The main purpose of this article is to analyze the conspiracy theories that emerged to explain migrant caravans en route to the U.S. in October 2018. Through the doctrinal and documentary review of the main approaches to such theories, a political theological definition of conspiracy theory is proposed. Subsequently, the main newspaper sources that include conspiracy explanations about the caravan phenomenon are examined, comparing them with the characteristics studied, and the proposed definition. It is concluded that some states and non-state actors reacted with a political discourse that had conspiracy theories at its core. It was their way of making sense and exploiting in the media, a novel way of migrating because of its swarming features.
{"title":"Consideraciones sobre las teorías conspirativas aplicadas a las caravanas de migrantes","authors":"J. P. Caballero","doi":"10.33679/rfn.v1i1.2012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33679/rfn.v1i1.2012","url":null,"abstract":"The main purpose of this article is to analyze the conspiracy theories that emerged to explain migrant caravans en route to the U.S. in October 2018. Through the doctrinal and documentary review of the main approaches to such theories, a political theological definition of conspiracy theory is proposed. Subsequently, the main newspaper sources that include conspiracy explanations about the caravan phenomenon are examined, comparing them with the characteristics studied, and the proposed definition. It is concluded that some states and non-state actors reacted with a political discourse that had conspiracy theories at its core. It was their way of making sense and exploiting in the media, a novel way of migrating because of its swarming features.\u0000","PeriodicalId":29996,"journal":{"name":"Frontera Norte","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41531874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since the outbreak in Mexico of the so-called migrant caravans in late 2018 and early 2019, there were signs of solidarity and rejection of this massive movement of population from Central America. This article seeks to account for these situations arising in the northern and southern border of Mexico, using ethnography as a tool for the analysis of social practices and their meanings. For this purpose, we offer an approach to the speeches generated by the local population and press around the massive flow of undocumented people from Central America, and during their time in Mexico. These speeches reflect the complexities of caravan transit, as well as expressions of xenophobia, racism, and solidarity towards migrants by the local population. In this way, the article gives an account of how diverse, and sometimes divergent, imaginary elements around migrants are in border areas.
{"title":"De la xenofobia a la solidaridad: etnografías fronterizas de la caravana migrante","authors":"R. López, Iván Gómez","doi":"10.33679/RFN.V1I1.2024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33679/RFN.V1I1.2024","url":null,"abstract":"Since the outbreak in Mexico of the so-called migrant caravans in late 2018 and early 2019, there were signs of solidarity and rejection of this massive movement of population from Central America. This article seeks to account for these situations arising in the northern and southern border of Mexico, using ethnography as a tool for the analysis of social practices and their meanings. For this purpose, we offer an approach to the speeches generated by the local population and press around the massive flow of undocumented people from Central America, and during their time in Mexico. These speeches reflect the complexities of caravan transit, as well as expressions of xenophobia, racism, and solidarity towards migrants by the local population. In this way, the article gives an account of how diverse, and sometimes divergent, imaginary elements around migrants are in border areas.\u0000","PeriodicalId":29996,"journal":{"name":"Frontera Norte","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48191019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laura Itzel Ramírez Ramos, Dominga Austreberta Nazar Beutelspacher, E. Z. Martelo
This document shows how, through precarious work on the Southern Border of Mexico, migrant men and women from Guatemala are inserted and contribute to the development of the border space in conditions of inequality (subordinate inclusion) with which social exclusion processes are generated and justified. Quantitative and qualitative research methods and techniques were used (a survey, participant observation and in-depth interviews). The results obtained allow us to conclude that on the Southern Border of Mexico the employment of impoverished laborers lacking protection and options is legitimized, before which neither States nor markets assume responsibilities.
{"title":"Procesos de exclusión a través de la inclusión subordinada: inmigrantes guatemaltecos en la frontera sur de México","authors":"Laura Itzel Ramírez Ramos, Dominga Austreberta Nazar Beutelspacher, E. Z. Martelo","doi":"10.33679/rfn.v1i1.1957","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33679/rfn.v1i1.1957","url":null,"abstract":"This document shows how, through precarious work on the Southern Border of Mexico, migrant men and women from Guatemala are inserted and contribute to the development of the border space in conditions of inequality (subordinate inclusion) with which social exclusion processes are generated and justified. Quantitative and qualitative research methods and techniques were used (a survey, participant observation and in-depth interviews). The results obtained allow us to conclude that on the Southern Border of Mexico the employment of impoverished laborers lacking protection and options is legitimized, before which neither States nor markets assume responsibilities.\u0000","PeriodicalId":29996,"journal":{"name":"Frontera Norte","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45119047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Noé Arón Fuentes, Alejandro Brugués Rodríguez, Gabriel González König
NAFTA has been consistent with a trade surplus for Mexico over the U.S. according to traditional international trade statistics. However, using a bilateral input-output table that allows calculating each country’s value-added in exports, the trade balance between these two partners is modified. The flow of value-added in gross exports from Mexico to the U.S. reaches 164.4 billion dollars while the same from the U.S. to Mexico is 188.7 billion. The disaggregation of value-added highlights an important difference between domestic and foreign components incorporated in exports, because while for the U.S. the foreign value added in its exports reaches 2.5 billion, in the case of Mexico this concept is 50.2 billion. It is more than 20 times the U.S. figure. A directly derived conclusion from this is that during NAFTA an important part of the income from Mexican exports was used to remunerate productive factors used in the U.S. via imports. Another is that any modification of the NAFTA (related to a foreign content increase) will imply for Mexico a lower net income of foreign currency for each dollar exported. Consequently, foreign trade will have a smaller multiplier effect on Mexican domestic activity, given the bilateral exports boost will leak indirectly to the U.S.
{"title":"Valor agregado en el valor bruto de las exportaciones: una mejor métrica para comprender los flujos comerciales entre Estados Unidos y México","authors":"Noé Arón Fuentes, Alejandro Brugués Rodríguez, Gabriel González König","doi":"10.33679/rfn.v1i1.1990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33679/rfn.v1i1.1990","url":null,"abstract":"NAFTA has been consistent with a trade surplus for Mexico over the U.S. according to traditional international trade statistics. However, using a bilateral input-output table that allows calculating each country’s value-added in exports, the trade balance between these two partners is modified. The flow of value-added in gross exports from Mexico to the U.S. reaches 164.4 billion dollars while the same from the U.S. to Mexico is 188.7 billion. The disaggregation of value-added highlights an important difference between domestic and foreign components incorporated in exports, because while for the U.S. the foreign value added in its exports reaches 2.5 billion, in the case of Mexico this concept is 50.2 billion. It is more than 20 times the U.S. figure. A directly derived conclusion from this is that during NAFTA an important part of the income from Mexican exports was used to remunerate productive factors used in the U.S. via imports. Another is that any modification of the NAFTA (related to a foreign content increase) will imply for Mexico a lower net income of foreign currency for each dollar exported. Consequently, foreign trade will have a smaller multiplier effect on Mexican domestic activity, given the bilateral exports boost will leak indirectly to the U.S.\u0000","PeriodicalId":29996,"journal":{"name":"Frontera Norte","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49251106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines data of the Constellation Brands brewery project in Mexicali, Baja California, to determine the extent to which the context of imminent shortages and current overexploitation of water sources threatening Mexicali’s semiarid region is considered into the project. Through a documentary review, official documents and technical studies used as the basis of the brewery project are investigated. The analysis shows the lack of adherence to the concepts of water security (WS), sustainability, and democratic environmental governance, which seek to guarantee fair and equitable access to water, minimize environmental risks and promote the broad and effective participation of social actors in critical decision-making processes. Inconsistencies in technical data related to water consumption are observed, as well as lack of transparency along the process of promotion of the project which resulted in conflicts between promoters and several sectors of local society.
{"title":"Elementos de conflicto socioambiental: la cervecera Constellation Brands y el agua de Mexicali","authors":"Alfonso Andrés Cortez Lara","doi":"10.33679/rfn.v1i1.2032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33679/rfn.v1i1.2032","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines data of the Constellation Brands brewery project in Mexicali, Baja California, to determine the extent to which the context of imminent shortages and current overexploitation of water sources threatening Mexicali’s semiarid region is considered into the project. Through a documentary review, official documents and technical studies used as the basis of the brewery project are investigated. The analysis shows the lack of adherence to the concepts of water security (WS), sustainability, and democratic environmental governance, which seek to guarantee fair and equitable access to water, minimize environmental risks and promote the broad and effective participation of social actors in critical decision-making processes. Inconsistencies in technical data related to water consumption are observed, as well as lack of transparency along the process of promotion of the project which resulted in conflicts between promoters and several sectors of local society.\u0000","PeriodicalId":29996,"journal":{"name":"Frontera Norte","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69570574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article explores the construction of memory policies for accompanied girls and boys traveling in a caravan of Central American migrants. Theoretically, it is argued that memory has not only a cognitive function, but also a political one, in the sense that they remember and question social processes in the places where it is produced and signified. Methodologically, oral and visual narratives of two girls and four boys from Honduras and Guatemala, who arrived at the Tamaulipas border in February 2019, are used and analyzed in a thematic and dialogical way. It is argued that the policies of children's memory are oriented to the enunciation of violence in their countries of origin, the resistance to the violation experienced during the migratory transit and to the denunciation of American migratory policies. Finally, the findings of the study contribute to the discussions on the agency of migrant children and their relevance as social agents within the Central American Caravans.
{"title":"Políticas de la memoria de niñas y niños en caravana de migrantes centroamericanos","authors":"Oscar Misael Hernández Hernández","doi":"10.33679/rfn.v1i1.2014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33679/rfn.v1i1.2014","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the construction of memory policies for accompanied girls and boys traveling in a caravan of Central American migrants. Theoretically, it is argued that memory has not only a cognitive function, but also a political one, in the sense that they remember and question social processes in the places where it is produced and signified. Methodologically, oral and visual narratives of two girls and four boys from Honduras and Guatemala, who arrived at the Tamaulipas border in February 2019, are used and analyzed in a thematic and dialogical way. It is argued that the policies of children's memory are oriented to the enunciation of violence in their countries of origin, the resistance to the violation experienced during the migratory transit and to the denunciation of American migratory policies. Finally, the findings of the study contribute to the discussions on the agency of migrant children and their relevance as social agents within the Central American Caravans.\u0000","PeriodicalId":29996,"journal":{"name":"Frontera Norte","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45365002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Héctor Sebastian Rosas Landa Bautista, Alejandra Velázquez
The purpose of the present study was to analyze the process of identity construction in six young men from the west of Ciudad Juárez, in northern Mexico. Qualitative research was carried out using participant observation and semi-structured interviewing as the main co-construction technique, focusing on everyday life and significant affective experiences in their life trajectories. Fieldwork was carried out between 2016 and 2017. The analysis of the data shows that violence, often fatal and predominantly represented by drug trafficking groups, is the main driver in participants’ affective and everyday lives. It was also found that young people respond to violence pragmatically by constructing identities that allow them to safeguard their integrity and remain part of the social context.
{"title":"Hombres jóvenes del poniente de Ciudad Juárez: construyendo identidades en contextos de violencia","authors":"Héctor Sebastian Rosas Landa Bautista, Alejandra Velázquez","doi":"10.33679/rfn.v1i1.1937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33679/rfn.v1i1.1937","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the present study was to analyze the process of identity construction in six young men from the west of Ciudad Juárez, in northern Mexico. Qualitative research was carried out using participant observation and semi-structured interviewing as the main co-construction technique, focusing on everyday life and significant affective experiences in their life trajectories. Fieldwork was carried out between 2016 and 2017. The analysis of the data shows that violence, often fatal and predominantly represented by drug trafficking groups, is the main driver in participants’ affective and everyday lives. It was also found that young people respond to violence pragmatically by constructing identities that allow them to safeguard their integrity and remain part of the social context.\u0000","PeriodicalId":29996,"journal":{"name":"Frontera Norte","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41721903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since the 1980s, Costa Rica has been promoting intensive pineapple cultivation mainly in the northern border area with Nicaragua. This article seeks to study the relationship that exists between agricultural extractivism as a development model, global agrifood chains and border regions as “spaces of opportunity” due to their peripheral situation, the presence of natural resources, flexible and cheap labor force originating in this case from Nicaragua. We will demonstrate how this type of productive activity generates territories of border dispossession in which the relations of spatially anchored domination are materialized, such as the accumulation of land, bad working conditions, the exploitation of irregular migrant labor and environmental pollution.
{"title":"Extractivismo agrícola, frontera y fuerza de trabajo migrante: La expansión del monocultivo de piña en Costa Rica","authors":"Tania Rodríguez Echavarría, D. Prunier","doi":"10.33679/rfn.v1i1.1983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33679/rfn.v1i1.1983","url":null,"abstract":"Since the 1980s, Costa Rica has been promoting intensive pineapple cultivation mainly in the northern border area with Nicaragua. This article seeks to study the relationship that exists between agricultural extractivism as a development model, global agrifood chains and border regions as “spaces of opportunity” due to their peripheral situation, the presence of natural resources, flexible and cheap labor force originating in this case from Nicaragua. We will demonstrate how this type of productive activity generates territories of border dispossession in which the relations of spatially anchored domination are materialized, such as the accumulation of land, bad working conditions, the exploitation of irregular migrant labor and environmental pollution.\u0000","PeriodicalId":29996,"journal":{"name":"Frontera Norte","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43931835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this article is to analyze the conformation of cross-border interaction spaces articulated by religious affiliation, between a congregation of Zapotec evangelical women in the city of Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico, and religious organizations and evangelical churches from the state of California, United States. The methodological approach is qualitative. Ethnographic data from 2017 and 2018 are analyzed. The originality of this work lies in showing how cross-border spaces can be built by religious affiliation, which transcends ethnic identifications and links different actors, despite the current and difficult socio-political context of the Mexico-United States border.
{"title":"Espacios de interacción transfronteriza articulados por afiliación religiosa. Un acercamiento etnográfico desde la vida socio-religiosa de mujeres zapotecas evangélicas en Ensenada, Baja California","authors":"Donna Melissa Espino Torres","doi":"10.33679/rfn.v1i1.1992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33679/rfn.v1i1.1992","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this article is to analyze the conformation of cross-border interaction spaces articulated by religious affiliation, between a congregation of Zapotec evangelical women in the city of Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico, and religious organizations and evangelical churches from the state of California, United States. The methodological approach is qualitative. Ethnographic data from 2017 and 2018 are analyzed. The originality of this work lies in showing how cross-border spaces can be built by religious affiliation, which transcends ethnic identifications and links different actors, despite the current and difficult socio-political context of the Mexico-United States border.\u0000","PeriodicalId":29996,"journal":{"name":"Frontera Norte","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69570465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Esteban Salizzi, Alejandro Rascovan, Tania Porcaro, C. I. Tommei, Matías Ghilardi
The purpose of this article is to identify and describe different studies around the notions of frontier and border that academics have been developing in Argentina since the 1980s. For that purpose, we systematized contributions from different disciplines and fields of knowledge, such as anthropology, geography, history, international relations, and urban and rural studies. The article is divided into four sections, based on the four types of studies on frontiers present in the literature: interethnic, agrarian, interstate, and urban/peri-urban. Our conclusions emphasize the need to increase the attention of research on the integration of various lines of inquiry centered on the phenomenon of the frontier; such integration will allow for an interdisciplinary interchange where individual fields could share theories, types of frontier as an object of study, research tools, and possible contexts of application.
{"title":"Fronteras argentinas: aportes para una sistematización de su campo de estudios","authors":"Esteban Salizzi, Alejandro Rascovan, Tania Porcaro, C. I. Tommei, Matías Ghilardi","doi":"10.33679/rfn.v1i1.2048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33679/rfn.v1i1.2048","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this article is to identify and describe different studies around the notions of frontier and border that academics have been developing in Argentina since the 1980s. For that purpose, we systematized contributions from different disciplines and fields of knowledge, such as anthropology, geography, history, international relations, and urban and rural studies. The article is divided into four sections, based on the four types of studies on frontiers present in the literature: interethnic, agrarian, interstate, and urban/peri-urban. Our conclusions emphasize the need to increase the attention of research on the integration of various lines of inquiry centered on the phenomenon of the frontier; such integration will allow for an interdisciplinary interchange where individual fields could share theories, types of frontier as an object of study, research tools, and possible contexts of application.","PeriodicalId":29996,"journal":{"name":"Frontera Norte","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41977244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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