The article assesses the strengths and weaknesses of a rule-based translation program from North Saami to South Saami. As a tool for translators, the system can contribute to more text being produced in South Saami, both by using North Saami as an intermediary in the translation of texts from Norwegian and Swedish, and by translating texts that are originally written in North Saami. The system may also help teachers in academia to understand texts written by South Saami students. The system is still not good enough, in particular the number of word pairs in the lexicon must be increased considerably to get a better result. The translation is also not robust with respect to linguistic errors in the North Saami text. The linguistic difference between North Saami and South Saami syntax is big, and one could consider whether it would be appropriate to use a rule-based approach, which allows using information about the sentences' dependency trees, in order to more easily transform the sentences from North Saami syntax to acceptable South Saami.
{"title":"Er maskinoversetting fra nordsamisk nyttig for sørsamisk?","authors":"Lene Antonsen","doi":"10.7557/12.6342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/12.6342","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The article assesses the strengths and weaknesses of a rule-based translation program from North Saami to South Saami. As a tool for translators, the system can contribute to more text being produced in South Saami, both by using North Saami as an intermediary in the translation of texts from Norwegian and Swedish, and by translating texts that are originally written in North Saami. The system may also help teachers in academia to understand texts written by South Saami students. The system is still not good enough, in particular the number of word pairs in the lexicon must be increased considerably to get a better result. The translation is also not robust with respect to linguistic errors in the North Saami text. The linguistic difference between North Saami and South Saami syntax is big, and one could consider whether it would be appropriate to use a rule-based approach, which allows using information about the sentences' dependency trees, in order to more easily transform the sentences from North Saami syntax to acceptable South Saami.\u0000","PeriodicalId":29976,"journal":{"name":"Nordlyd Tromso University Working Papers on Language Linguistics","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78643746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article discusses the role and importance of South Saami, the westernmost language of the westernmost branch of the Uralic language family, in Saami, Uralic as well as general typological linguistics. It briefly summarizes the origins of the South Saami language and discusses some of the most prominent characteristic features of the language in its Saami and Scandinavian contexts. Special attention is given to three phenomena: 1) the so-called relation forms of nouns, etymologically related to the comparative marking of adjectives, but synchronically reminiscent of markers of definiteness and possession; 2) differential object marking with as many as three distinct morphological cases (accusative, nominative and elative); and 3) the nature and origins of the auxiliary verb edtjedh ‘shall’, possibly a degrammaticalization of the Proto-Saami potential mood marker.
{"title":"Åarjelsaemien gïele goh dïhte jillemes uralske gïele jïh akte gieltegs dotkemeobjeekte","authors":"Jussi Ylikoski","doi":"10.7557/12.6408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/12.6408","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the role and importance of South Saami, the westernmost language of the westernmost branch of the Uralic language family, in Saami, Uralic as well as general typological linguistics. It briefly summarizes the origins of the South Saami language and discusses some of the most prominent characteristic features of the language in its Saami and Scandinavian contexts. Special attention is given to three phenomena: 1) the so-called relation forms of nouns, etymologically related to the comparative marking of adjectives, but synchronically reminiscent of markers of definiteness and possession; 2) differential object marking with as many as three distinct morphological cases (accusative, nominative and elative); and 3) the nature and origins of the auxiliary verb edtjedh ‘shall’, possibly a degrammaticalization of the Proto-Saami potential mood marker.","PeriodicalId":29976,"journal":{"name":"Nordlyd Tromso University Working Papers on Language Linguistics","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73711810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of object-like expressions to encode an extension in space, along which a movement is performed, is generally widespread in Saami as a whole. In this article, the term path refers to such extensions in space. The study deals specifically with the use of the accusative singular to encode path in South Saami. One of the aims of the study is to investigate the semantic properties of nouns that, inflected for the accusative singular, appear in expressions of path. Another aim is to examine how such nouns semantically and syntactically interact with spatial adverbs to encode path, and how these adverbs relate to adpositions. In addition, the article directs attention to the semantic and syntactic properties of verbs which appear in clauses where nouns inflected for the accusative singular encode path. This short study is based on a quite limited sample and aims merely to highlight features of this phenomenon, which merit future studies.
{"title":"Uttryck för VÄG med ackusativ singular i sydsamiska","authors":"Torbjörn Söder","doi":"10.7557/12.6416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/12.6416","url":null,"abstract":"The use of object-like expressions to encode an extension in space, along which a movement is performed, is generally widespread in Saami as a whole. In this article, the term path refers to such extensions in space. The study deals specifically with the use of the accusative singular to encode path in South Saami. One of the aims of the study is to investigate the semantic properties of nouns that, inflected for the accusative singular, appear in expressions of path. Another aim is to examine how such nouns semantically and syntactically interact with spatial adverbs to encode path, and how these adverbs relate to adpositions. In addition, the article directs attention to the semantic and syntactic properties of verbs which appear in clauses where nouns inflected for the accusative singular encode path. This short study is based on a quite limited sample and aims merely to highlight features of this phenomenon, which merit future studies.","PeriodicalId":29976,"journal":{"name":"Nordlyd Tromso University Working Papers on Language Linguistics","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72422603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article presents the most central particles in Southern Sami, and argues that they constitute a separate part of speech different from adverbs. Most particles usually occur in the second position of the sentence, but several particles may also occur in second position in complex verb phrases, i.e. in third position in the sentence. A group of words have in previous research been treated as both proclitic and enclitic particles, it is argued here that these should be treated as adverbs.
{"title":"Partiklar i sørsamisk","authors":"Trond Trosterud","doi":"10.7557/12.6417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/12.6417","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the most central particles in Southern Sami, and argues that they constitute a separate part of speech different from adverbs. Most particles usually occur in the second position of the sentence, but several particles may also occur in second position in complex verb phrases, i.e. in third position in the sentence. A group of words have in previous research been treated as both proclitic and enclitic particles, it is argued here that these should be treated as adverbs.","PeriodicalId":29976,"journal":{"name":"Nordlyd Tromso University Working Papers on Language Linguistics","volume":"207 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76977251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Linda Wiechetek, Flammie A. Pirinen, Børre Gaup, Chiara Argese, Thomas Omma
Machine learning is the dominating paradigm in natural language processing nowadays. It requires vast amounts of manually annotated or synthetically generated text data. In the GiellaLT infrastructure, on the other hand, we have worked with rule-based methods, where the linguistis have full control over the development the tools. In this article we uncover the myth of machine learning being cheaper than a rule- based approach by showing how much work there is behind data generation, either via corpus annotation or creating tools that automatically mark-up the corpus. Earlier we have shown that the correction of grammatical errors, in particular compound errors, benefit from hybrid methods. Agreement errors, on the other other hand, are to a higher degree dependent on the larger grammatical context. Our experiments show that machine learning methods for this error type, even when supplemented by rule-based methods generating massive data, can not compete with the state-of-the-art rule-based approach.
{"title":"Mii *eai leat gal vuollánan – Vi *ha neimen ikke gitt opp","authors":"Linda Wiechetek, Flammie A. Pirinen, Børre Gaup, Chiara Argese, Thomas Omma","doi":"10.7557/12.6346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/12.6346","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Machine learning is the dominating paradigm in natural language processing nowadays. It requires vast amounts of manually annotated or synthetically generated text data. In the GiellaLT infrastructure, on the other hand, we have worked with rule-based methods, where the linguistis have full control over the development the tools. In this article we uncover the myth of machine learning being cheaper than a rule- based approach by showing how much work there is behind data generation, either via corpus annotation or creating tools that automatically mark-up the corpus. Earlier we have shown that the correction of grammatical errors, in particular compound errors, benefit from hybrid methods. Agreement errors, on the other other hand, are to a higher degree dependent on the larger grammatical context. Our experiments show that machine learning methods for this error type, even when supplemented by rule-based methods generating massive data, can not compete with the state-of-the-art rule-based approach.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":29976,"journal":{"name":"Nordlyd Tromso University Working Papers on Language Linguistics","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76574906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper presents three different projections of the future number of Sámi language users in Norway based on the contemporary number of children receiving instruction in Sámi in the Norwegian school system, either North, Lule or South Sámi. There exist three different curricula for the subject Sámi, one for first language pupils (Sámi 1), one for second language pupils (Sámi 2), and one for pupils with no previous knowledge of the language (Sámi 3). Depending on whether only Sámi 1 pupils become future language users, or also Sámi 2 or even Sámi 3 pupils do so, a sober, moderate, and optimistic prognosis can be made, respectively. The sober prognosis predicts a dramatic decrease for North Sámi and slight decrease for the other two varieties, whereas the moderate prognosis predicts stability for North Sámi and increase for Lule and South Sámi, and the optimistic prognosis predicts an increase for all three varieties. A number of factors that are likely to modulate the prognoses are brought to attention and discussed, unveiling that more information is needed regarding a number of issues that bear on how the future of the Sámi languages in Norway can be estimated.
{"title":"Projections for Sámi in Norway","authors":"Ø. Vangsnes","doi":"10.7557/12.6427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/12.6427","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The paper presents three different projections of the future number of Sámi language users in Norway based on the contemporary number of children receiving instruction in Sámi in the Norwegian school system, either North, Lule or South Sámi. There exist three different curricula for the subject Sámi, one for first language pupils (Sámi 1), one for second language pupils (Sámi 2), and one for pupils with no previous knowledge of the language (Sámi 3). Depending on whether only Sámi 1 pupils become future language users, or also Sámi 2 or even Sámi 3 pupils do so, a sober, moderate, and optimistic prognosis can be made, respectively. The sober prognosis predicts a dramatic decrease for North Sámi and slight decrease for the other two varieties, whereas the moderate prognosis predicts stability for North Sámi and increase for Lule and South Sámi, and the optimistic prognosis predicts an increase for all three varieties. A number of factors that are likely to modulate the prognoses are brought to attention and discussed, unveiling that more information is needed regarding a number of issues that bear on how the future of the Sámi languages in Norway can be estimated. \u0000","PeriodicalId":29976,"journal":{"name":"Nordlyd Tromso University Working Papers on Language Linguistics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88819164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Do female and male writers use adjectives differently? This article is a survey of the potentially gendered use of adjectives in Norwegian novels. It is also a tribute to Trond Tosteruds's legendary article on grammatical gender. While our concern here is biological sex of authors and their use of adjectives, the man of the hour was concerned with rule-governed gender on nouns, albeit with a biological accent. Several readers — and listeners at MONS in 1999 — took note of the bold rule that said that oblong objects, not to mention protruding natural formations, are masculine, while natural phenomena such as pits and cavities are feminine (Trosterud 2001).
{"title":"Om kjønn og adjektiv","authors":"Ingebjørg Tonne, Helene Uri, L. Johnsen","doi":"10.7557/12.6386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/12.6386","url":null,"abstract":"Do female and male writers use adjectives differently? This article is a survey of the potentially gendered use of adjectives in Norwegian novels. It is also a tribute to Trond Tosteruds's legendary article on grammatical gender. While our concern here is biological sex of authors and their use of adjectives, the man of the hour was concerned with rule-governed gender on nouns, albeit with a biological accent. Several readers — and listeners at MONS in 1999 — took note of the bold rule that said that oblong objects, not to mention protruding natural formations, are masculine, while natural phenomena such as pits and cavities are feminine (Trosterud 2001). ","PeriodicalId":29976,"journal":{"name":"Nordlyd Tromso University Working Papers on Language Linguistics","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72774241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Trond Trosterud – publikasjonar 1989–2022","authors":"Sjur Moshagen, Lene Antonsen, Øystein Vangsnes","doi":"10.7557/12.6671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/12.6671","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29976,"journal":{"name":"Nordlyd Tromso University Working Papers on Language Linguistics","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80000153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Preaspirasjon av ustemde klusilar er eit velkjent drag i dei fonologiske systema i dei samiske språka, som i nordsamisk [jahkiː] jahki ‘år.Nom.Sg’. Den er til stades i alle samiske språk som vi har kjennskap til, med unnatak av berre enaresamisk. Vi forstår også godt det historiske forholdet mellom samisk preaspirasjon og stadievekslingssystemet i andre uralske språk, framfor alt den austersjøfinske greina. Dagens samiske språk viser ein del variasjon i korleis preaspirerte klusilar oppfører seg i det fonologiske systemet. I dette bidraget skisserer eg korleis denne variasjonen har oppstått gjennom utviklinga frå ursamisk til dei moderne språka. Scenarioet som eg står for botnar i teorien om livssyklusen til fonologiske mønster. Eg viser at denne teorien eignar seg særs godt for å forstå diverse fonetiske og fonologiske mønster som kjem ut av ei og same kjelde, også på samisk språkgrunn. For å underbyggje denne påstanden sporar eg utviklinga av preaspirasjon frå eit fonetisk drag i ursamisk og fram til dei diverse resultata som vi finn i dagens språk.
{"title":"historiske utviklinga til preaspirasjon i samiske språk","authors":"Pavel Iosad","doi":"10.7557/12.6350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/12.6350","url":null,"abstract":"Preaspirasjon av ustemde klusilar er eit velkjent drag i dei fonologiske systema i dei samiske språka, som i nordsamisk [jahkiː] jahki ‘år.Nom.Sg’. Den er til stades i alle samiske språk som vi har kjennskap til, med unnatak av berre enaresamisk. Vi forstår også godt det historiske forholdet mellom samisk preaspirasjon og stadievekslingssystemet i andre uralske språk, framfor alt den austersjøfinske greina. Dagens samiske språk viser ein del variasjon i korleis preaspirerte klusilar oppfører seg i det fonologiske systemet. I dette bidraget skisserer eg korleis denne variasjonen har oppstått gjennom utviklinga frå ursamisk til dei moderne språka. Scenarioet som eg står for botnar i teorien om livssyklusen til fonologiske mønster. Eg viser at denne teorien eignar seg særs godt for å forstå diverse fonetiske og fonologiske mønster som kjem ut av ei og same kjelde, også på samisk språkgrunn. For å underbyggje denne påstanden sporar eg utviklinga av preaspirasjon frå eit fonetisk drag i ursamisk og fram til dei diverse resultata som vi finn i dagens språk.","PeriodicalId":29976,"journal":{"name":"Nordlyd Tromso University Working Papers on Language Linguistics","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82185077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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