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A review of reindeer lichen (Cladonia subgenus Cladina) linear growth rates 驯鹿地衣(革衣亚属)线性生长研究进展
Pub Date : 2020-08-12 DOI: 10.7557/2.40.1.4636
R. McMullin, Sean B. Rapai
Cladonia subgenus Cladina (the reindeer lichens) can be a dominant part of terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. They are particularly abundant in arctic-alpine and boreal regions, where they are a primary food source for woodland caribou/reindeer in winter months. Determining the growth rates of reindeer lichen is important for understanding and managing lichen regeneration following disturbances such as timber harvesting, mining, grazing, and wildfire. Regeneration and rehabilitation rates can be calculated with greater accuracy when growth rates are well understood. We provide a summary of 17 studies from 6 countries that determined the linear growth rates of three reindeer lichen groups, Cladonia arbuscula/mitis (mean = 4.7 mm/yr.), C. rangiferina/ C. stygia (mean = 5.1 mm/yr.), and C. stellaris (mean = 4.8 mm/yr.). We use linear growth rates as a proxy for over-all growth and biomass. Variables found to influence lichen growth rates are also discussed, which include light, moisture, temperature, air pollution, acid rain, precipitation, snow accumulation, substrate, age of individuals, and type of disturbance. These results can assist land managers in developing more accurate strategies for restoring lichens in disturbed areas.
Cladonia亚属Cladina(驯鹿地衣)可能是世界陆地生态系统的主要组成部分。它们在北极高山和北方地区特别丰富,是冬季林地驯鹿/驯鹿的主要食物来源。确定驯鹿地衣的生长速度对于理解和管理木材采伐、采矿、放牧和野火等干扰后的地衣再生非常重要。当充分了解生长率时,可以更准确地计算再生和康复率。我们对来自6个国家的17项研究进行了总结,这些研究确定了三个驯鹿地衣类群的线性生长率,即丛枝苔草(平均值=4.7毫米/年)、兰枝苔草/苯乙烯苔草(均值=5.1毫米/年,和星状苔草(均数=4.8毫米/年。)。我们使用线性生长率作为所有生长和生物量的指标。还讨论了影响地衣生长速率的变量,包括光照、湿度、温度、空气污染、酸雨、降水、积雪、基质、个体年龄和干扰类型。这些结果可以帮助土地管理者制定更准确的策略来恢复受干扰地区的地衣。
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引用次数: 5
Spatial structure of boreal woodland caribou populations in northwest Canada 加拿大西北部北方林地北美驯鹿种群的空间结构
Pub Date : 2020-05-05 DOI: 10.7557/2.40.1.4902
Steve G Wilson, G. Sutherland, N. Larter, A. Kelly, A. McLaren, J. Hodson, T. Hegel, Robin Steenweg, D. Hervieux, T. Nudds
Local population units (LPUs) were delineated in Canada’s recovery strategy for threatened boreal woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou). Population viability analyses central to contemporary integrated risk assessments of LPUs implicitly assume geographic closure. Several LPUs in northwest Canada, however, were in part delineated by geopolitical boundaries and/or included large areas in the absence of evidence of more finely resolved population spatial structure. We pooled >1.2 million locations from >1200 GPS or VHF-collared caribou from northeast British Columbia, northwest Alberta and southwestern Northwest Territories. Bayesian cluster analysis generated 10 alternative candidate LPUs based on a spatial cluster graph of the extent of pairwise co-occurrence of collared caribou. Up to four groups may be artifacts in as yet under-sampled areas. Four were mapped LPUs that were conserved (Prophet, Parker, Chinchaga and Red Earth). One small group between Parker and Snake-Sahtaneh known locally as the “Fort Nelson core,” and outside any mapped LPU, was also conserved. Finally, one large group, at >136000 km2, spanned all three jurisdictions and subsumed all of six delineated LPUs (Maxhamish, Snake-Sahtaneh, Calendar, Bistcho, Yates, Caribou Mountains) and part of southern Northwest Territories. These results suggest less geographic closure of LPUs than those currently delineated, but further analyses will be required to better reconcile various sources of knowledge about local population structure in this region.
加拿大对受威胁的北方林地驯鹿(Rangifer tarandus caribou)的恢复战略中划定了当地人口单位(LPU)。人口生存能力分析是LPU当代综合风险评估的核心,隐含地假设了地理封闭性。然而,加拿大西北部的几个LPU在一定程度上是由地缘政治边界划定的,和/或在缺乏更精细的人口空间结构证据的情况下包括大片地区。我们从不列颠哥伦比亚省东北部、阿尔伯塔省西北部和西北地区西南部的1200多只GPS或VHF项圈驯鹿中收集了120多万个位置。贝叶斯聚类分析基于有领驯鹿成对共现程度的空间聚类图生成了10个备选候选LPU。在尚未充分采样的区域中,多达四个组可能是伪影。四个是被保存的LPU(Prophet、Parker、Chinchaga和Red Earth)。帕克和Snake Sahtaneh之间的一个小群体,在当地被称为“纳尔逊堡核心”,在任何绘制的LPU之外,也受到了保护。最后,一个面积超过136000平方公里的大集团横跨所有三个管辖区,包括所有六个划定的LPU(Maxhamish、Snake Sahtaneh、Calendar、Bistcho、Yates、Caribou Mountains)和西北地区南部的一部分。这些结果表明,LPU的地理封闭程度比目前描述的要低,但还需要进一步的分析,以更好地协调有关该地区当地人口结构的各种知识来源。
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引用次数: 3
Reindeer fidelity to high quality winter pastures outcompete power line barrier effects 驯鹿对高品质冬季牧场的忠诚胜过电力线屏障的影响
Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.7557/2.40.1.4968
E. Reimers, Sindre Eftestøl, D. T. Alemu, Knut Granum
We investigated barrier effects of a 66 kV power line established in 1966 before and after the line was upgraded to 132 kV in 2004 over a period of 44 years (1974-2017) in the North Ottadalen wild reindeer area (3245 km2) of which 1038 km2 are in use as winter pastures. The power line transects a peninsula (135 km2) with high quality winter pastures in the southeast periphery. The reindeer population originated from a nucleus herd of 402 animals of domestic origin released in the area in 1964-1965 and 100 resident wild animals. Yearly winter survey started in 1974 and reindeer were first surveyed south of the 66 kV power line in 1982. Comparing the number of animals recorded in the peninsula vs. the number of individuals expected relative to available grazing area during the three periods (1974-2004, 1982-2004 and 2005-2017), the number of animals recorded in the peninsula was 3.6–4.9 times higher than expected. Since the upgrade of the power line, a substantial part of the reindeer population grazed in the peninsula every year. We therefore conclude that there was no long-term barrier effect from the original power line and no barrier effects at all from the upgrade. However, during the first 5 surveys of this study, there were no animals in the peninsula. Therefore, even if there are several possible reasons for this, we cannot exclude the possibility of short-term barrier effects resulting from the construction of the original power line. Our results support recent studies that report no effects from existing power lines and contrast some previous findings that have reported strong longterm barrier and avoidance effects of such infrastructure for Rangifer migration and grazing behaviour.
在北奥塔达伦野生驯鹿区(3245平方公里)(其中1038平方公里为冬季牧场),研究了1966年建成的一条66千伏电力线在2004年升级为132千伏电力线前后44年(1974-2017年)的屏障效应。电力线横贯一个半岛(135平方公里),在东南边缘有优质的冬季牧场。驯鹿种群起源于1964-1965年在该地区释放的402只家养动物和100只常驻野生动物的核心群。每年的冬季调查始于1974年,1982年首次对66千伏电力线以南的驯鹿进行了调查。1974-2004年、1982-2004年和2005-2017年3个时期(相对于可利用放牧面积),半岛记录的动物数量与预期的个体数量比较,半岛记录的动物数量是预期的3.6-4.9倍。自从输电线升级后,每年都有相当一部分驯鹿在半岛上吃草。因此,我们得出结论,没有来自原始电源线的长期屏障效应,也没有来自升级的屏障效应。然而,在本研究的前5次调查中,半岛上没有动物。因此,即使有几种可能的原因,我们也不能排除原电力线建设造成的短期屏障效应的可能性。我们的研究结果支持了最近的一些研究,这些研究报告称,现有的输电线没有影响,并与之前的一些研究结果形成对比,这些研究报告称,这些基础设施对Rangifer的迁徙和放牧行为具有强大的长期屏障和回避作用。
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引用次数: 1
Are the Jameson Land muskoxen, Northeast Greenland, in decline? 格陵兰岛东北部的詹姆逊地火牛正在衰落吗?
Pub Date : 2019-12-03 DOI: 10.7557/2.39.1.4424
N. Gaidet, T. Daufresne
The Jameson Land region contains the largest muskox population in Northeast Greenland. In the period 19801990, late winter population size averaged 3,645. A late winter 2000 survey estimated ca. 1,705 muskoxen. Although no further late winter surveys for muskox abundance have occurred since, there have been two summer bird surveys, which recorded incidental observations of muskoxen, i.e., 607 in 2008 and 610 in 2009. We report on muskox observations obtained in a subarea of Jameson Land during the summer 2016 ground survey for birds. Although in the 19822000 period this subarea averaged 1,153 ± 346 muskoxen, we observed 138 individuals and a low calf number. The few muskoxen observed and poor calf production suggest population decline. We briefly discuss possible factors that could influence muskox mortality and population abundance. Surveys specific to muskoxen are necessary to ascertain current population abundance, demographics and trend.
詹姆逊地区拥有格陵兰东北部最大的麝香牛种群。在19801990年期间,深冬人口平均规模为3645人。2000年冬末的一项调查估计约有1705头火牛。尽管自那以后,没有对麝牛数量进行进一步的深冬调查,但已经进行了两次夏季鸟类调查,记录了对麝牛的偶然观察,即2008年的607次和2009年的610次。我们报告了在2016年夏季鸟类地面调查期间,在詹姆逊土地的一个分区获得的麝香牛观测结果。尽管在19822000年期间,该亚区平均有1153±346头火牛,但我们观察到138头火牛和少量小牛。观察到的火牛数量很少,小牛产量低,这表明种群数量下降。我们简要讨论了可能影响麝香牛死亡率和种群丰度的因素。有必要对火牛进行专门的调查,以确定当前的种群数量、人口统计和趋势。
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引用次数: 0
Aerial survey and telemetry data analysis of a peripheral caribou calving area in northwestern Alaska 阿拉斯加西北部周边驯鹿产犊区的航空测量与遥测数据分析
Pub Date : 2019-10-21 DOI: 10.7557/2.39.1.4572
A. K. Prichard, Ryan L. Klimstra, Brian T Person, L. S. Parrett
With industrial development expanding in the Arctic, there is increasing interest in quantifying the impacts of development projects on barren ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti). The primary data source to assess caribou distribution and predict impacts in remote areas of Alaska has shifted in recent decades from aerial survey data to telemetry data, but these techniques have different strengths and weaknesses. The ranges of two caribou herds, the Western Arctic Herd and the Teshekpuk Herd, overlap in northwest Alaska between Wainwright and Atqasuk, Alaska. Based on long-term telemetry data sets, this region was thought to be outside of the core calving ranges of both herds. Calving has long been reported to occur in this general area, but early reports assumed caribou were from the Western Arctic Herd and only one systematic aerial survey of caribou density and distribution during calving has been conducted in this area in recent decades. Following interest in industrial development in this area, we conducted aerial strip-transect surveys during early to mid-June 2013–2015 to directly assess the density and distribution of caribou in the area and we used existing telemetry data to compare our results to the seasonal distribution of both herds. Total caribou densities varied between 0.36 and 1.06 caribou/km² among years, and calf densities varied 0.04 and 0.25 calves/km² among years. Contrary to assumptions by early researchers in the area, telemetry data indicated that caribou in this area during early to mid-June were from the Teshekpuk Herd. The use of telemetry data alone underestimated the importance of this area for calving, but the combination of aerial surveys and telemetry data provided complementary information on caribou use of this area showing the importance of collecting the appropriate types of data for assessing potential impacts of development on caribou.
随着北极地区工业发展的扩大,人们对量化开发项目对贫瘠地面驯鹿(Rangifer tarandus granti)的影响越来越感兴趣。近几十年来,评估阿拉斯加偏远地区驯鹿分布和预测影响的主要数据来源已经从航空调查数据转变为遥测数据,但这些技术有不同的优点和缺点。两个驯鹿群的活动范围,北极西部驯鹿群和特谢克普克驯鹿群,在阿拉斯加西北部温赖特和阿特卡苏克之间重叠。根据长期遥测数据集,这一地区被认为是在两个象群的核心产犊范围之外。一直以来都有报道称,在这一地区有驯鹿产犊,但早期的报道认为驯鹿来自北极西部牧群,近几十年来,在这一地区只进行了一次系统的航空调查,调查驯鹿产犊期间的密度和分布。随着对该地区工业发展的兴趣,我们在2013年6月上旬至2015年6月中旬进行了空中带状样带调查,直接评估该地区驯鹿的密度和分布,并使用现有的遥测数据将我们的结果与两个鹿群的季节性分布进行了比较。驯鹿总密度在0.36 ~ 1.06头/km²之间变化,小牛密度在0.04 ~ 0.25头/km²之间变化。与该地区早期研究人员的假设相反,遥测数据表明,6月初至中旬,该地区的驯鹿来自特谢克普克牧群。单独使用遥测数据低估了这一地区对产犊的重要性,但航空调查和遥测数据的结合提供了关于驯鹿利用这一地区的补充信息,显示了收集适当类型的数据对评估开发对驯鹿的潜在影响的重要性。
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引用次数: 4
Behavioural responses of southern mountain caribou to helicopter and skiing activities 南部山地驯鹿对直升机和滑雪活动的行为反应
Pub Date : 2019-09-24 DOI: 10.7557/2.39.1.4586
S. F. Wilson, J. Wilmshurst
Helicopter- and snowcat-supported backcountry skiing is a unique industry that is widespread throughout southern mountain caribou habitat in British Columbia. We analyzed standardized caribou encounter data collected by operators under an agreement between the BC government and Helicat Canada. Average reported encounter rates were low for helicopters (0.6%) and skiing groups (0.1%); however, encounters were likely underreported due to factors that affect caribou sightability. Although helicopters encountered caribou more frequently than skiing groups, caribou were detected from helicopters at greater distances than by skiers. We used Bayesian network models to assess the independent contribution of different factors to the behavioural response of caribou to encounters. Encounter distance was the most important factor in both helicopter and skiing models. Larger groups of caribou responded strongly to skiers but not to helicopters, although the independent effect of this factor was small in both models. Larger helicopters elicited stronger reactions from caribou than smaller machines and was responsible for 25% of the modelled variation in caribou response. Encounters with helicopters at distances of 100–500m had a 78% probability of eliciting a concerned-to-very-alarmedresponse from caribou, while skiers at a similar distance had a 60% probability of eliciting the same response. The probability of concerned-to-very-alarmed responses dropped to <20% at encounter distances of >1000 m. These results indicate that initial encounter distance is the key variable to manage risk to caribou of helicopter and skiing encounters. Ongoing feedback on the effectiveness of management practices is critical to ensure the continued viability of industries operating in caribou habitat.
直升机和雪猫支持的野外滑雪是一个独特的行业,广泛分布在不列颠哥伦比亚省的南部山区驯鹿栖息地。我们分析了运营商根据不列颠哥伦比亚省政府和加拿大直升机公司之间的协议收集的标准化驯鹿遭遇数据。直升机(0.6%)和滑雪团体(0.1%)的平均遭遇率较低;然而,由于影响驯鹿视力的因素,遭遇可能被低估了。尽管直升机比滑雪团体更频繁地遇到驯鹿,但直升机上发现的驯鹿距离比滑雪者更远。我们使用贝叶斯网络模型来评估不同因素对驯鹿遭遇行为反应的独立贡献。在直升机和滑雪模型中,相遇距离是最重要的因素。较大的驯鹿群对滑雪者反应强烈,但对直升机反应不强烈,尽管这一因素在两种模型中的独立影响都很小。与较小的机器相比,较大的直升机引起了驯鹿更强的反应,并导致了25%的驯鹿反应模型变化。在100-500米的距离与直升机相遇,有78%的概率会引起驯鹿的担忧到非常警报的反应,而在类似距离的滑雪者有60%的概率会引发同样的反应。关注到非常惊慌的反应的概率降至1000米。这些结果表明,最初的遭遇距离是管理直升机和滑雪遭遇驯鹿风险的关键变量。对管理实践有效性的持续反馈对于确保在驯鹿栖息地运营的行业的持续生存能力至关重要。
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引用次数: 1
Metric and non-metric guides for the determination between fore- and hindlimb phalanges of Rangifer tarandus 测定狼蛛前肢和后肢指骨的公制和非公制指南
Pub Date : 2019-07-03 DOI: 10.7557/2.39.1.4630
Emily Hull
Phalanges are a great untapped resource in the zooarchaeology of Rangifer tarandus. The utilization of this resource, however, is constrained by a current inability to consistently differentiate fore- from hindlimb phalanges in a mixed assemblage. The ability to separate and identify forelimb and hindlimb phalanx 1 (PI) and phalanx 2 (PII), as well as to recognize and identify other small bones of the hoof, leads to great opportunities for archaeologists. In large scale-analysis, this capacity allows a greater ability to determine minimum number of individuals and assess butchery and transport practices. In the examination of individual life histories of Rangifer tarandus, these designations allow a more precise study of pathology and entheseal change, which can shed light on adaptation, foraging strategy, and human-animal interactions. This study presents qualitative and quantitative methods for the differentiation of PI and PII of the fore- and hindlimbs and describes other bones of the hoof. Metric techniques were developed to differentiate fore- from hindlimb phalanges using non-invasive, non-destructive, and simple methods. The efficacy and accuracy of these methods were assessed using blind testing by students and staff. The average success rates of metric analysis yielded 87% accuracy for determinations of fore- versus hindlimb PI and 92% accuracy for determination of fore- versus hindlimb PII. These results show that this method could benefit researchers working with Rangifer tarandus remains.
在塔兰多斯蛙的动物考古中,Phalanges是一种尚未开发的巨大资源。然而,这种资源的利用受到目前无法在混合组合中一致区分前肢指骨和后肢指骨的限制。分离和识别前肢和后肢指骨1(PI)和指骨2(PII)的能力,以及识别和识别蹄的其他小骨头的能力,为考古学家带来了巨大的机会。在大规模分析中,这种能力允许更大的能力来确定最小数量的个体,并评估屠宰和运输实践。在对狼蛛个体生活史的研究中,这些命名可以更精确地研究病理学和触角的变化,从而揭示适应、觅食策略和人与动物的相互作用。本研究提出了定性和定量的方法来区分前肢和后肢的PI和PII,并描述了蹄的其他骨骼。测量技术被开发出来,使用非侵入性、非破坏性和简单的方法来区分前肢指骨和后肢指骨。这些方法的有效性和准确性通过学生和工作人员的盲测进行评估。度量分析的平均成功率在确定前肢与后肢PI时产生了87%的准确率,在确定前腿与后肢PII时产生了92%的准确率。这些结果表明,这种方法可以使研究Rangifer tarandus遗骸的研究人员受益。
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引用次数: 8
Influence of wolf predation on population momentum of the Nushagak Peninsula caribou herd, southwestern Alaska 狼捕食对阿拉斯加西南部努沙加半岛驯鹿群种群动态的影响
Pub Date : 2019-06-20 DOI: 10.7557/2.39.1.4455
Patrick B Walsh
We investigated wolf predation as a potential driver of population change in the Nushagak Peninsula caribou herd, southwestern Alaska. We investigated the time budgets of three wolf packs using the peninsula from 2007 through 2012, and thus potentially preying on caribou there, in order to make inferences on their likelihood of serving as an important population modifier for the Nushagak Peninsula caribou herd. We found that only one pack regularly used the peninsula. The pack using the peninsula spent an average of 35% of its time there. Its use of the peninsula was disproportionately high in late summer and fall, disproportionately low in winter, and proportional during the caribou calving season in early summer. Overall wolf use of the Nushagak Peninsula increased in direct response to increasing caribou abundance but was not a primary population driver.
我们调查了在阿拉斯加西南部努沙加半岛驯鹿群中,狼的捕食是种群变化的潜在驱动因素。我们调查了2007年至2012年使用该半岛的三个狼群的时间预算,从而可能捕食那里的驯鹿,以推断它们是否有可能成为努沙加半岛驯鹿群的重要种群调节剂。我们发现只有一包经常使用半岛。使用半岛的背包平均有35%的时间在那里度过。在夏末和秋季,它对半岛的利用率高得不成比例,在冬季低得不成比例,而在初夏的驯鹿产仔季节,它的利用率也成比例。努沙加半岛狼的总体使用量增加是对驯鹿数量增加的直接反应,但不是主要的种群驱动因素。
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引用次数: 0
Eigil Reimers; Våre Hjortedyr – en bok til undring, glede og kunnskap
Pub Date : 2018-12-12 DOI: 10.7557/2.38.1.4618
E. Wiklund
_
_
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引用次数: 2
Morten Tryland & Susan J. Kutz (Eds.); Reindeer and Caribou: Health and Disease Morten Tryland & Susan J. Kutz(主编);驯鹿和北美驯鹿:健康与疾病
Pub Date : 2018-12-12 DOI: 10.7557/2.38.1.4619
E. Wiklund
-
-
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Rangifer
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