Pub Date : 2019-02-14DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2019.00008
J. Lasobras, J. Soler, J. Herguido, M. Menéndez, A. Jimenez, Mariana da Silva, M. J. Franco, I. Barrio, J. Lázaro
Methane aromatization is a promising technology for the transformation of natural gas to liquid products, but suffers the problem of catalyst deactivation by coke. A Two-zone fluidized bed reactor has been proposed as a tool to counteract the catalyst deactivation, by providing continuous catalyst regeneration in the same vessel where the main reaction is carried out. This work shows the effect of the main operating conditions (carburization temperature, reaction temperature, carburization time, nature of regenerating agent and feed flow and height of the hydrocarbon entry point) .
{"title":"Methane Aromatization in a Fluidized Bed Reactor: Parametric Study","authors":"J. Lasobras, J. Soler, J. Herguido, M. Menéndez, A. Jimenez, Mariana da Silva, M. J. Franco, I. Barrio, J. Lázaro","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2019.00008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2019.00008","url":null,"abstract":"Methane aromatization is a promising technology for the transformation of natural gas to liquid products, but suffers the problem of catalyst deactivation by coke. A Two-zone fluidized bed reactor has been proposed as a tool to counteract the catalyst deactivation, by providing continuous catalyst regeneration in the same vessel where the main reaction is carried out. This work shows the effect of the main operating conditions (carburization temperature, reaction temperature, carburization time, nature of regenerating agent and feed flow and height of the hydrocarbon entry point) .","PeriodicalId":29914,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Energy Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2019-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3389/fenrg.2019.00008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41892519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Rodríguez-García, D. Ribó-Pérez, C. Alvarez, E. Peñalvo-López
A transition to a sustainable energy system is essential. In this context, smart grids represent the future of power systems for efficiently integrating renewable energy sources and active consumer participation. Recently, different studies were performed that defined the conceptual architecture of power systems and their agents. However, these conceptual architectures do not overcome all issues for the development of new electricity markets. Thus, a novel conceptual architecture is proposed. The transactions of energy, operation services, and economic flows among the agents proposed are carefully analysed. In this regard, the results allow setting their activities’ boundaries and state their relationships with electricity markets. The suitability of implementing local electricity markets is studied to enforce competition among distributed energy resources by unlocking all the potential that active consumers have. The proposed architecture is designed to offer flexibility and efficiency to the system thanks to a clearly defined way for the exploitation of flexible resources and distributed generation. This upgraded architecture hereby proposed establishes the characteristics of each agent in the forthcoming markets and studies to overcome the barriers to the large deployment of renewable energy sources.
{"title":"Novel Conceptual Architecture for the Next-Generation Electricity Markets to Enhance a Large Penetration of Renewable Energy","authors":"J. Rodríguez-García, D. Ribó-Pérez, C. Alvarez, E. Peñalvo-López","doi":"10.3390/EN12132605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/EN12132605","url":null,"abstract":"A transition to a sustainable energy system is essential. In this context, smart grids represent the future of power systems for efficiently integrating renewable energy sources and active consumer participation. Recently, different studies were performed that defined the conceptual architecture of power systems and their agents. However, these conceptual architectures do not overcome all issues for the development of new electricity markets. Thus, a novel conceptual architecture is proposed. The transactions of energy, operation services, and economic flows among the agents proposed are carefully analysed. In this regard, the results allow setting their activities’ boundaries and state their relationships with electricity markets. The suitability of implementing local electricity markets is studied to enforce competition among distributed energy resources by unlocking all the potential that active consumers have. The proposed architecture is designed to offer flexibility and efficiency to the system thanks to a clearly defined way for the exploitation of flexible resources and distributed generation. This upgraded architecture hereby proposed establishes the characteristics of each agent in the forthcoming markets and studies to overcome the barriers to the large deployment of renewable energy sources.","PeriodicalId":29914,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Energy Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3390/EN12132605","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47282894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Elfeki, S. Jacques, I. Aouichak, T. Doligez, Y. Raingeaud, J. L. Le Bunetel
Narrowband powerline communication (NB-PLC) systems represent a key step for the real development of smart grids’ applications in the medium voltage (MV) and low voltage (LV) networks. This article sums up the results of a complete experimental measurement campaign aimed at investigating the low voltage NB-PLC channel in the frequency range from 9 to 500 kHz in various sites (i.e., rural, urban etc.) located in France. The noise features in time-frequency representation are studied at five different sites between the transformer substation and the smart electricity meter. The main contribution of this study consists in estimating the theoretical channel capacity which constitutes a major interest for the users and actors of the electrical system. The channel capacity calculation shows reliable results in the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) band (a few Mbits/s). The quality of the communication in the FCC band enables to integrate new smart grids’ applications and services based on the existing NB-PLC communication for advanced metering infrastructure (AMI).
{"title":"Characterization of Narrowband Noise and Channel Capacity for Powerline Communication in France","authors":"I. Elfeki, S. Jacques, I. Aouichak, T. Doligez, Y. Raingeaud, J. L. Le Bunetel","doi":"10.3390/EN11113022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/EN11113022","url":null,"abstract":"Narrowband powerline communication (NB-PLC) systems represent a key step for the real development of smart grids’ applications in the medium voltage (MV) and low voltage (LV) networks. This article sums up the results of a complete experimental measurement campaign aimed at investigating the low voltage NB-PLC channel in the frequency range from 9 to 500 kHz in various sites (i.e., rural, urban etc.) located in France. The noise features in time-frequency representation are studied at five different sites between the transformer substation and the smart electricity meter. The main contribution of this study consists in estimating the theoretical channel capacity which constitutes a major interest for the users and actors of the electrical system. The channel capacity calculation shows reliable results in the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) band (a few Mbits/s). The quality of the communication in the FCC band enables to integrate new smart grids’ applications and services based on the existing NB-PLC communication for advanced metering infrastructure (AMI).","PeriodicalId":29914,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Energy Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2018-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3390/EN11113022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42664851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, identification of an appropriate hybrid energy storage system (HESS) architecture, introduction of a comprehensive and accurate HESS model, as well as HESS design optimization using a nested, dual-level optimization formulation and suitable optimization algorithms for both levels of searches have been presented. At the bottom level, design optimization focuses on the minimization of power loss in batteries, converter, and ultracapacitors (UCs), as well as the impact of battery depth of discharge (DOD) to its operation life, using a dynamic programming (DP)-based optimal energy management strategy (EMS). At the top level, HESS optimization of component size and battery DOD is carried out to achieve the minimum life-cycle cost (LCC) of the HESS for given power profiles and performance requirements as an outer loop. The complex and challenging optimization problem is solved using an advanced Multi-Start Space Reduction (MSSR) search method developed for computation-intensive, black-box global optimization problems. An example of load-haul-dump (LHD) vehicles is employed to verify the proposed HESS design optimization method and MSSR leads to superior optimization results and dramatically reduces computation time. This research forms the foundation for the design optimization of HESS, hybridization of vehicles with dynamic on-off power loads, and applications of the advanced global optimization method.
{"title":"Optimization of Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Vehicles with Dynamic On-off Power Loads Using a Nested Formulation","authors":"Jiajun Liu, Huachao Dong, Tianxu Jin, Li Liu, Babak Manouchehrinia, Zuo-ying Dong","doi":"10.3390/EN11102699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/EN11102699","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, identification of an appropriate hybrid energy storage system (HESS) architecture, introduction of a comprehensive and accurate HESS model, as well as HESS design optimization using a nested, dual-level optimization formulation and suitable optimization algorithms for both levels of searches have been presented. At the bottom level, design optimization focuses on the minimization of power loss in batteries, converter, and ultracapacitors (UCs), as well as the impact of battery depth of discharge (DOD) to its operation life, using a dynamic programming (DP)-based optimal energy management strategy (EMS). At the top level, HESS optimization of component size and battery DOD is carried out to achieve the minimum life-cycle cost (LCC) of the HESS for given power profiles and performance requirements as an outer loop. The complex and challenging optimization problem is solved using an advanced Multi-Start Space Reduction (MSSR) search method developed for computation-intensive, black-box global optimization problems. An example of load-haul-dump (LHD) vehicles is employed to verify the proposed HESS design optimization method and MSSR leads to superior optimization results and dramatically reduces computation time. This research forms the foundation for the design optimization of HESS, hybridization of vehicles with dynamic on-off power loads, and applications of the advanced global optimization method.","PeriodicalId":29914,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Energy Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2018-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3390/EN11102699","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47871768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-20DOI: 10.11648/J.JEECE.20170204.12
K. Mammadov
The history of the formation and development of the theory of chain reactions is briefly presented. In specific examples the mechanisms of branched chain processes, conditions inhibiting and accelerating chain reactions, criteria characterizing the chain nature of chemical processes are described. The modern state in the development of the theory of chain reactions is analyzed. The mechanisms describing regularities of formation of molecular products of the chain processes occurring in different systems with the use of different initiators at different conditions are discussed. A summary of the radical-chain character of the radiation sewing of elastomers /non stitched rubbers/ at high pressures (2 GPa) and at temperatures above 300°K is provided and the ionic character of this process at low temperatures (77°K) has been studied. Mechanisms of photolythic and radiolytic processes transformations of any organic pollutants and natural toxins in oxygen-free and oxygen-containing aqueous solutions are proposed. Significant decomposition of natural toxins is observed under influence of ionizing radiation of 60 Co source. The short description of the revealed chain processes proceeding in gaseous, liquid, amorphous and solid phases is provided. These studies are an essential contribution to researches in the field of studying of chain chemical processes.
{"title":"Development of the Theory of Chain Reactions and Analysis of Relatively Recently Studied Chain Processes","authors":"K. Mammadov","doi":"10.11648/J.JEECE.20170204.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.JEECE.20170204.12","url":null,"abstract":"The history of the formation and development of the theory of chain reactions is briefly presented. In specific examples the mechanisms of branched chain processes, conditions inhibiting and accelerating chain reactions, criteria characterizing the chain nature of chemical processes are described. The modern state in the development of the theory of chain reactions is analyzed. The mechanisms describing regularities of formation of molecular products of the chain processes occurring in different systems with the use of different initiators at different conditions are discussed. A summary of the radical-chain character of the radiation sewing of elastomers /non stitched rubbers/ at high pressures (2 GPa) and at temperatures above 300°K is provided and the ionic character of this process at low temperatures (77°K) has been studied. Mechanisms of photolythic and radiolytic processes transformations of any organic pollutants and natural toxins in oxygen-free and oxygen-containing aqueous solutions are proposed. Significant decomposition of natural toxins is observed under influence of ionizing radiation of 60 Co source. The short description of the revealed chain processes proceeding in gaseous, liquid, amorphous and solid phases is provided. These studies are an essential contribution to researches in the field of studying of chain chemical processes.","PeriodicalId":29914,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Energy Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2018-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49005577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-01DOI: 10.12989/ERI.2013.1.2.127
D. Tiffany, Won Fy Lee, V. Morey, N. Kaliyan
Torrefaction technologies convert assorted biomass feedstocks into energy- concentrated, carbon neutral fuel that is economically transported and easily ground for blending with fossil coals at numerous power plants around the world without needs to retrofit. Utilization of torrefied biomass in conventional electric generating units may be an increasingly attractive alternative for electricity generation as aging power plants in the world need to be upgraded or improved. This paper examines the economic feasibility of torrefaction in different scenarios by modeling torrefaction plants producing 136,078 t/year (150,000 ton/year) biocoal from wood and corn stover. The utilization of biocoal blends in existing coal-fired power plants is modeled to determine the demand for this fuel in the context of emerging policies regulating emissions from coal in the U.S. setting. Opportunities to co-locate torrefaction facilities adjacent to corn ethanol plants and coal-fired power plants are explored as means to improve economics for collaborating businesses. Life cycle analysis was conducted in parallel to this economic study and was used to determine environmental impacts of converting biomass to biocoal for blending in coal-fired power plants as well as the use of substantial flows of off-gasses produced in the torrefaction process. Sensitivity analysis of the financial rates of return of the different businesses has been performed to measure impacts of different factors, whether input prices, output prices, or policy measures that render costs or rewards for the businesses.
{"title":"Economic analysis of biomass torrefaction plants integrated with corn ethanol plants and coal-fired power plants","authors":"D. Tiffany, Won Fy Lee, V. Morey, N. Kaliyan","doi":"10.12989/ERI.2013.1.2.127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12989/ERI.2013.1.2.127","url":null,"abstract":"Torrefaction technologies convert assorted biomass feedstocks into energy- concentrated, carbon neutral fuel that is economically transported and easily ground for blending with fossil coals at numerous power plants around the world without needs to retrofit. Utilization of torrefied biomass in conventional electric generating units may be an increasingly attractive alternative for electricity generation as aging power plants in the world need to be upgraded or improved. This paper examines the economic feasibility of torrefaction in different scenarios by modeling torrefaction plants producing 136,078 t/year (150,000 ton/year) biocoal from wood and corn stover. The utilization of biocoal blends in existing coal-fired power plants is modeled to determine the demand for this fuel in the context of emerging policies regulating emissions from coal in the U.S. setting. Opportunities to co-locate torrefaction facilities adjacent to corn ethanol plants and coal-fired power plants are explored as means to improve economics for collaborating businesses. Life cycle analysis was conducted in parallel to this economic study and was used to determine environmental impacts of converting biomass to biocoal for blending in coal-fired power plants as well as the use of substantial flows of off-gasses produced in the torrefaction process. Sensitivity analysis of the financial rates of return of the different businesses has been performed to measure impacts of different factors, whether input prices, output prices, or policy measures that render costs or rewards for the businesses.","PeriodicalId":29914,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Energy Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"127-146"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2013-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66426397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A microwave-assisted hydrothermal method was used to synthesize ZnO and TiO2 nanostructures. The experimental results show that the method resulted in crystalline monodispersed ZnO nanorods that have pointed tips with hexagonal crystal phase. TiO2 nanotubes were also formed with minimum bundles. The mechanism for the formation of the tubes was validated by HRTEM results. The optical properties of both ZnO and TiO2 nanostructures showed characteristics of strong quantum confinement regime. The photoluminescence spectrum of TiO2 nanotubes shows good improvement from previously reported data.
{"title":"Optical and Morphological Properties of ZnO and TiO2 Derived Nanostructures Synthesized via a Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Method","authors":"N. Moloto, S. Mpelane, L. Sikhwivhilu, S. Ray","doi":"10.1155/2012/189069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/189069","url":null,"abstract":"A microwave-assisted hydrothermal method was used to synthesize ZnO and TiO2 nanostructures. The experimental results show that the method resulted in crystalline monodispersed ZnO nanorods that have pointed tips with hexagonal crystal phase. TiO2 nanotubes were also formed with minimum bundles. The mechanism for the formation of the tubes was validated by HRTEM results. The optical properties of both ZnO and TiO2 nanostructures showed characteristics of strong quantum confinement regime. The photoluminescence spectrum of TiO2 nanotubes shows good improvement from previously reported data.","PeriodicalId":29914,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Energy Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2012-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2012/189069","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64300644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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