The embedded verb in North Sámi ECM-constructions can appear in one of three different forms: past participle, progressive and infinitive. The existing descriptions of North Sámi say that the past participle places the embedded event before the higher event, that the progressive (traditionally called aktio essive) expresses temporal coincidence with the higher event, and that the infinitive normally gets a future interpretation, but it might also coincide temporally with the higher clause. This paper shows that although these generalisations are mostly correct, variation in the temporal interpretation of ECM complement clauses can be caused by a number of factors. In particular, the semantics of the matrix verb and the aspectual properties of the lower verb can influence the temporal relation between the matrix event and the embedded event. In addition, temporal adverbials can shift or fix the time of the embedded event.
North Sámi ecm结构中嵌入的动词可以以三种不同的形式出现:过去分词、进行式和不定式。对North Sámi的现有描述表明，过去分词将嵌入的事件置于高级事件之前，进行式(传统上称为aktio格)表示与高级事件在时间上的重合，不定式通常得到未来的解释，但它也可能在时间上与高级分句重合。本文表明，尽管这些概括大多是正确的，但ECM补语从句的时间解释的变化可能由许多因素引起。特别是，矩阵动词的语义和下一动词的方面属性可以影响矩阵事件和嵌入事件之间的时间关系。此外，时间状语可以改变或固定嵌入事件的时间。
{"title":"Temporal relations in North Sámi ECM constructions","authors":"Marit Julien","doi":"10.7557/12.6261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/12.6261","url":null,"abstract":"The embedded verb in North Sámi ECM-constructions can appear in one of three different forms: past participle, progressive and infinitive. The existing descriptions of North Sámi say that the past participle places the embedded event before the higher event, that the progressive (traditionally called aktio essive) expresses temporal coincidence with the higher event, and that the infinitive normally gets a future interpretation, but it might also coincide temporally with the higher clause. This paper shows that although these generalisations are mostly correct, variation in the temporal interpretation of ECM complement clauses can be caused by a number of factors. In particular, the semantics of the matrix verb and the aspectual properties of the lower verb can influence the temporal relation between the matrix event and the embedded event. In addition, temporal adverbials can shift or fix the time of the embedded event. ","PeriodicalId":29976,"journal":{"name":"Nordlyd Tromso University Working Papers on Language Linguistics","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84455706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Online lexicographical resources for the morphologically rich Indigenous languages in Canada use a wide range of strategies for conveying their language’s morphological system, i.e. how words are inflected and derived, which this paper illustrates in a survey of seventeen bilingual online resources. The strategies these resources employ boil down to two basic approaches to the underlying structure of the resource: 1) a lexical database, or 2) a computational model. Most resources we surveyed are constructed around lexical databases. These assume the word(form) as the basic unit, an assumption that makes it difficult to incorporate the language’s sub-word, morphological structure in full detail. However, one resource uses a computational morphological model to bring the language’s morphology into the core of the lexicon – this proved to be a “low-hanging fruit” in the application of language technology that had been accomplished within a reasonable time-frame, as has been advocated by Trond Trosterud. We discuss the value created and questions raised by this approach and argue that it successfully overcomes the traditional Boasian three-way partition of dictionary, grammar, and text, creating integrated language resources that meet the modern needs of low-resource endangered languages and their communities.
{"title":"Low hanging fruit and the Boasian trilogy in digital lexicography of morphologically rich languages","authors":"E. Pankratz, Antti Arppe, Jordan Lachler","doi":"10.7557/12.6441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/12.6441","url":null,"abstract":"Online lexicographical resources for the morphologically rich Indigenous languages in Canada use a wide range of strategies for conveying their language’s morphological system, i.e. how words are inflected and derived, which this paper illustrates in a survey of seventeen bilingual online resources. The strategies these resources employ boil down to two basic approaches to the underlying structure of the resource: 1) a lexical database, or 2) a computational model. Most resources we surveyed are constructed around lexical databases. These assume the word(form) as the basic unit, an assumption that makes it difficult to incorporate the language’s sub-word, morphological structure in full detail. However, one resource uses a computational morphological model to bring the language’s morphology into the core of the lexicon – this proved to be a “low-hanging fruit” in the application of language technology that had been accomplished within a reasonable time-frame, as has been advocated by Trond Trosterud. We discuss the value created and questions raised by this approach and argue that it successfully overcomes the traditional Boasian three-way partition of dictionary, grammar, and text, creating integrated language resources that meet the modern needs of low-resource endangered languages and their communities.","PeriodicalId":29976,"journal":{"name":"Nordlyd Tromso University Working Papers on Language Linguistics","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83674056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Intelligent Language Tutoring Systems typically attempt to automatically diagnose learner errors in order to provide individualized feedback. One common approach is the use of mal-rules to extend norma- tive grammars by licensing specific types of learner errors. In finite-state morphologies, mal-rules can be implemented as two-level rules or replace rules. However, unlike the phonological rules of natural languages, mal-rules do not necessarily behave as a coherent system, especially with respect to feed- ing interactions. Using examples from learner errors attested in the RULEC corpus of Russian learner texts, we illustrate the problem of cyclic feeding interactions that can occur between mal-rules. We then describe a formal algorithm for identifying an optimal ordering for mal-rules to be applied to a transducer.
{"title":"Cyclic feeding interactions between finite-state mal-rules","authors":"Robert Joshua Reynolds, L. Janda, T. Nesset","doi":"10.7557/12.6306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/12.6306","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000Intelligent Language Tutoring Systems typically attempt to automatically diagnose learner errors in order to provide individualized feedback. One common approach is the use of mal-rules to extend norma- tive grammars by licensing specific types of learner errors. In finite-state morphologies, mal-rules can be implemented as two-level rules or replace rules. However, unlike the phonological rules of natural languages, mal-rules do not necessarily behave as a coherent system, especially with respect to feed- ing interactions. Using examples from learner errors attested in the RULEC corpus of Russian learner texts, we illustrate the problem of cyclic feeding interactions that can occur between mal-rules. We then describe a formal algorithm for identifying an optimal ordering for mal-rules to be applied to a transducer. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":29976,"journal":{"name":"Nordlyd Tromso University Working Papers on Language Linguistics","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73170228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
More than a thousand children attend Sámi kindergartens daily, while quite a number of Sámi children get Sámi language instruction in other kindergartens. This activity is one of the most important arenas for transmission and acquisition of Sámi languages. A question raised in this article is how these kindergartens are used as research fields in the disciplines of language and sociology and early childhood pedagogy. Another question is what kind of language teaching models are used. The article shows that little research has been carried out on how Sámi kindergartens teach Sámi language. There is also little research done on the results from this education. A review of the Sámi kindergartens’ history shows that statistical material on Sámi kindergartens and Sámi language instruction in other kindergartens is available only from some geographical areas, and existing statistical information is only partly suitable for analysis. This makes it difficult to use existing material to monitor the vitality of Sámi languages. The article calls for more research on Sámi kindergartens and language teaching models used in them. A goal could be to create a basis for monitoring this crucial indicator of language vitality for Sámi languages: whether new generations of Sámi become Sámi-speakers or not. This should be followed up with more research on the language teaching models used in Sámi kindergartens
{"title":"Samiske barnehagers rolle i språkrevitaliseringa","authors":"Torkel Rasmussen","doi":"10.7557/12.6387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/12.6387","url":null,"abstract":"More than a thousand children attend Sámi kindergartens daily, while quite a number of Sámi children get Sámi language instruction in other kindergartens. This activity is one of the most important arenas for transmission and acquisition of Sámi languages. A question raised in this article is how these kindergartens are used as research fields in the disciplines of language and sociology and early childhood pedagogy. Another question is what kind of language teaching models are used. The article shows that little research has been carried out on how Sámi kindergartens teach Sámi language. There is also little research done on the results from this education. A review of the Sámi kindergartens’ history shows that statistical material on Sámi kindergartens and Sámi language instruction in other kindergartens is available only from some geographical areas, and existing statistical information is only partly suitable for analysis. This makes it difficult to use existing material to monitor the vitality of Sámi languages. The article calls for more research on Sámi kindergartens and language teaching models used in them. A goal could be to create a basis for monitoring this crucial indicator of language vitality for Sámi languages: whether new generations of Sámi become Sámi-speakers or not. This should be followed up with more research on the language teaching models used in Sámi kindergartens\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":29976,"journal":{"name":"Nordlyd Tromso University Working Papers on Language Linguistics","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78364852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study of the Finnish language – called Fennistics – was focused on collecting Finnish dialect material from very early on. During the 19th century interest in studying dialects was governed by the idea that dialects could be used to develop modern written Finnish. However, gradually the study of dialects also became an area of study in its own right. Collecting material on Kven dialects belonged to the larger project of Fennistic materials collection from the very beginning. Therefore, many Kven dialect materials can be found in Finnish dialect archives. The documentation which resulted from dialect collections gathered via the field of Fennistics have been used in the process of revitalizing Kven. In this article, language documentation is defined to be an activity which also includes traditional dialectology. By contrast, documentary linguistics is a field of linguistics established in the 1990s which focuses on revitalizing endangered languages. The difference between language documentation in the Fennistic tradition and documentation of endangered languages in the field of documentary linguistics today is also discussed.
{"title":"Språkdokumentasjon innen fennistikken og kvensk","authors":"Leena Niiranen","doi":"10.7557/12.6347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/12.6347","url":null,"abstract":"The study of the Finnish language – called Fennistics – was focused on collecting Finnish dialect material from very early on. During the 19th century interest in studying dialects was governed by the idea that dialects could be used to develop modern written Finnish. However, gradually the study of dialects also became an area of study in its own right. Collecting material on Kven dialects belonged to the larger project of Fennistic materials collection from the very beginning. Therefore, many Kven dialect materials can be found in Finnish dialect archives. The documentation which resulted from dialect collections gathered via the field of Fennistics have been used in the process of revitalizing Kven. In this article, language documentation is defined to be an activity which also includes traditional dialectology. By contrast, documentary linguistics is a field of linguistics established in the 1990s which focuses on revitalizing endangered languages. The difference between language documentation in the Fennistic tradition and documentation of endangered languages in the field of documentary linguistics today is also discussed.","PeriodicalId":29976,"journal":{"name":"Nordlyd Tromso University Working Papers on Language Linguistics","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89258026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article, I examine the dialect forms of a set of North Saami pronouns – mo, do, so, da (‘I, you, he/she, it’; standardized forms: mon, don, son, dan). More specifically, I investigate where the forms are in use and how the forms have developed. The material shows that the final -n has changed in a number of stages before it disappeared completely. I suggest that these pronominal forms are a dialect mark of the Torne Saami dialect group (named after the Torne river valley on the border between Sweden and Finland). The pronominal forms are used throughout this dialect area, and the use continues north to Kvænangen in Norway, which in turn belongs to the Sea Sami dialect group. In the Kvænangen dialect there are also a couple of other characteristics that are typical for some of the Torne Saami dialects.
在本文中，我研究了一组北萨米语代词的方言形式——mo, do, so, da(“我，你，他/她，它”;标准化的形式:mon、don、son、dan)。更具体地说，我研究了表单在哪里使用以及表单是如何发展的。材料表明，最终的-n在完全消失之前经历了几个阶段的变化。我认为这些代词形式是托恩萨米方言群的方言标志(以瑞典和芬兰边界上的托恩河谷命名)。代词形式在整个方言地区都被使用，这种使用继续向北到挪威的Kvænangen，它又属于海萨米方言群。在Kvænangen方言中还有一些其他的特征是Torne Saami方言的典型特征。
{"title":"Mo, do, so, da – duortnussámi dovdomearkan?","authors":"Lene Antonsen","doi":"10.7557/12.6394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/12.6394","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, I examine the dialect forms of a set of North Saami pronouns – mo, do, so, da (‘I, you, he/she, it’; standardized forms: mon, don, son, dan). More specifically, I investigate where the forms are in use and how the forms have developed. The material shows that the final -n has changed in a number of stages before it disappeared completely. I suggest that these pronominal forms are a dialect mark of the Torne Saami dialect group (named after the Torne river valley on the border between Sweden and Finland). The pronominal forms are used throughout this dialect area, and the use continues north to Kvænangen in Norway, which in turn belongs to the Sea Sami dialect group. In the Kvænangen dialect there are also a couple of other characteristics that are typical for some of the Torne Saami dialects. ","PeriodicalId":29976,"journal":{"name":"Nordlyd Tromso University Working Papers on Language Linguistics","volume":"523 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78852547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This text presents an introductory investigation of Conrad Svendsen’s analysis of Norwegian Sign Language, as it appears in a set of handwritten notes that have been preserved after him, supposedly from around 1910. The notes are significant for the history of the field, since little material has been preserved about Norwegian Sign Language before the end of the 20th century. Svendsen was an important personality, at first in Christiania’s [Oslo’s] community for the education of deaf children, then in the Church’s services for the deaf community, and finally in the establishment of a «home for the deaf». Since Svendsen’s own sign language political views have paradoxical features, it is interesting to find out to what extent he had a real understanding of what sign language is. The introductory investigation concludes that Svendsen had a good understanding of many aspects of Norwegian Sign Language and also was able to articulate well his pedagogical presentation of the material. However, he seems to assume that the sign language is less conventionalized than we have a reason today to believe that it may have been in his day. And to be able to assess how autonomous his understanding was, a closer investigation is needed of how he may have been influenced by earlier authors, not least in the German-speaking world.
{"title":"Conrad Svendsens beskrivelse av norsk tegnspråk","authors":"Arnfinn Muruvik Vonen","doi":"10.7557/12.6392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/12.6392","url":null,"abstract":"This text presents an introductory investigation of Conrad Svendsen’s analysis of Norwegian Sign Language, as it appears in a set of handwritten notes that have been preserved after him, supposedly from around 1910. The notes are significant for the history of the field, since little material has been preserved about Norwegian Sign Language before the end of the 20th century. Svendsen was an important personality, at first in Christiania’s [Oslo’s] community for the education of deaf children, then in the Church’s services for the deaf community, and finally in the establishment of a «home for the deaf». Since Svendsen’s own sign language political views have paradoxical features, it is interesting to find out to what extent he had a real understanding of what sign language is. The introductory investigation concludes that Svendsen had a good understanding of many aspects of Norwegian Sign Language and also was able to articulate well his pedagogical presentation of the material. However, he seems to assume that the sign language is less conventionalized than we have a reason today to believe that it may have been in his day. And to be able to assess how autonomous his understanding was, a closer investigation is needed of how he may have been influenced by earlier authors, not least in the German-speaking world.","PeriodicalId":29976,"journal":{"name":"Nordlyd Tromso University Working Papers on Language Linguistics","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73695249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Heiki-Jaan Kaalep, Flammie A. Pirinen, S. Moshagen
In this article, we study correction of spelling errors, specifically on how the spelling errors are made and how can we model them computationally in order to fix them.The article describes two different approaches to generating spelling correction suggestions for three Uralic languages: Estonian, North Sámi and South Sámi.The first approach of modelling spelling errors is rule-based, where experts write rules that describe the kind of errors are made, and these are compiled into finite-state automaton that models the errors.The second is data-based, where we show a machine learning algorithm a corpus of errors that humans have made, and it creates a neural network that can model the errors.Both approaches require collection of error corpora and understanding its contents; therefore we also describe the actual errors we have seen in detail.We find that while both approaches create error correction systems, with current resources the expert-build systems are still more reliable.
{"title":"You can’t suggest that?!","authors":"Heiki-Jaan Kaalep, Flammie A. Pirinen, S. Moshagen","doi":"10.7557/12.6349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/12.6349","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we study correction of spelling errors, specifically on how the spelling errors are made and how can we model them computationally in order to fix them.The article describes two different approaches to generating spelling correction suggestions for three Uralic languages: Estonian, North Sámi and South Sámi.The first approach of modelling spelling errors is rule-based, where experts write rules that describe the kind of errors are made, and these are compiled into finite-state automaton that models the errors.The second is data-based, where we show a machine learning algorithm a corpus of errors that humans have made, and it creates a neural network that can model the errors.Both approaches require collection of error corpora and understanding its contents; therefore we also describe the actual errors we have seen in detail.We find that while both approaches create error correction systems, with current resources the expert-build systems are still more reliable.","PeriodicalId":29976,"journal":{"name":"Nordlyd Tromso University Working Papers on Language Linguistics","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86892836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article discusses Saami censive verbs containing the suffixal element -š-, such as North Saami guhkášit ‘consider (too) long’ (of guhkki ‘long’). The occurrence of individual derivatives and derivational subtypes across the Saami languages are studied on the basis of extensive dictionary data, and the outlines of the historical development of the derivational type are sketched. Considering the Inari Saami verbs of type viššâlšukšâđ ‘consider diligent’ and data from past centuries, it is argued that the derivational type goes back to Proto-Saami *-kše̮-, which, in turn, is a loan suffix from Finnic (cf. Finnish kummeksua ‘find something odd’ ← kumma ‘odd’, halveksia ‘despise’ ← halpa ‘cheap’).
这篇文章讨论了萨米语中包含后缀- v -的语气动词，如北萨米语guhkášit ' think (too) long ' (of guhkki ' long ')。在大量词典数据的基础上，研究了萨米语中单个衍生词和衍生子类型的出现，并概述了衍生词类型的历史发展概况。考虑到伊纳里萨米语动词viššâlšukšâđ“考虑勤奋”的类型和过去几个世纪的数据，有人认为衍生类型可以追溯到原萨米语*-kše -，它反过来是芬兰语的借用后缀(参见芬兰语kummeksua“发现奇怪的东西”←kumma“奇怪”，halveksia“轻视”←halpa“廉价”)。
{"title":"Kantasaamen sensiivisen *-kše̮-johtimen kehityksestä ja edustuksesta nykysaamessa","authors":"Eino Koponen, Juha Kuokkala","doi":"10.7557/12.6446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/12.6446","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The article discusses Saami censive verbs containing the suffixal element -š-, such as North Saami guhkášit ‘consider (too) long’ (of guhkki ‘long’). The occurrence of individual derivatives and derivational subtypes across the Saami languages are studied on the basis of extensive dictionary data, and the outlines of the historical development of the derivational type are sketched. Considering the Inari Saami verbs of type viššâlšukšâđ ‘consider diligent’ and data from past centuries, it is argued that the derivational type goes back to Proto-Saami *-kše̮-, which, in turn, is a loan suffix from Finnic (cf. Finnish kummeksua ‘find something odd’ ← kumma ‘odd’, halveksia ‘despise’ ← halpa ‘cheap’).\u0000","PeriodicalId":29976,"journal":{"name":"Nordlyd Tromso University Working Papers on Language Linguistics","volume":"312 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79694440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is a reasonable scholarly consensus that the long (“heroic”) line of Sir Thomas Wyatt is an iambic pentameter. However, a significant number of his long lines are apparently syllabically hypometrical, calling into question this interpretation. The doubt is further compounded by Wyatt’s nontrivial use of phrase-medial inversions. I argue that it is nonetheless possible to infer an iambic pentameter intention behind Wyatt’s syllabically hypometrical lines, which can be ‘repaired’ by medial catalexis. Syllabically canonical lines are known to favour major prosodic breaks (Intonational Phrase boundaries) between the second and third foot and, to some extent, between the third and fourth. On the assumption that medial catalexis exploits the natural pauses that occur at the boundaries between Intonational Phrases, what emerges is a significant preference for catalexis to target the weak position of the third verse foot (half-line boundary), followed by the fourth (immediately following the verse-foot adjunct of the second half-line). The finding opens up further possibilities for understanding Wyatt’s other licences, and linguistically informed literary criticism of his verse. The final part of the paper offers some speculations as to the nature of medial catalexis and how it can be approached within a linguistically informed framework compatible with generative metrics.
{"title":"Medial catalexis in Sir Thomas Wyatt’s iambic pentameter","authors":"P. Bye","doi":"10.7557/12.6260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/12.6260","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000\u0000There is a reasonable scholarly consensus that the long (“heroic”) line of Sir Thomas Wyatt is an iambic pentameter. However, a significant number of his long lines are apparently syllabically hypometrical, calling into question this interpretation. The doubt is further compounded by Wyatt’s nontrivial use of phrase-medial inversions. I argue that it is nonetheless possible to infer an iambic pentameter intention behind Wyatt’s syllabically hypometrical lines, which can be ‘repaired’ by medial catalexis. Syllabically canonical lines are known to favour major prosodic breaks (Intonational Phrase boundaries) between the second and third foot and, to some extent, between the third and fourth. On the assumption that medial catalexis exploits the natural pauses that occur at the boundaries between Intonational Phrases, what emerges is a significant preference for catalexis to target the weak position of the third verse foot (half-line boundary), followed by the fourth (immediately following the verse-foot adjunct of the second half-line). The finding opens up further possibilities for understanding Wyatt’s other licences, and linguistically informed literary criticism of his verse. The final part of the paper offers some speculations as to the nature of medial catalexis and how it can be approached within a linguistically informed framework compatible with generative metrics.\u0000\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":29976,"journal":{"name":"Nordlyd Tromso University Working Papers on Language Linguistics","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82525492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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