employers, employment agencies and government organisations in Western Australia and the Northern Territory managing the potential impact of a criminal record on Aboriginal employment. The article identifies four fields that can give rise to good employment practice: Background Checking; Recruitment; Risk Management; and Support and Engagement.","PeriodicalId":29902,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminology","volume":"55 1","pages":"514 - 531"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48145395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1177/26338076221129926
Katherine Roscoe, B. Godfrey
This article analyses how the criminalisation and imprisonment of Aboriginal people operated as tools of colonisation in Western Australia (WA) in the nineteenth century, and how this shaped the postcolonial criminal justice system. The racialised double standard embedded in the colonial foundations of state institutions, including the criminal justice system, rippled across generations of Aboriginal people: a reiterative and disruptive process that we dub the ‘postcolonial churn’. This term, adapted from the ‘carceral churn’, describes the destabilising mobilisations embedded in carceral and settler-colonial logics over the long term. It uses data from archival prison registers (Rottnest Island 1838–1931 and Roebourne Prison 1908–1961), as well as historic court, police and newspaper data to map the use of the criminal code in protecting and expanding colonial property rights in the original waves of settler-colonisation. WA is an outlier among the Australian colonies: it was the largest in terms of size (2,642,753 km2), the last colony to receive European convicts (1850–1868), and the last to be awarded self-government (1890). This created a situation where the British government dictated policy for legal forms of subjugation of Aboriginal people at the frontier (first for resisting pastoral industry, later as workers in it) which butted up against localised extra-legal violence by police and settlers. We can trace this dichotomy between policy and practice in the development of surveillance and policing of Aboriginal populations across time and settler-colonial space due to the protracted pace of frontier ‘development’. Revealing the mediated historical aspects of structural racism is crucial to analysing the persistence of racialised policing in postcolonial settings and understanding why, despite repeated inquiries into mistreatment of Aboriginal people, institutional inertia remains.
{"title":"Postcolonial churn and the impact of the criminal justice system on Aboriginal people in Western Australia, 1829–2020","authors":"Katherine Roscoe, B. Godfrey","doi":"10.1177/26338076221129926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26338076221129926","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyses how the criminalisation and imprisonment of Aboriginal people operated as tools of colonisation in Western Australia (WA) in the nineteenth century, and how this shaped the postcolonial criminal justice system. The racialised double standard embedded in the colonial foundations of state institutions, including the criminal justice system, rippled across generations of Aboriginal people: a reiterative and disruptive process that we dub the ‘postcolonial churn’. This term, adapted from the ‘carceral churn’, describes the destabilising mobilisations embedded in carceral and settler-colonial logics over the long term. It uses data from archival prison registers (Rottnest Island 1838–1931 and Roebourne Prison 1908–1961), as well as historic court, police and newspaper data to map the use of the criminal code in protecting and expanding colonial property rights in the original waves of settler-colonisation. WA is an outlier among the Australian colonies: it was the largest in terms of size (2,642,753 km2), the last colony to receive European convicts (1850–1868), and the last to be awarded self-government (1890). This created a situation where the British government dictated policy for legal forms of subjugation of Aboriginal people at the frontier (first for resisting pastoral industry, later as workers in it) which butted up against localised extra-legal violence by police and settlers. We can trace this dichotomy between policy and practice in the development of surveillance and policing of Aboriginal populations across time and settler-colonial space due to the protracted pace of frontier ‘development’. Revealing the mediated historical aspects of structural racism is crucial to analysing the persistence of racialised policing in postcolonial settings and understanding why, despite repeated inquiries into mistreatment of Aboriginal people, institutional inertia remains.","PeriodicalId":29902,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminology","volume":"55 1","pages":"532 - 549"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41422693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-26DOI: 10.1177/26338076221127047
S. Walker, Michael Curtis, Emma Woods, L. Pierce, A. Kirwan, A. Stewart, R. Cossar, R. Winter, P. Dietze, S. Kinner, J. Ogloff, T. Butler, M. Stoové
Studies aimed at improving the health and well-being needs of people in prison are increasing in number. The ethical and logistical challenges of conducting this research, however, pose challenges for researchers which can limit its scope. Emerging literature provides insights into these challenges, but little is focused on the Australian perspective, and most are based on the experiences of recruiting and collecting data for ethnographic and qualitative research. Literature describing the challenges of conducting quantitative prospective studies in prisons is limited. Furthermore, despite the fact that people who inject drugs are overrepresented amongst prison populations, and experience higher levels of socioeconomic disadvantage and poorer health than the general prison population, we are unaware of literature describing the particular sensitivities associated with their recruitment and participation in research in prisons. We intend to address these gaps by drawing on our experience and reflecting on learnings that emerged from longitudinal research we conducted with 400 incarcerated males with recent histories of injecting drug use, in Victoria, Australia. Our aim is to provide guidance and lessons for future research.
{"title":"Reflections on the in-prison recruitment and participation of men with a history of injecting drug use, in a longitudinal cohort study in Australia","authors":"S. Walker, Michael Curtis, Emma Woods, L. Pierce, A. Kirwan, A. Stewart, R. Cossar, R. Winter, P. Dietze, S. Kinner, J. Ogloff, T. Butler, M. Stoové","doi":"10.1177/26338076221127047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26338076221127047","url":null,"abstract":"Studies aimed at improving the health and well-being needs of people in prison are increasing in number. The ethical and logistical challenges of conducting this research, however, pose challenges for researchers which can limit its scope. Emerging literature provides insights into these challenges, but little is focused on the Australian perspective, and most are based on the experiences of recruiting and collecting data for ethnographic and qualitative research. Literature describing the challenges of conducting quantitative prospective studies in prisons is limited. Furthermore, despite the fact that people who inject drugs are overrepresented amongst prison populations, and experience higher levels of socioeconomic disadvantage and poorer health than the general prison population, we are unaware of literature describing the particular sensitivities associated with their recruitment and participation in research in prisons. We intend to address these gaps by drawing on our experience and reflecting on learnings that emerged from longitudinal research we conducted with 400 incarcerated males with recent histories of injecting drug use, in Victoria, Australia. Our aim is to provide guidance and lessons for future research.","PeriodicalId":29902,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminology","volume":"55 1","pages":"586 - 603"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46383492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-21DOI: 10.1177/26338076221127710
Jianhong Liu, E. Lambert, Shanhe Jiang, Jinwu Zhang
Officers are a valuable resource for prisons across the globe. Working in corrections is a demanding job with a higher-than-average risk of job burnout. Most prison burnout studies have focused on staff working in Western prisons, particularly those in the U.S. These studies have generally found an association between work attitudes and burnout among prison officers. However, a key question is whether the associations are universal or contextual, varying by nation. The current study examined the link between the major work attitudes of job involvement, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment and the burnout dimensions of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and feeling ineffective at work among staff at two Chinese prisons. According to the results of ordinary least squares multivariate regression tests, job involvement, and job satisfaction had significant negative effects on emotional exhaustion, but commitment did not. Only job involvement had significant negative effects on depersonalization. Job involvement and organizational commitment had significant negative effects on feeling ineffective, while job satisfaction had nonsignificant effects. The results indicate that the major work attitudes are negatively linked to job burnout for the studied Chinese prison staff; efforts should be undertaken to build these work attitudes to reduce burnout since burnout is linked to negative consequences for officers, inmates, and the prison. Based on previous research and current findings, some of the effects of work attitudes appear to be universal, and others appear to be contextual.
{"title":"The connection between work attitudes and Chinese correctional staff burnout","authors":"Jianhong Liu, E. Lambert, Shanhe Jiang, Jinwu Zhang","doi":"10.1177/26338076221127710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26338076221127710","url":null,"abstract":"Officers are a valuable resource for prisons across the globe. Working in corrections is a demanding job with a higher-than-average risk of job burnout. Most prison burnout studies have focused on staff working in Western prisons, particularly those in the U.S. These studies have generally found an association between work attitudes and burnout among prison officers. However, a key question is whether the associations are universal or contextual, varying by nation. The current study examined the link between the major work attitudes of job involvement, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment and the burnout dimensions of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and feeling ineffective at work among staff at two Chinese prisons. According to the results of ordinary least squares multivariate regression tests, job involvement, and job satisfaction had significant negative effects on emotional exhaustion, but commitment did not. Only job involvement had significant negative effects on depersonalization. Job involvement and organizational commitment had significant negative effects on feeling ineffective, while job satisfaction had nonsignificant effects. The results indicate that the major work attitudes are negatively linked to job burnout for the studied Chinese prison staff; efforts should be undertaken to build these work attitudes to reduce burnout since burnout is linked to negative consequences for officers, inmates, and the prison. Based on previous research and current findings, some of the effects of work attitudes appear to be universal, and others appear to be contextual.","PeriodicalId":29902,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminology","volume":"55 1","pages":"568 - 585"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49026590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-21DOI: 10.1177/26338076221127452
S. Walklate, Kate Fitz‐Gibbon, E. Reeves, Silke Meyer, Jasmine McGowan
“I have never had a case that involved a female perpetrator of coercive control, and no such cases are documented in the literature” (Stark, 2007, p. 377). Stark's observation has become somewhat of a “truism” in the wider debate surrounding coercive control. Yet simultaneously coercive control is asserted as a gendered process, understandings of which appear to have elided and conflated victimhood and perpetration with femininity and masculinity. The purpose of this paper, based on empirical data, is to unpick some of these elisions and conflations and offer a more nuanced understanding of these debates using the lens of hegemonic masculinity. This paper is based on data derived from a national online survey conducted in Australia in 2021. The aim of this paper is to explore, and better understand male reported experiences of coercive control victimisation. The survey was completed by 1261 people, 206 (17%) of whom identified as men. These 206 responses are the focus of this paper. Representing one of the most comprehensive studies of men's self-reported experiences of coercive control, this survey data provides some insight into how male victim-survivors define and understand what they considered to be their experiences of coercive control. The findings provide an opportunity to offer a more nuanced appreciation of men's experiences of being in control, out of control or losing control.
{"title":"In control, out of control or losing control? Making sense of men's reported experiences of coercive control through the lens of hegemonic masculinity","authors":"S. Walklate, Kate Fitz‐Gibbon, E. Reeves, Silke Meyer, Jasmine McGowan","doi":"10.1177/26338076221127452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26338076221127452","url":null,"abstract":"“I have never had a case that involved a female perpetrator of coercive control, and no such cases are documented in the literature” (Stark, 2007, p. 377). Stark's observation has become somewhat of a “truism” in the wider debate surrounding coercive control. Yet simultaneously coercive control is asserted as a gendered process, understandings of which appear to have elided and conflated victimhood and perpetration with femininity and masculinity. The purpose of this paper, based on empirical data, is to unpick some of these elisions and conflations and offer a more nuanced understanding of these debates using the lens of hegemonic masculinity. This paper is based on data derived from a national online survey conducted in Australia in 2021. The aim of this paper is to explore, and better understand male reported experiences of coercive control victimisation. The survey was completed by 1261 people, 206 (17%) of whom identified as men. These 206 responses are the focus of this paper. Representing one of the most comprehensive studies of men's self-reported experiences of coercive control, this survey data provides some insight into how male victim-survivors define and understand what they considered to be their experiences of coercive control. The findings provide an opportunity to offer a more nuanced appreciation of men's experiences of being in control, out of control or losing control.","PeriodicalId":29902,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminology","volume":"55 1","pages":"451 - 467"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48996921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-14DOI: 10.1177/26338076221126242
Matthew S. Johnston, Ryan Coulling, Rosemary Ricciardelli
Empirical research on Canadian correctional workers’ successes, challenges, and attitudes towards accommodating gender diversity remains limited. Drawing on data garnered from two open-ended survey questions (n = 70) asking correctional workers in the community or institutions about their perspectives on working with trans populations, we explore how correctional workers in Nova Scotia, Canada accommodate or struggle to accommodate gender diversity in carceral settings. We found that respondents are generally mindful of issues pertaining to the safety and security of trans prisoners, usually espouse open-mindedness, and are generally able to work within correctional parameters to accommodate those with a diverse gender identity. Yet some respondents raised concerns and suspicion towards prisoners who present a safety risk to other prisoners and, in their view, may be manipulating human rights policies to cause harm to others. We take up these tensions critically and discuss the scholarly and practical implications of our findings, as well as possible avenues for future research.
{"title":"Unpacking correctional workers’ experiences with transgender prisoners in Nova Scotia, Canada","authors":"Matthew S. Johnston, Ryan Coulling, Rosemary Ricciardelli","doi":"10.1177/26338076221126242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26338076221126242","url":null,"abstract":"Empirical research on Canadian correctional workers’ successes, challenges, and attitudes towards accommodating gender diversity remains limited. Drawing on data garnered from two open-ended survey questions (n = 70) asking correctional workers in the community or institutions about their perspectives on working with trans populations, we explore how correctional workers in Nova Scotia, Canada accommodate or struggle to accommodate gender diversity in carceral settings. We found that respondents are generally mindful of issues pertaining to the safety and security of trans prisoners, usually espouse open-mindedness, and are generally able to work within correctional parameters to accommodate those with a diverse gender identity. Yet some respondents raised concerns and suspicion towards prisoners who present a safety risk to other prisoners and, in their view, may be manipulating human rights policies to cause harm to others. We take up these tensions critically and discuss the scholarly and practical implications of our findings, as well as possible avenues for future research.","PeriodicalId":29902,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminology","volume":"55 1","pages":"550 - 567"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46398466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-05DOI: 10.1177/26338076221123080
Michael Wilson, Cassandra Cross, T. Holt, A. Powell
The rapid growth in the availability of information and communications technologies has also expanded opportunities to commit cybercrime. Law enforcement officers are often the first responders to such incidents. Internationally, research has revealed how police preparedness to respond to cybercrime is mediated by organizational policies and procedures, as well as characteristics such as education, gender, and previous training for cybercrime investigations. However, there has been limited research in an Australian context examining police preparedness to respond to cybercrime. As such, this article examines the preparedness of Australian police personnel to respond to cybercrime incidents drawing on surveys with two state-wide police agencies (n = 422). Here, we examine the prevalence of cybercrime training across both agencies, levels of individual and organizational confidence about responding to cybercrime incidents, and their views about enhancing responses to cybercrime. The results suggest only half of the surveyed personnel have received some cybercrime-related training, with significantly less reporting specific instruction about how to receive and direct incident reports and manage digital crime scenes. Further, while personnel are modestly confident in their individual capabilities to respond to cybercrime incidents, they lack comparative confidence in their organizations and yearn for more resourcing and professional development. Implications for police resourcing, training, and practices are discussed.
{"title":"Police preparedness to respond to cybercrime in Australia: An analysis of individual and organizational capabilities","authors":"Michael Wilson, Cassandra Cross, T. Holt, A. Powell","doi":"10.1177/26338076221123080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26338076221123080","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid growth in the availability of information and communications technologies has also expanded opportunities to commit cybercrime. Law enforcement officers are often the first responders to such incidents. Internationally, research has revealed how police preparedness to respond to cybercrime is mediated by organizational policies and procedures, as well as characteristics such as education, gender, and previous training for cybercrime investigations. However, there has been limited research in an Australian context examining police preparedness to respond to cybercrime. As such, this article examines the preparedness of Australian police personnel to respond to cybercrime incidents drawing on surveys with two state-wide police agencies (n = 422). Here, we examine the prevalence of cybercrime training across both agencies, levels of individual and organizational confidence about responding to cybercrime incidents, and their views about enhancing responses to cybercrime. The results suggest only half of the surveyed personnel have received some cybercrime-related training, with significantly less reporting specific instruction about how to receive and direct incident reports and manage digital crime scenes. Further, while personnel are modestly confident in their individual capabilities to respond to cybercrime incidents, they lack comparative confidence in their organizations and yearn for more resourcing and professional development. Implications for police resourcing, training, and practices are discussed.","PeriodicalId":29902,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminology","volume":"55 1","pages":"468 - 494"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42088413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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