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Detecting coverage bias in user-generated content 检测用户生成内容的覆盖偏差
IF 0.3 4区 经济学 Q4 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2019-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/08997764.2021.1903168
A. Kerkhof, J. Münster
ABSTRACT The importance of user-generated content is growing as media consumption is moving online; yet, investigations of media bias on user-generated content platforms are rare. We develop a novel procedure to detect coverage bias – i.e., bias in the amount of coverage certain topics or issues receive – on user-generated content platforms. We proceed in two steps. First, we focus on a sample of homogeneous observations and control for observable differences. Second, we compare the coverage of our observations between different language versions of the same platform in a difference-in-differences framework, which allows us to disentangle coverage bias from unobserved heterogeneity between observations. We apply our procedure to Wikipedia and examine whether it has a coverage bias in its biographies of German (and French) Members of Parliament (MPs). Our analysis reveals a small to medium size coverage bias against MPs from the center-left parties in Germany and in France. A plausible explanation are partisan contributions to the Wikipedia biographies, as we show by analyzing patterns of authorship and Wikipedia’s talk pages for the German case. Practical implications of our results include raising users’ awareness of coverage bias when searching for and processing information obtained on user-generated content platforms.
随着媒体消费向线上转移,用户生成内容的重要性与日俱增;然而,对用户生成内容平台上媒体偏见的调查却很少。我们开发了一种新的程序来检测报道偏差,即在用户生成的内容平台上,某些主题或问题的报道量存在偏差。我们分两步进行。首先,我们将重点放在同质观察样本上,并对可观察到的差异进行控制。其次,我们在差异中的差异框架中比较了同一平台的不同语言版本的观察结果的覆盖范围,这使我们能够从观察结果之间未观察到的异质性中分离出覆盖偏差。我们将我们的程序应用于维基百科,并检查它在德国(和法国)国会议员(MPs)的传记中是否存在报道偏见。我们的分析显示,在德国和法国,媒体对中左翼政党的议员存在中小规模的偏见。一个合理的解释是维基百科传记的党派贡献,正如我们通过分析德国案例的作者模式和维基百科的讨论页所显示的那样。我们的结果的实际意义包括提高用户在搜索和处理用户生成内容平台上获得的信息时对报道偏见的认识。
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引用次数: 2
Genuine Liking or the Need for Closure? The Differential Effects of Consumers’ TV Drama Viewing Motivations on Commercial Viewership 真心喜欢还是需要结束?消费者电视剧观看动机对商业收视的差异性影响
IF 0.3 4区 经济学 Q4 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2019-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/08997764.2021.1883916
Yang Shi, Tingting Wang
ABSTRACT Television advertising effectiveness constitutes a key marketing issue. Advertisers rely on program TV ratings to determine advertisement placement because consumers’ decisions to view TV commercials are largely influenced by their TV program-viewing behavior. However, high program viewership of television dramas does not always entail high commercial viewership; consumers’ motivations for drama consumption play a critical role. In the context of TV drama viewing, we build a two-stage structural model that distinguishes two motivations for TV drama consumption—viewers’ liking for a drama and the need for cognitive closure—and demonstrate their contrasting effects on consumers’ commercial-viewing behavior. Although both motivations enhance drama-viewing behavior, consumers exhibit an enhanced (vs. diminished) tendency to watch subsequent commercials when they possess heightened liking for the drama (vs. the need for cognitive closure). These findings contribute to extant research on TV commercial-viewing behavior by distinguishing the roles of different drama-viewing motivations. Based on the model estimation results, we conduct a series of simulation studies to generate rich managerial implications. Managerial practices for both advertisers and TV networks are discussed.
电视广告的有效性是市场营销的一个关键问题。广告商依靠电视节目收视率来决定广告位置,因为消费者观看电视广告的决定在很大程度上受到他们观看电视节目行为的影响。然而,电视剧的高节目收视率并不一定意味着高商业收视率;消费者的戏剧消费动机起着至关重要的作用。在电视剧观看的背景下,我们构建了一个两阶段的结构模型,区分了电视剧消费的两种动机——观众对电视剧的喜爱和认知封闭的需要,并论证了它们对消费者商业观看行为的对比影响。尽管这两种动机都能增强观看电视剧的行为,但当消费者对电视剧的喜爱程度提高(相对于认知封闭的需要)时,他们观看后续广告的倾向会增强(相对于减弱)。这些发现通过区分不同的电视剧观看动机所起的作用,有助于现有的电视广告观看行为研究。基于模型估计结果,我们进行了一系列的模拟研究,以产生丰富的管理启示。讨论了广告主和电视网络的管理实践。
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引用次数: 1
The effects of first and second screen marketing on TV viewing activity 第一屏幕和第二屏幕营销对电视观看活动的影响
IF 0.3 4区 经济学 Q4 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2019-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/08997764.2021.1890751
Lena Hoeck, Martin Spann
ABSTRACT One of the core challenges in the media industry is attracting audiences. To this end, publishers, such as TV broadcasters, spend significant resources on advertising their contents on TV and in digital channels. Among others, they are trying to leverage the growing use of additional screen-based devices (second screens) in conjunction with the television, the first screen. This paper empirically studies the effectiveness of first screen and second screen as marketing channels on TV viewing activity. We use unique large-scale observational datasets on TV viewing behavior and on exposure to marketing channels from a major European media company. The results show that both first screen marketing and second-screen marketing can increase show viewing likelihood. We discuss the mechanisms of these effects and provide managerial implications for marketing planning in the media industry.
摘要媒体行业的核心挑战之一是吸引观众。为此,电视广播公司等出版商花费大量资源在电视和数字频道上为其内容做广告。除其他外,他们正试图利用越来越多的基于屏幕的设备(第二屏幕)与电视(第一屏幕)的结合使用。本文实证研究了第一屏幕和第二屏幕作为营销渠道对电视观看活动的影响。我们使用了一家欧洲主要媒体公司关于电视观看行为和营销渠道曝光的独特的大规模观测数据集。结果表明,第一屏幕营销和第二屏幕营销都可以增加观看节目的可能性。我们讨论了这些影响的机制,并为媒体行业的营销规划提供了管理启示。
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引用次数: 1
When journalists become stars: drivers of human brand images and their influence on consumer intentions 当记者成为明星:人类品牌形象的推动者及其对消费者意图的影响
IF 0.3 4区 经济学 Q4 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2019-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/08997764.2021.1889814
Nina Klaß, Christian M. Wellbrock
ABSTRACT Technology has disrupted the news media, and the limited intention to pay for content is still a challenge for the industry. News media outlets currently distribute single articles through online and profile logic platforms, such as social media sites, to consumers and marketers. Thus, journalists are becoming more visible, relevant and, consequently, valuable–for both consumers and firms. General human brand theories predict that strategic management can foster superstar brand images for journalists to increase news media success. This article develops and empirically validates a comprehensive measurement model for human brand images in the news media industry by focusing on the drivers that affect brand image and their influence on consumer intentions. The results, which are base on primary questionnaire survey data (n = 1,502) and partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), suggest that first performance-based factors, followed by self-expression and then personality-based factors are direct potential antecedents of brand image and that brand image is a direct potential antecedent of paying intent and the intention to share content through social media. Our results offer much needed guidance for news media by providing a basis for implementing successful human brand management which could potentially support the search for sustainable business models.
摘要技术扰乱了新闻媒体,为内容付费的意愿有限仍然是该行业面临的挑战。新闻媒体目前通过社交媒体网站等在线和个人资料逻辑平台向消费者和营销人员分发单篇文章。因此,记者变得越来越引人注目,越来越有意义,因此对消费者和公司来说都更有价值。一般的人类品牌理论预测,战略管理可以为记者塑造超级明星品牌形象,从而提高新闻媒体的成功率。本文通过关注影响品牌形象的驱动因素及其对消费者意图的影响,开发并实证验证了新闻媒体行业中人类品牌形象的综合衡量模型。基于初步问卷调查数据(n=1502)和偏最小二乘结构方程建模(PLS-SEM)的结果表明,其次是自我表达,然后是基于个性的因素是品牌形象的直接潜在前因,而品牌形象是付费意愿和通过社交媒体分享内容意愿的直接潜在前因。我们的研究结果为新闻媒体提供了急需的指导,为实施成功的人类品牌管理提供了基础,这可能有助于寻找可持续的商业模式。
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引用次数: 4
On the pricing of quality attributes at movie theaters 关于电影院质量属性的定价
IF 0.3 4区 经济学 Q4 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2019-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/08997764.2021.1883917
J. C. Arteaga, D. Coronado, Daniel Flores
ABSTRACT In this study, we use hedonic and conjoint analyses to estimate the effects of a series of service attributes such as VIP (top luxury), IMAX, X4D (a 3D movie projection with synchronized physical effects), JUNIOR (an auditorium with a playground for kids), and 3D on admission prices at movie theaters. As far as we know, this is the first effort to measure consumers’ willingness to pay for a set of quality service attributes in this industry using these methods. Our estimates can serve as a guide for pricing decisions at movie theaters. Moreover, they can be used to assess investments. Some of the quality attributes that we study have large implicit prices. Nevertheless, they can be very costly or may substantially reduce the seating capacity of theaters. Therefore, we provide an example illustrating how managers and investors can use our willingness to pay estimates to evaluate investing in each of these features.
摘要在本研究中,我们使用享乐分析和联合分析来估计VIP(顶级豪华)、IMAX、X4D(具有同步物理效果的3D电影放映)、JUNIOR(带儿童游乐场的礼堂)和3D等一系列服务属性对电影院票价的影响。据我们所知,这是第一次尝试使用这些方法来衡量消费者对一组优质服务属性的支付意愿。我们的估计可以作为电影院定价决策的指导。此外,它们还可用于评估投资。我们研究的一些质量属性有很大的隐性价格。然而,它们可能非常昂贵,或者可能会大大减少剧院的座位容量。因此,我们提供了一个例子来说明管理者和投资者如何使用我们的支付意愿来评估对这些特征的投资。
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引用次数: 4
Effects of China’s “limited entertainment order” policy on program diversity: an analysis based on panel threshold model 中国“限娱令”政策对节目多样性的影响——基于面板阈值模型的分析
IF 0.3 4区 经济学 Q4 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2019-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/08997764.2021.1888210
J. Cheng, Chen Wu, Jianyu Chi
ABSTRACT “Competitive duplication” is widespread in China’s broadcasting market due to fierce competition. To address this issue, the National Radio and Television Administration instituted the “Limited Entertainment Order” (LEO) in 2011 with the purpose of increasing the diversity of television programs. This study employs a Panel Threshold Model and data on 32 provincial TV stations between 2009 and 2014 to examine the effectiveness of the LEO on program diversity. The descriptive statistics reveal a temporary increase in program diversity immediately following implementation of the LEO, which drops quickly thereafter. The empirical findings suggest the policy has been ineffective in promoting the genres of programs offered by provincial broadcasters. In contrast, the individual fixed effects, rating share, and advertisement dependence of TV stations have significant effects on the level of program diversity.
由于竞争激烈,“竞争性复制”现象在中国广播电视市场普遍存在。为了解决这一问题,国家广播电视总局于2011年颁布了《限娱令》,旨在增加电视节目的多样性。本研究采用面板阈值模型和2009 - 2014年32家省级电视台的数据来检验低成本政策对节目多样性的影响。描述性统计数据显示,在LEO实施后,项目多样性立即暂时增加,此后迅速下降。实证结果表明,该政策在促进省级广播公司提供的节目类型方面效果不佳。而电视台的个体固定效应、收视率份额和广告依赖对节目多样性水平有显著影响。
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引用次数: 0
The economics of social media (super-)stars: an empirical investigation of stardom and success on YouTube 社交媒体(超级)明星的经济学:对YouTube上的明星和成功的实证调查
IF 0.3 4区 经济学 Q4 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2018-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/08997764.2020.1849228
Oliver Budzinski, Sophia Gaenssle
ABSTRACT A new type of superstars developed with the rise of social media markets: social media superstars (SMS). The economic literature on the superstar phenomenon provides empirical evidence on different types of stars, above all athletes and musicians. This paper presents the first empirical work on SMS with original data from YouTube. Using various econometric techniques, we analyze a unique sample of 200 YouTube stars out of four different video categories to shed light on this new phenomenon. Beyond applying classic economic concepts on superstars by Rosen, MacDonald, and Adler, we contribute to extending the literature toward attention economics and the concepts of audience building (audience attraction and maintenance). In our empirical analysis, we find evidence supporting an inverse U-shape influence of upload frequency on the success of SMS. Moreover, we find empirical evidence that the duration and experience in the market have a significant influence on social media success. Eventually, we derive implications for superstar theory, SMS management, service providers, and advertisers.
摘要随着社交媒体市场的兴起,出现了一种新型的超级明星:社交媒体超级明星。关于超级明星现象的经济学文献为不同类型的明星提供了经验证据,尤其是运动员和音乐家。本文介绍了第一个关于短信的实证工作,原始数据来自YouTube。使用各种计量经济学技术,我们分析了四个不同视频类别中200名YouTube明星的独特样本,以揭示这一新现象。除了将Rosen、MacDonald和Adler的经典经济概念应用于超级明星之外,我们还致力于将文献扩展到注意力经济学和观众构建(观众吸引和维护)的概念。在我们的实证分析中,我们发现有证据支持上传频率对短信成功率的反U型影响。此外,我们发现市场上的持续时间和体验对社交媒体的成功有显著影响。最终,我们得出了对超级明星理论、短信管理、服务提供商和广告商的启示。
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引用次数: 12
Cross-country variation in the share of national movies in total box office revenue 各国电影在总票房收入中所占份额的差异
IF 0.3 4区 经济学 Q4 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2018-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/08997764.2020.1871358
M. U. Özmen
ABSTRACT This study investigates the cross-country variation in the share of national movies in total box office revenue using annual observations from a sample of 43 countries. For this purpose, the preference for national movies is associated with the size of domestic movie production (proxied by absolute and relative number of national movies produced), availability of top-class movie directors, cultural (national feeling) and institutional (level of democracy, freedom to access foreign information) indicators, and the presence of common languages spoken across countries. Our results reveal that higher national movie production (in absolute and relative terms), availability of top-level directors, and level of national feeling are positively associated with relative preference for national movies. Meanwhile the level of democracy, freedom to access foreign information, and the presence of common language are negatively associated with the share of national movies in total box office revenue. Overall, our results provide evidence for both home market effect and cultural discounting hypotheses from a macro level perspective. Movie producers, distributors, directors, and online-streaming content providers may use our findings to improve their creative and business strategies.
摘要本研究通过对43个国家的年度观察,探讨了国家电影在总票房收入中所占份额的跨国变化。为此,对国家电影的偏好与国内电影制作的规模(以国家电影制作的绝对数量和相对数量为代表),顶级电影导演的可用性,文化(民族感情)和制度(民主水平,获取外国信息的自由)指标以及各国通用语言的存在有关。我们的研究结果表明,较高的国家电影产量(绝对和相对而言)、顶级导演的可用性和国家情感水平与国家电影的相对偏好呈正相关。同时,民主程度、获取外国信息的自由程度和共同语言的存在与国家电影在总票房收入中的份额呈负相关。总体而言,我们的研究结果从宏观层面为国内市场效应和文化折扣假说提供了证据。电影制片人、发行商、导演和在线流媒体内容提供商可以利用我们的研究结果来改进他们的创意和商业策略。
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引用次数: 3
Geography and consumption of local media 地理与地方媒体消费
IF 0.3 4区 经济学 Q4 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2018-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/08997764.2020.1871250
Orsa Kekezi, C. Mellander
ABSTRACT Urbanization has led to the centralization of many important functions, including the media sector. In the case of Sweden, 53% of journalists now live in the capital region of Stockholm. The number of local editorial offices has shrunk from 668 to 273 in 28 years. What impact does this media centralization have? A recent report from the U.S. by the PEW Institute shows that rural communities experience a sense of being disconnected from what is being reported by the media. In this paper, we hypothesize that the lack of a local editorial office can lead to a lower consumption of local news (either in print form or online). Similarly, we also test if local news consumption decreases due to having fewer local journalists. Based on fine level data for Sweden in 2006 and in 2013, the results of our analysis suggest that the existence of an editorial office in a municipality is not significantly related to the consumption of local newspapers, but that accessibility to employed journalists who live in the municipality is.
摘要城市化导致了许多重要职能的集中,包括媒体部门。以瑞典为例,53%的记者现在居住在首都斯德哥尔摩地区。28年来,地方编辑部的数量从668个减少到273个。这种媒体集中有什么影响?PEW研究所最近在美国发布的一份报告显示,农村社区有一种与媒体报道脱节的感觉。在本文中,我们假设缺乏当地编辑部会导致当地新闻(无论是印刷形式还是在线形式)的消费减少。同样,我们还测试了当地新闻消费是否因当地记者减少而减少。根据瑞典2006年和2013年的精细数据,我们的分析结果表明,一个市镇的编辑办公室的存在与当地报纸的消费没有显著关系,但居住在该市镇的就业记者的可及性是。
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引用次数: 4
A thirty-year retrospective of the Journal of Media Economics: who wrote what, and how? 《媒介经济学杂志》三十年回顾:谁写了什么,如何写?
IF 0.3 4区 经济学 Q4 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2018-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/08997764.2020.1791888
Jaemin Jung, Youngjune Kim, Haeyeop Song
ABSTRACT This paper provides a content analysis of the published articles in the Journal of Media Economics during the period 1988–2017 and was sparked by the 30th anniversary of the journal. A total of 388 papers were content-analyzed to answer the questions of who wrote what, and how in the journal for the above-mentioned 30 years. Each article was classified based on the number of authors, author’s affiliation (country, region, and educational background), target country and industry analyzed, unit of analysis, theoretical base, methodological approach, data collection method, and time frame of research. The results revealed drastic changes in the composition of authors’ affiliated countries and their educational background. The target country and industry of research, and the level of analysis also changed. On the other hand, theoretical basis and methodological approaches, including data collection methods, did not show much change over time, except for the increase in mathematical modeling papers. The editorship changed from one person trained in journalism school (1988–2005) to co-editors – a communications scholar and an economist (2006–2017) – and the comparison between the two different types of the editorship showed an apparent difference in who wrote what, and how.
摘要本文对《媒体经济学杂志》1988年至2017年期间发表的文章进行了内容分析,这些文章是由该杂志创刊30周年引发的。共对388篇论文进行了内容分析,以回答在上述30年里谁在该杂志上写了什么以及如何写的问题。每篇文章都根据作者数量、作者的隶属关系(国家、地区和教育背景)、分析的目标国家和行业、分析单位、理论基础、方法论方法、数据收集方法和研究时间框架进行分类。研究结果显示,作者所属国家的构成及其教育背景发生了巨大变化。目标国家和行业的研究、分析水平也发生了变化。另一方面,理论基础和方法论方法,包括数据收集方法,除了数学建模论文的增加外,并没有随着时间的推移而发生太大变化。编辑职位从一名在新闻学院接受培训的人(1988-2005)变成了联合编辑——一名传播学者和一名经济学家(2006-2017)——两种不同类型的编辑职位之间的比较表明,谁写什么以及如何写有明显的差异。
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引用次数: 0
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