Recently, both academia and industry have shown increasing interest in unlocking the potential applications of digital twin. As an emerging technology, digital twin builds a virtual representation of physical objects and makes predictive strategies. As compared with conventional simulation and modeling technologies, digital twin can ensure the high fidelity of the virtual model through continuous updating and self-learning. The emerging standardization of digital twin facilitates the development of digital twin, and will eventually realize the interconnection of data, models and services between different enterprises or areas. This article overviews the recent progress of digital twin standards, the progress of digital twin network, and the challenges for successfully deploying digital twins.
{"title":"An Introduction to Digital Twin Standards","authors":"Wen-feng Sun, Wenqiang Ma, Yu Zhou, Yan Zhang","doi":"10.1145/3568113.3568119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3568113.3568119","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, both academia and industry have shown increasing interest in unlocking the potential applications of digital twin. As an emerging technology, digital twin builds a virtual representation of physical objects and makes predictive strategies. As compared with conventional simulation and modeling technologies, digital twin can ensure the high fidelity of the virtual model through continuous updating and self-learning. The emerging standardization of digital twin facilitates the development of digital twin, and will eventually realize the interconnection of data, models and services between different enterprises or areas. This article overviews the recent progress of digital twin standards, the progress of digital twin network, and the challenges for successfully deploying digital twins.","PeriodicalId":29918,"journal":{"name":"GetMobile-Mobile Computing & Communications Review","volume":"3 1","pages":"16 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78057578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Noor Mohammed, Rui Wang, R. W. Jackson, Yeonsik Noh, Jeremy Gummeson, S. Lee
Recent advancements in semiconductor technologies have stimulated the growth of ultra-low power wearable devices. However, these devices often pose critical constraints in usability and functionality because of the on-device battery as the primary power source [1]. For example, periodic charging of wearable devices hampers the continuous monitoring of users' fitness or health conditions [2], and batteries and charging equipment have been identified as one of the most rapidly growing electronic waste streams [3]. To counteract the above-mentioned complications associated with the management of on-device batteries, wireless power transmission technologies capable of charging wearable devices in a completely unobtrusive and seamless manner have become an emerging topic of research over the past decade [4]. Researchers have instrumented daily objects or the surrounding environment with equipment that can wirelessly transfer energy from a variety of sources, such as Radio Frequency (RF) signals, laser, and electromagnetic fields [5]. However, these solutions require large and costly infrastructure and/or need to transmit a significant amount of power to support reasonable power harvesting at the wearable devices, which conflict with the vision of ubiquitously available and scalable charging support.
{"title":"Charging Wearable Devices Through Natural Interactions with Instrumented Everyday Objects","authors":"Noor Mohammed, Rui Wang, R. W. Jackson, Yeonsik Noh, Jeremy Gummeson, S. Lee","doi":"10.1145/3551670.3551680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3551670.3551680","url":null,"abstract":"Recent advancements in semiconductor technologies have stimulated the growth of ultra-low power wearable devices. However, these devices often pose critical constraints in usability and functionality because of the on-device battery as the primary power source [1]. For example, periodic charging of wearable devices hampers the continuous monitoring of users' fitness or health conditions [2], and batteries and charging equipment have been identified as one of the most rapidly growing electronic waste streams [3]. To counteract the above-mentioned complications associated with the management of on-device batteries, wireless power transmission technologies capable of charging wearable devices in a completely unobtrusive and seamless manner have become an emerging topic of research over the past decade [4]. Researchers have instrumented daily objects or the surrounding environment with equipment that can wirelessly transfer energy from a variety of sources, such as Radio Frequency (RF) signals, laser, and electromagnetic fields [5]. However, these solutions require large and costly infrastructure and/or need to transmit a significant amount of power to support reasonable power harvesting at the wearable devices, which conflict with the vision of ubiquitously available and scalable charging support.","PeriodicalId":29918,"journal":{"name":"GetMobile-Mobile Computing & Communications Review","volume":"64 1","pages":"29 - 33"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84706796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Bakar, Alexander G. Ross, K. Yıldırım, Josiah D. Hester
Battery-free sensing devices harvest energy from their surrounding environment to perform sensing, computation, and communication. A core challenge for these devices is maintaining usefulness despite erratic, random, or irregular energy availability, which causes inconsistent execution, loss of service, and power failures. Adapting execution (degrading or upgrading) based on available or predicted power/energy seems promising to stave off power failures, meet deadlines, or increase throughput. However, due to constrained resources and limited local information, deciding what and when exactly to adapt is challenging. This article explores the fundamentals of energy-aware adaptation for intermittently powered computers and proposes heuristic adaptation mechanisms to dynamically modulate the program complexity at run-time to enable higher sensor coverage and throughput. While we target battery-free, intermittently powered, resource-constrained sensors, we see a general application to all energy harvesting devices.
{"title":"Heuristic Adaptation for Intermittently Powered Batteryless Sensors","authors":"A. Bakar, Alexander G. Ross, K. Yıldırım, Josiah D. Hester","doi":"10.1145/3551670.3551678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3551670.3551678","url":null,"abstract":"Battery-free sensing devices harvest energy from their surrounding environment to perform sensing, computation, and communication. A core challenge for these devices is maintaining usefulness despite erratic, random, or irregular energy availability, which causes inconsistent execution, loss of service, and power failures. Adapting execution (degrading or upgrading) based on available or predicted power/energy seems promising to stave off power failures, meet deadlines, or increase throughput. However, due to constrained resources and limited local information, deciding what and when exactly to adapt is challenging. This article explores the fundamentals of energy-aware adaptation for intermittently powered computers and proposes heuristic adaptation mechanisms to dynamically modulate the program complexity at run-time to enable higher sensor coverage and throughput. While we target battery-free, intermittently powered, resource-constrained sensors, we see a general application to all energy harvesting devices.","PeriodicalId":29918,"journal":{"name":"GetMobile-Mobile Computing & Communications Review","volume":"1 1","pages":"20 - 24"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82873227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The past decade has seen significant increases in the deployment of wireless embedded systems. However, several challenges exist that may hinder, or even stop, this rapid growth. Among them, a significant power asymmetry among platform components is a major concern. In particular, the radio transmitters consume orders of magnitude more power than the remaining components. One promising approach to address this challenge is to design wireless transmitters based on the backscatter mechanism. This mechanism allows wireless transmissions to occur at a similar power budget to sensing and computation operations in wireless embedded systems. In this article, we discuss designing transmitters based on backscatter mechanism that achieve a large range with a low power consumption, and thus bridge the power asymmetry among the components of wireless embedded systems.
{"title":"Making Low-Power and Long-Range Wireless Backscatter Transmitters","authors":"Ambuj Varshney","doi":"10.1145/3551670.3551672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3551670.3551672","url":null,"abstract":"The past decade has seen significant increases in the deployment of wireless embedded systems. However, several challenges exist that may hinder, or even stop, this rapid growth. Among them, a significant power asymmetry among platform components is a major concern. In particular, the radio transmitters consume orders of magnitude more power than the remaining components. One promising approach to address this challenge is to design wireless transmitters based on the backscatter mechanism. This mechanism allows wireless transmissions to occur at a similar power budget to sensing and computation operations in wireless embedded systems. In this article, we discuss designing transmitters based on backscatter mechanism that achieve a large range with a low power consumption, and thus bridge the power asymmetry among the components of wireless embedded systems.","PeriodicalId":29918,"journal":{"name":"GetMobile-Mobile Computing & Communications Review","volume":"55 1","pages":"5 - 11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74442265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For significant and lasting contributions to research on mobile computing and communications and wireless networking, Dr. Andrea Goldsmith is the recipient of the 2022 SIGMOBILE Outstanding Contributions Award. Dr. Goldsmith is a world-class scholar and entrepreneur in the field of wireless communications. Her work, beginning in the 1990s, on the capacity of fading communication channels, and on the use of adaptive modulation schemes to achieve this capacity, has had considerable influence on the thinking of the wireless networking community as the need for highercapacity wireless systems has exploded over the intervening years.
{"title":"2022 ACM SIGMOBILE Outstanding Contributions Award","authors":"H. Poor","doi":"10.1145/3551670.3551676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3551670.3551676","url":null,"abstract":"For significant and lasting contributions to research on mobile computing and communications and wireless networking, Dr. Andrea Goldsmith is the recipient of the 2022 SIGMOBILE Outstanding Contributions Award. Dr. Goldsmith is a world-class scholar and entrepreneur in the field of wireless communications. Her work, beginning in the 1990s, on the capacity of fading communication channels, and on the use of adaptive modulation schemes to achieve this capacity, has had considerable influence on the thinking of the wireless networking community as the need for highercapacity wireless systems has exploded over the intervening years.","PeriodicalId":29918,"journal":{"name":"GetMobile-Mobile Computing & Communications Review","volume":"38 1","pages":"19 - 19"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79136369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yi Wu, Vimal Kakaraparthi, Zhuohang Li, Tien Pham, Jian Liu, V. P. Nguyen
Over the last decade, facial landmark tracking and 3D reconstruction have gained considerable attention due to their numerous applications, such as human-computer interactions, facial expression analysis, emotion recognition, etc. However, existing camera-based solutions require users to be confined to a particular location and face a camera at all times without occlusions, which largely limits their usage in practice. To overcome these limitations, we propose the first single-earpiece lightweight biosensing system, Bioface-3D, that can unobtrusively, continuously, and reliably sense the entire facial movements, track 2D facial landmarks, and further render 3D facial animations. Without requiring a camera positioned in front of the user, this paradigm shift from visual sensing to biosensing would introduce new opportunities in many emerging mobile and IoT applications.
{"title":"BioFace-3D","authors":"Yi Wu, Vimal Kakaraparthi, Zhuohang Li, Tien Pham, Jian Liu, V. P. Nguyen","doi":"10.1145/3539668.3539676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3539668.3539676","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last decade, facial landmark tracking and 3D reconstruction have gained considerable attention due to their numerous applications, such as human-computer interactions, facial expression analysis, emotion recognition, etc. However, existing camera-based solutions require users to be confined to a particular location and face a camera at all times without occlusions, which largely limits their usage in practice. To overcome these limitations, we propose the first single-earpiece lightweight biosensing system, Bioface-3D, that can unobtrusively, continuously, and reliably sense the entire facial movements, track 2D facial landmarks, and further render 3D facial animations. Without requiring a camera positioned in front of the user, this paradigm shift from visual sensing to biosensing would introduce new opportunities in many emerging mobile and IoT applications.","PeriodicalId":29918,"journal":{"name":"GetMobile-Mobile Computing & Communications Review","volume":"23 1","pages":"21 - 24"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91252939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Farzan Dehbashi, A. Abedi, Tim Brecht, Omid Salehi-Abari
WiFi backscatter communication has been proposed to enable battery-free sensors to transmit data using WiFi networks. The main advantage of WiFi backscatter technologies over RFID is that data from their tags can be read using existing WiFi infrastructures instead of specialized readers. This can potentially reduce the complexity and cost of deploying battery-free sensors. Despite extensive work in this area, none of the existing systems are in widespread use today. We hypothesize that this is because WiFi-based backscatter tags do not scale well, and their range and capabilities are limited when compared with RFID. To test this hypothesis, we conduct several real-world experiments. We compare WiFi backscatter and RFID technologies in terms of energy consumption, throughput, range and scalability.
{"title":"Are WiFi Backscatter Systems Ready for the Real World?","authors":"Farzan Dehbashi, A. Abedi, Tim Brecht, Omid Salehi-Abari","doi":"10.1145/3539668.3539678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3539668.3539678","url":null,"abstract":"WiFi backscatter communication has been proposed to enable battery-free sensors to transmit data using WiFi networks. The main advantage of WiFi backscatter technologies over RFID is that data from their tags can be read using existing WiFi infrastructures instead of specialized readers. This can potentially reduce the complexity and cost of deploying battery-free sensors. Despite extensive work in this area, none of the existing systems are in widespread use today. We hypothesize that this is because WiFi-based backscatter tags do not scale well, and their range and capabilities are limited when compared with RFID. To test this hypothesis, we conduct several real-world experiments. We compare WiFi backscatter and RFID technologies in terms of energy consumption, throughput, range and scalability.","PeriodicalId":29918,"journal":{"name":"GetMobile-Mobile Computing & Communications Review","volume":"48 1","pages":"30 - 34"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82790101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the growing demand for locating services in a variety of commercial applications, positioning techniques have been considered as a vital part in cellular networks. With the evolution from 2G to 5G, the positioning techniques have been enhanced in various aspects. In this paper, we summarize the evolution of positioning standards in the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and briefly introduce the new positioning standards in 5G NR (New Radio), which include new positioning requirements, the general positioning structure, new positioning reference signals, and general positioning methods.
随着各种商业应用对定位服务需求的不断增长，定位技术已被认为是蜂窝网络的重要组成部分。随着2G向5G的演进，定位技术在各个方面得到了增强。本文总结了第三代合作伙伴计划(3GPP)中定位标准的演进，并简要介绍了5G NR (new Radio)中新的定位标准，包括新的定位要求、一般定位结构、新的定位参考信号和一般定位方法。
{"title":"An Overview of 3GPP Positioning Standards","authors":"Chao Yang, S. Mao, Xuyu Wang","doi":"10.1145/3539668.3539672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3539668.3539672","url":null,"abstract":"With the growing demand for locating services in a variety of commercial applications, positioning techniques have been considered as a vital part in cellular networks. With the evolution from 2G to 5G, the positioning techniques have been enhanced in various aspects. In this paper, we summarize the evolution of positioning standards in the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and briefly introduce the new positioning standards in 5G NR (New Radio), which include new positioning requirements, the general positioning structure, new positioning reference signals, and general positioning methods.","PeriodicalId":29918,"journal":{"name":"GetMobile-Mobile Computing & Communications Review","volume":"33 1","pages":"9 - 13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84404181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Inhee Lee, R. Hsiao, G. Carichner, Chin-Wei Hsu, Mingyu Yang, Sara Shoouri, Katherine Ernst, Tess Carichner, Yuyang Li, Jaechan Lim, Cole R. Julick, Eunseong Moon, Yi Sun, Jamie Phillips, K. Montooth, Delbert A. Green II, Hun-Seok Kim, D. Blaauw
Each fall, millions of monarch butterflies across the U.S. and Canada migrate up to 4,000 km to overwinter in the same cluster of mountaintops in central Mexico. In spring, these migrants mate and remigrate northwards to repopulate their northern breeding territory over 2-4 partially overlapping generations. Because each migrant monarch completes only part of this round trip and does not return to the overwintering site, this navigational task cannot be learned from the prior generation. The number of monarchs completing the journey has dramatically declined in the past decades, coincident with the decreased availability of their milkweed host plant. The U.S., Mexico, and Canada have invested tremendous resources into monarch conservation efforts, including enacting specific policy initiatives, public outreach programs, and habitat protection and restoration projects. The US invested over $11 million between 2015-2017 alone [1]. Developing a tracking technology for monarch can be a key in these efforts, providing, for instance, detailed understanding of habitat use during migratory flight and dependence on weather conditions. Furthermore, it can significantly benefit animal research, and agricultural and environmental science.
{"title":"Tracking the Migration of the Monarch Butterflies with the World's Smallest Computer","authors":"Inhee Lee, R. Hsiao, G. Carichner, Chin-Wei Hsu, Mingyu Yang, Sara Shoouri, Katherine Ernst, Tess Carichner, Yuyang Li, Jaechan Lim, Cole R. Julick, Eunseong Moon, Yi Sun, Jamie Phillips, K. Montooth, Delbert A. Green II, Hun-Seok Kim, D. Blaauw","doi":"10.1145/3539668.3539677","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3539668.3539677","url":null,"abstract":"Each fall, millions of monarch butterflies across the U.S. and Canada migrate up to 4,000 km to overwinter in the same cluster of mountaintops in central Mexico. In spring, these migrants mate and remigrate northwards to repopulate their northern breeding territory over 2-4 partially overlapping generations. Because each migrant monarch completes only part of this round trip and does not return to the overwintering site, this navigational task cannot be learned from the prior generation. The number of monarchs completing the journey has dramatically declined in the past decades, coincident with the decreased availability of their milkweed host plant. The U.S., Mexico, and Canada have invested tremendous resources into monarch conservation efforts, including enacting specific policy initiatives, public outreach programs, and habitat protection and restoration projects. The US invested over $11 million between 2015-2017 alone [1]. Developing a tracking technology for monarch can be a key in these efforts, providing, for instance, detailed understanding of habitat use during migratory flight and dependence on weather conditions. Furthermore, it can significantly benefit animal research, and agricultural and environmental science.","PeriodicalId":29918,"journal":{"name":"GetMobile-Mobile Computing & Communications Review","volume":"10 1","pages":"25 - 29"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80869120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vaibhav Singh, Akarsh Prabhakara, Diana Zhang, Osman Yagan, Swarun Kumar
If you were to launch a small satellite in Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) today, the cost of installing/renting ground stations around the world to maintain global coverage is likely to rival the satellite launch costs. While satellite launch costs for small players have reduced significantly due to the emergence of ride sharing programs operated by both public and private organizations, access to ground station infrastructure is still a luxury due to the immense cost and form factor of the components involved, which need to be installed in a large, elevated area free from any obstructions.
{"title":"A Community-Driven Approach to Democratize Access to Satellite Ground Stations","authors":"Vaibhav Singh, Akarsh Prabhakara, Diana Zhang, Osman Yagan, Swarun Kumar","doi":"10.1145/3539668.3539679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3539668.3539679","url":null,"abstract":"If you were to launch a small satellite in Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) today, the cost of installing/renting ground stations around the world to maintain global coverage is likely to rival the satellite launch costs. While satellite launch costs for small players have reduced significantly due to the emergence of ride sharing programs operated by both public and private organizations, access to ground station infrastructure is still a luxury due to the immense cost and form factor of the components involved, which need to be installed in a large, elevated area free from any obstructions.","PeriodicalId":29918,"journal":{"name":"GetMobile-Mobile Computing & Communications Review","volume":"40 1","pages":"35 - 38"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80607488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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