Morpheme order in Mari declension has been extensively studied in the past but attempts to explain the large amounts of alternation found here have been constrained by the difficulty of accessing sufficient data to properly elucidate the complexities in this domain. The paper at hand examines the prospect of using the Corpus of Literary Mari, created by an international workgroup around Trond Trosterud and his colleagues and hosted by Giellatekno, and other recently published resources on Mari to efficiently access vast amounts of data to quantitatively study this subject in a manner that had not previously been possible.
{"title":"Mari morpheme order revisited","authors":"Luan Hammer, J. Bradley","doi":"10.7557/12.6373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/12.6373","url":null,"abstract":"Morpheme order in Mari declension has been extensively studied in the past but attempts to explain the large amounts of alternation found here have been constrained by the difficulty of accessing sufficient data to properly elucidate the complexities in this domain. The paper at hand examines the prospect of using the Corpus of Literary Mari, created by an international workgroup around Trond Trosterud and his colleagues and hosted by Giellatekno, and other recently published resources on Mari to efficiently access vast amounts of data to quantitatively study this subject in a manner that had not previously been possible.","PeriodicalId":29976,"journal":{"name":"Nordlyd Tromso University Working Papers on Language Linguistics","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81691542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this article is to investigate dialectal variation of plural endings of ari-words in Faroese, i.e., masculine words with ari-ending in singular. Such words for example lærari ‘teacher’ may get different plural endings in spoken Faroese: ar, ir, a, and R (lærarar, lærarir, lærara, læraR). In the written language there is only one correct plural form which is ar: lærarar. The empirical material in this article is picked up from a corpus of spoken language, Føroyskur talumálsbanki, which is a corpus management and analysis system for annotated corpora. The article is also a study of the usability of the corpus concerning dialectal variation in spoken Faroese. The result of the correlation shows that the non-standardized ir-variant is most frequent in the corpus. Here I investigate the variation by correlating them with two non-linguistic variables, place, and age.
本文的目的是研究法罗语中复数词尾的方言变异，即以单数结尾的阳性词。例如，“老师”在法罗语口语中可能会有不同的复数结尾:ar, ir, a和R (lærarar, lærarir, lærara, læraR)。在书面语言中，只有一种正确的复数形式是ar: lærarar。本文的实证材料选自口语语料库Føroyskur talumálsbanki，这是一个针对标注语料库的语料库管理和分析系统。本文还对法罗语口语方言变异语料库的可用性进行了研究。相关性分析结果表明，非标准化的ir-变体在语料库中最为常见。在这里，我通过将它们与两个非语言变量，地点和年龄相关联来研究这种变化。
{"title":"Flertalsformer af ari-ord i den færøske talesprogsbank","authors":"Jógvan í Lon Jacobsen","doi":"10.7557/12.6440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/12.6440","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000\u0000The aim of this article is to investigate dialectal variation of plural endings of ari-words in Faroese, i.e., masculine words with ari-ending in singular. Such words for example lærari ‘teacher’ may get different plural endings in spoken Faroese: ar, ir, a, and R (lærarar, lærarir, lærara, læraR). In the written language there is only one correct plural form which is ar: lærarar. The empirical material in this article is picked up from a corpus of spoken language, Føroyskur talumálsbanki, which is a corpus management and analysis system for annotated corpora. The article is also a study of the usability of the corpus concerning dialectal variation in spoken Faroese. The result of the correlation shows that the non-standardized ir-variant is most frequent in the corpus. Here I investigate the variation by correlating them with two non-linguistic variables, place, and age.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":29976,"journal":{"name":"Nordlyd Tromso University Working Papers on Language Linguistics","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78139555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jack Rueter, N. Partanen, Khalid Alnajjar, Mika Hämäläinen
This document is dedicated to a young man, who, despite the number of times he has traveled around the Sun, is always open to new thoughts on ways to include languages, especially the smaller ones, and the people who speak them in far-reaching and sustainable open-source de- velopment. Since Trond Trosterud in Tromsø is attributed a terrific track record in transnational and circum-polar linguistics, we try to attract his attention further afield, to languages and phe- nomena he has only touched. The language phenomena addressed here come from Erzya and the Zyrian variety of Komi; Erzya has issues presented but not discussed in his dissertation, whereas Komi brings in issues of adnominal and predicate number marking in conjunction with case homonymy that have been resolved thanks to the flexibility of the infrastructure.
{"title":"Establishing a Role for Minority Source Language in Multilingual Facilitation","authors":"Jack Rueter, N. Partanen, Khalid Alnajjar, Mika Hämäläinen","doi":"10.7557/12.6370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/12.6370","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000This document is dedicated to a young man, who, despite the number of times he has traveled around the Sun, is always open to new thoughts on ways to include languages, especially the smaller ones, and the people who speak them in far-reaching and sustainable open-source de- velopment. Since Trond Trosterud in Tromsø is attributed a terrific track record in transnational and circum-polar linguistics, we try to attract his attention further afield, to languages and phe- nomena he has only touched. The language phenomena addressed here come from Erzya and the Zyrian variety of Komi; Erzya has issues presented but not discussed in his dissertation, whereas Komi brings in issues of adnominal and predicate number marking in conjunction with case homonymy that have been resolved thanks to the flexibility of the infrastructure. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":29976,"journal":{"name":"Nordlyd Tromso University Working Papers on Language Linguistics","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74172869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
North Saami čalbmi ‘eye’ (< Proto-Uralic *ćilmä) has cognates in all Uralic languages, and everywhere they refer to the visual organs of humans and animals. However, scholars have barely paid attention to the grammatical functions of čalbmi in compound-like formations such as suoldnečalbmi “dew eye”, suoidnečalbmi “grass eye”, varračalbmi “blood eye”, jiekŋačalbmi “ice eye”, vuoktačalbmi “hair eye” and muorječalbmi “berry eye”. This article examines such expressions as so-called singulatives – grammatical means for individuating a single referent from a group or mass (i.e., ‘a single drop of dew’, ‘a single blade of grass’, ‘a single drop of blood’, ‘a single crystal of ice’, ‘a single human hair’ and ‘a single berry’). The article mainly discusses morphological, syntactic and semantic features of singulatives in North Saami and other present-day Saami languages, but comparable singulatives in Khanty, Mansi and Samoyed languages as well as in Hungarian suggest that singulative expressions such as *weri-ćilmä ‘a single drop of blood’, *jäŋi-ćilmä ‘a single crystal of ice; hailstone’ and *me̮rja-ćilmä ‘a single berry’ can, in principle, be reconstructed all the way back to Proto-Uralic.
{"title":"Čalbmi čalmmis ja suoldnečalmmit suoidnečalmmis","authors":"Jussi Ylikoski","doi":"10.7557/12.6304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/12.6304","url":null,"abstract":"North Saami čalbmi ‘eye’ (< Proto-Uralic *ćilmä) has cognates in all Uralic languages, and everywhere they refer to the visual organs of humans and animals. However, scholars have barely paid attention to the grammatical functions of čalbmi in compound-like formations such as suoldnečalbmi “dew eye”, suoidnečalbmi “grass eye”, varračalbmi “blood eye”, jiekŋačalbmi “ice eye”, vuoktačalbmi “hair eye” and muorječalbmi “berry eye”. This article examines such expressions as so-called singulatives – grammatical means for individuating a single referent from a group or mass (i.e., ‘a single drop of dew’, ‘a single blade of grass’, ‘a single drop of blood’, ‘a single crystal of ice’, ‘a single human hair’ and ‘a single berry’). The article mainly discusses morphological, syntactic and semantic features of singulatives in North Saami and other present-day Saami languages, but comparable singulatives in Khanty, Mansi and Samoyed languages as well as in Hungarian suggest that singulative expressions such as *weri-ćilmä ‘a single drop of blood’, *jäŋi-ćilmä ‘a single crystal of ice; hailstone’ and *me̮rja-ćilmä ‘a single berry’ can, in principle, be reconstructed all the way back to Proto-Uralic.","PeriodicalId":29976,"journal":{"name":"Nordlyd Tromso University Working Papers on Language Linguistics","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86374829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In traditional linguistics, pronouns are divided into two classes: those that can bear word stress, coined strong, full or tonal, and those that can not, coined weak, clitic, or atonal. However, in the last decades, research on this topic showed that items generally labeled as clitics are by far more complex. Between words and affixes, these hybrid linguistic entities challenge both description and modeling. As for Romanian, the debate on weak (i.e., clitic) pronouns was dominated by the question about their categorial status: are these items clitics or affixes? In this article, we present and scrutinize different approaches that support the claim that there is a difference between proclitics and enclitics, i.e., between clitics occurring before vs. after the verb. Since Romanian features a full-fledged pronominal system with different deficiency degrees, we evaluate these claims against it. We show that all these approaches manifest basic deficiencies.
{"title":"How weak are Romanian clitic pronouns?","authors":"C. Gerstenberger","doi":"10.7557/12.6341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/12.6341","url":null,"abstract":"In traditional linguistics, pronouns are divided into two classes: those that can bear word stress, coined strong, full or tonal, and those that can not, coined weak, clitic, or atonal. However, in the last decades, research on this topic showed that items generally labeled as clitics are by far more complex. Between words and affixes, these hybrid linguistic entities challenge both description and modeling. As for Romanian, the debate on weak (i.e., clitic) pronouns was dominated by the question about their categorial status: are these items clitics or affixes? In this article, we present and scrutinize different approaches that support the claim that there is a difference between proclitics and enclitics, i.e., between clitics occurring before vs. after the verb. Since Romanian features a full-fledged pronominal system with different deficiency degrees, we evaluate these claims against it. We show that all these approaches manifest basic deficiencies.","PeriodicalId":29976,"journal":{"name":"Nordlyd Tromso University Working Papers on Language Linguistics","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90740690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Inari Saami does not have a strong written tradition. The current orthography was adopted as recently as the 1990s, and the revitalization process is beginning only now to shift its focus from increasing the number of speakers to strengthening the literacy of the language. This article studies the Inari Saami postpositions pelni and piälán as well as their shorter forms peln/beln and pel/bel. The main question is whether these postpositions are joined to the noun preceding them or stand after it as separate words. The research is based on the SIKOR Inari Saami free corpus developed by the Giellatekno team. The postpositions have been analyzed semantically taking into account the frequency with which they occur in the literature. They have been divided into four semantic groups: 1) place, 2) orientation and direction, 3) time and 4) other semantic categories. The long forms pelni and piälán are mostly written as separate words – except for when they are used to express orientation or direction – whereas the short forms peln/beln and pel/bel are usually joined to the preceding word other than in time expressions. Alternative explanations for such variation are also discussed.
{"title":"Anarâškielâ postpositioi pelni já piälán čäällim sierâ já oohtân tievâdâsâinis SIKOR-tekstâčuágálduvâst","authors":"Petter Morottaja, Marja-Liisa Olthuis, Fabrizio Brecciaroli","doi":"10.7557/12.6384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/12.6384","url":null,"abstract":"Inari Saami does not have a strong written tradition. The current orthography was adopted as recently as the 1990s, and the revitalization process is beginning only now to shift its focus from increasing the number of speakers to strengthening the literacy of the language. This article studies the Inari Saami postpositions pelni and piälán as well as their shorter forms peln/beln and pel/bel. The main question is whether these postpositions are joined to the noun preceding them or stand after it as separate words. The research is based on the SIKOR Inari Saami free corpus developed by the Giellatekno team. The postpositions have been analyzed semantically taking into account the frequency with which they occur in the literature. They have been divided into four semantic groups: 1) place, 2) orientation and direction, 3) time and 4) other semantic categories. The long forms pelni and piälán are mostly written as separate words – except for when they are used to express orientation or direction – whereas the short forms peln/beln and pel/bel are usually joined to the preceding word other than in time expressions. Alternative explanations for such variation are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":29976,"journal":{"name":"Nordlyd Tromso University Working Papers on Language Linguistics","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89710481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Evaluation has emerged as a central concern in natural language processing (NLP) over the last few decades. Evaluation is done against a gold standard, a manually linguistically annotated dataset, which is assumed to provide the ground truth against which the accuracy of the NLP system can be assessed automatically. In this article, some methodological questions in connection with the creation of gold standard datasets are discussed, in particular (non-)expectations of linguistic expertise in annotators and the interannotator agreement measure standardly but unreflectedly used as a kind of quality index of NLP gold standards.
{"title":"All that glitters...","authors":"L. Borin","doi":"10.7557/12.6348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/12.6348","url":null,"abstract":"Evaluation has emerged as a central concern in natural language processing (NLP) over the last few decades. Evaluation is done against a gold standard, a manually linguistically annotated dataset, which is assumed to provide the ground truth against which the accuracy of the NLP system can be assessed automatically. In this article, some methodological questions in connection with the creation of gold standard datasets are discussed, in particular (non-)expectations of linguistic expertise in annotators and the interannotator agreement measure standardly but unreflectedly used as a kind of quality index of NLP gold standards.","PeriodicalId":29976,"journal":{"name":"Nordlyd Tromso University Working Papers on Language Linguistics","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73775325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pia Lane, Kristin Hagen, Anders Nøklestad, J. Priestley
Language documentation, including the development and use of corpora, is frequently linked to revitalisation. This is also the case for the Kven language, a Finnic minoritised language, traditionally spoken in the two northernmost counties of Norway. Kven is a recognised minority language in Norway, protected by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. This status led to increased efforts to document Kven, including the development of the Ruija Corpus, consisting of recordings of interviews in Kven. The corpus was an important tool for the standardisation of Kven. In this article we describe how the corpus was developed and account for search functions, including a discussion of the limitations of the corpus. We also discuss the role of corpora and other online tools for language revitalisation, with a particular focus on the standardisation of Kven and conclude by reflecting on how expertise also resides with the speakers of an endangered language and that they have a right to be involved in efforts of language documentation and revitalisation.
{"title":"Creating a corpus for Kven, a minority language in Norway","authors":"Pia Lane, Kristin Hagen, Anders Nøklestad, J. Priestley","doi":"10.7557/12.6345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/12.6345","url":null,"abstract":"Language documentation, including the development and use of corpora, is frequently linked to revitalisation. This is also the case for the Kven language, a Finnic minoritised language, traditionally spoken in the two northernmost counties of Norway. Kven is a recognised minority language in Norway, protected by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. This status led to increased efforts to document Kven, including the development of the Ruija Corpus, consisting of recordings of interviews in Kven. The corpus was an important tool for the standardisation of Kven. In this article we describe how the corpus was developed and account for search functions, including a discussion of the limitations of the corpus. We also discuss the role of corpora and other online tools for language revitalisation, with a particular focus on the standardisation of Kven and conclude by reflecting on how expertise also resides with the speakers of an endangered language and that they have a right to be involved in efforts of language documentation and revitalisation.","PeriodicalId":29976,"journal":{"name":"Nordlyd Tromso University Working Papers on Language Linguistics","volume":"14 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75798687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Denne utgåva av Nordlyd er eit festskrift til ære for vår kollega professor Trond Trosterud, i samband med at han fyller 60 år 30. august 2022. Utgåva inneheld 22 artiklar skrivne av i alt 43 forfattarar – for det meste folk som har samarbeidd med Trond i tidlegare år. Vi har òg skrive ei innleiing om Trond, og til sist i boka er det ei liste over Trond sine publikasjonar. Vi er umåteleg glade for å kunna heidra Trond med denne boka som inneheld mykje spennande om mange ulike tema frå forskjellige språk og som med det speglar dei vide og mangslungne interessene til jubilanten. Vi takkar alle som har skrive artiklane, og vi takkar alle fagfellane som har vurdert og kommentert artiklane.
{"title":"Trond Trosterud ved 60","authors":"Lene Antonsen, Sjur Moshagen, Ø. Vangsnes","doi":"10.7557/12.6663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/12.6663","url":null,"abstract":"Denne utgåva av Nordlyd er eit festskrift til ære for vår kollega professor Trond Trosterud, i samband med at han fyller 60 år 30. august 2022. Utgåva inneheld 22 artiklar skrivne av i alt 43 forfattarar – for det meste folk som har samarbeidd med Trond i tidlegare år. Vi har òg skrive ei innleiing om Trond, og til sist i boka er det ei liste over Trond sine publikasjonar. Vi er umåteleg glade for å kunna heidra Trond med denne boka som inneheld mykje spennande om mange ulike tema frå forskjellige språk og som med det speglar dei vide og mangslungne interessene til jubilanten. Vi takkar alle som har skrive artiklane, og vi takkar alle fagfellane som har vurdert og kommentert artiklane.","PeriodicalId":29976,"journal":{"name":"Nordlyd Tromso University Working Papers on Language Linguistics","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85638620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Noun class is widely seen as “standing out” from other morphosyntactic categories in having a basis in ontological beliefs, or a ‘semantic core’. The consequence of this view is that noun classes in natural languages frequently do not cohere semantically. Here I motivate an aspectual alternative according to which noun class is grounded in low-level cognitive processes including the detection of agency and sex- related cues (including shape/size) and ‘mode’ of attention. This suggests a way of bringing noun class more into line with the perspectivizing contribution of morphosyntactic features in general.
{"title":"Preconceptual Basis of Noun Class (Gender)","authors":"P. Bye","doi":"10.7557/12.6371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/12.6371","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000Noun class is widely seen as “standing out” from other morphosyntactic categories in having a basis in ontological beliefs, or a ‘semantic core’. The consequence of this view is that noun classes in natural languages frequently do not cohere semantically. Here I motivate an aspectual alternative according to which noun class is grounded in low-level cognitive processes including the detection of agency and sex- related cues (including shape/size) and ‘mode’ of attention. This suggests a way of bringing noun class more into line with the perspectivizing contribution of morphosyntactic features in general. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":29976,"journal":{"name":"Nordlyd Tromso University Working Papers on Language Linguistics","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86194146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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