Journal of Pollination Ecology最新文献_第4页

Fishing for flies: testing the efficacy of “stink stations” for promoting blow flies as pollinators in mango orchards 捕蝇:测试“臭气站”的功效，以促进苍蝇在芒果果园传粉

Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Journal of Pollination Ecology

Pub Date : 2023-03-21 DOI: 10.26786/1920-7603(2023)711

Jonathan T. D. Finch, Amy‐Marie Gilpin, J. Cook

Pollinator communities are composed of diverse groups of insects, with radically different life histories and resource needs. Blow flies are known to visit a variety of economically important crop plants. Larval blow flies develop by feeding on decaying animals. Some fruit growers are known to place carrion on farms during the flowering season to attract adult blow flies (Calliphoridae). However, the efficacy of these “stink stations” has not been tested. We conducted a series of experiments to determine: 1) if stink stations promote the abundance of blow flies in mango orchards (Mangifera indica L.), 2) if any increases in the abundance of flies acts to promote pollination and fruit set in Australian mango orchards. Farms with stink stations had approximately three times more flies than control farms. However, the increased abundance of blow flies did not result in increased fruit set. Although stink stations increased the abundance of blow flies, we found no evidence that their use improves mango yield. This may be due to pollination saturation by a highly abundant native hover fly, Mesembrius bengalensis (Syrphidae), during our study. We hypothesize that stink stations may only be beneficial in years or regions where other pollinators are less abundant.

传粉昆虫群落由不同的昆虫群体组成，它们的生活史和资源需求截然不同。众所周知，苍蝇会造访各种经济上重要的作物。幼虫通过捕食腐烂的动物而发育。众所周知，一些果农会在开花季节将腐肉放在农场上，以吸引成年飞蝇（丽蝇科）。然而，这些“臭站”的功效尚未得到测试。我们进行了一系列实验来确定：1）臭味站是否促进了芒果园（Mangifera indica L.）中苍蝇的数量，2）苍蝇数量的增加是否有助于促进澳大利亚芒果园的授粉和结实。有臭气站的农场的苍蝇数量大约是对照农场的三倍。然而，果蝇数量的增加并没有导致坐果的增加。尽管臭味站增加了苍蝇的数量，但我们没有发现任何证据表明使用臭味站可以提高芒果产量。这可能是由于在我们的研究过程中，一种数量非常丰富的本地悬停蝇——孟加拉花蝇（雪蝇科）的授粉饱和。我们假设，臭站可能只有在其他传粉昆虫数量较少的年份或地区才有益。

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引用次数: 3

Pollen biology and reproductive ecology of selected paleotropical Dendrobiums and its commercial hybrids 古热带石斛及其商业杂交种花粉生物学和生殖生态学研究

Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Journal of Pollination Ecology

Pub Date : 2023-02-23 DOI: 10.26786/1920-7603(2023)679

Rumalie De Silva, H. Herath, Sena Ratnayake, R. Attanayake, P. Senanayake

Understanding the reproductive biology is of great importance in the development of novel hybrids in ornamental plants. Pollen fitness-related traits are crucial for the pollination success in any plant species including dendrobiums. The aim of the study was to determine and compare the fitness traits of ten commercial Dendrobium hybrids and two indigenous Dendrobium species, D. crumenatum and D. anosmum found in Sri Lanka. We measured pollen viability, pollen germinability, and fruit production after controlled pollination. The effect of storage temperature on D. crumenatum pollen viability was evaluated to establish a suitable pollen storage method to improve future breeding programmes, as the flowering of dendrobiums is seasonal. The reproductive ecology of selected dendrobiums was studied by the observations of visits of natural pollinators and by assessing floral morphology to predict their potential pollinators. Six commercial hybrids had non-viable pollen while D. crumenatum showed the highest pollen germinability under both in vivo and in vitro conditions. Ninety percent of the commercial hybrids failed in vitro pollen germination whereas under in vivo conditions 50% were successful. Self-incompatibility in D. crumenatum was observed in both hand-pollination and under natural pollination. Pollen of D. crumenatum can be stored for two weeks at 9°C maintaining viability and germinability. Selected dendrobiums have shown adaptations to melittophily, suggesting the pollination by bees. Findings indicated a reduction of male fitness in most of the commercial Dendrobium hybrids and a higher fruit set is seen in selfing than cross-pollination. The present study provides information for developing conservation strategies and future hybridization programmes in paleotropical dendrobiums.

了解繁殖生物学对观赏植物新杂交种的开发具有重要意义。花粉适应性相关的性状对包括石斛在内的任何植物物种的授粉成功至关重要。本研究的目的是确定和比较在斯里兰卡发现的10个商业石斛杂交种和两个本土石斛品种，即皱皮石斛和无皮石斛的适应性特征。我们测量了花粉活力、花粉发芽率和控制授粉后的果实产量。由于石斛的开花是季节性的，因此评估了贮藏温度对皱皮石斛花粉活力的影响，以建立一种合适的花粉贮藏方法来改进未来的育种计划。通过观察自然传粉昆虫的来访情况，并通过评估花的形态来预测其潜在的传粉昆虫，研究了所选石斛的繁殖生态。六个商业杂交种具有不可存活的花粉，而皱纹草在体内和体外条件下都表现出最高的花粉发芽率。90%的商业杂交种在体外花粉发芽失败，而在体内条件下50%成功。在人工授粉和自然授粉条件下均观察到皱皮草的自交不亲和性。皱纹草花粉可以在9°C下保存两周，以保持活力和发芽性。所选的石斛已经显示出对嗜蜜性的适应，这表明蜜蜂授粉。研究结果表明，大多数商业石斛杂交种的雄性适应性降低，自交结实率高于异花授粉。本研究为制定古热带石斛的保护策略和未来的杂交计划提供了信息。

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引用次数: 0

Genotype and environment effects on sunflower nectar and their relationships to crop pollination 向日葵花蜜的基因型和环境效应及其与作物授粉的关系

Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Journal of Pollination Ecology

Pub Date : 2023-02-16 DOI: 10.26786/1920-7603(2023)719

J. Prasifka, Beth Ferguson, K. Fugate

Whether caused by genotype (G) or environment (E), floral trait variation has consequences for plants and their pollinators. Cultivated sunflower is a model system to explore floral trait variation; though sunflowers are bred to self-pollinate, benefits of pollination by bees remain substantial. To better understand sunflower-pollinator interactions, experiments were conducted to: (i) examine genotype and environment effects on nectar quantity and quality under controlled conditions, and (ii) assess effects of bags used for pollinator exclusion on nectar quantity, quality and bee foraging in a field environment. Contrasting temperature treatments (28°C, 21°C, 28°C / 16°C) reveal environment effects or G × E interactions for nectar volume (µl / floret), concentration (°Brix), and sugar composition (% sucrose). Bags used to exclude sunflower pollinators resulted in nectar volumes greater than plants with unrestricted access for bees (= open-pollination), and in ≈ 5-fold increased visitation by wild bees after bags were removed. Differences in bee visits to plants that were previously bagged versus plants never bagged decreased over the 2 h following bag removal. Though genetic variation in sunflower nectar is affected by the environment and G × E interactions, improving pollination via plant breeding still appears feasible. Future research on intraspecific variation in pollen rewards could be helpful, especially because pollen has received little research compared to nectar. For research with nectar or pollen, it seems desirable to measure floral rewards with methods that don’t rely on pollinator exclusion (bags or cages), which should provide more realistic data on what pollinators experience while foraging.

无论是由基因型（G）还是环境（E）引起，花的性状变异都会对植物及其传粉昆虫产生影响。栽培向日葵是探索花性状变异的模式系统；尽管向日葵是为了自我授粉而培育的，但蜜蜂授粉的好处仍然很大。为了更好地了解向日葵与传粉昆虫的相互作用，进行了以下实验：（i）在受控条件下检查基因型和环境对花蜜数量和质量的影响，以及（ii）评估用于排除传粉昆虫的袋子对田间环境中花蜜数量、质量和蜜蜂觅食的影响。对比温度处理（28°C、21°C、28°C/16°C）揭示了环境效应或G×E相互作用对花蜜体积（µl/小花）、浓度（°Brix）和糖成分（%蔗糖）的影响。用于排除向日葵授粉者的袋子比蜜蜂不受限制进入的植物（=开放授粉）的花蜜量更大，并且在袋子被移除后，野生蜜蜂的访问量增加了约5倍。在移袋后的2小时内，蜜蜂造访先前装袋的植物与从未装袋的植株的差异有所减少。尽管向日葵花蜜的遗传变异受到环境和G×E相互作用的影响，但通过植物育种改善授粉似乎仍然可行。未来对花粉奖励的种内变异的研究可能会有所帮助，尤其是因为与花蜜相比，花粉几乎没有得到研究。对于花蜜或花粉的研究，似乎希望用不依赖传粉昆虫排斥的方法（袋或笼）来衡量花朵的回报，这应该能提供更真实的数据，说明传粉昆虫在觅食时的经历。

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引用次数: 1

Endosymbionts that threaten commercially raised and wild bumble bees (Bombus spp.). 威胁到商业饲养和野生大黄蜂的内共生生物。

Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Journal of Pollination Ecology

Pub Date : 2023-02-07 DOI: 10.26786/1920-7603(2023)713

Laura L Figueroa, Ben M Sadd, Amber D Tripodi, James P Strange, Sheila R Colla, Laurie Davies Adams, Michelle A Duennes, Elaine C Evans, David M Lehmann, Heather Moylett, Leif Richardson, James W Smith, Tamara A Smith, Edward M Spevak, David W Inouye

Bumble bees (Bombus spp.) are important pollinators for both wild and agriculturally managed plants. We give an overview of what is known about the diverse community of internal potentially deleterious bumble bee symbionts, including viruses, bacteria, protozoans, fungi, and nematodes, as well as methods for their detection, quantification, and control. We also provide information on assessment of risk for select bumble bee symbionts and highlight key knowledge gaps. This information is crucial for ongoing efforts to establish parasite- conscious programs for future commerce in bumble bees for crop pollination, and to mitigate the problems with pathogen spillover to wild populations.

大黄蜂（Bombus spp.）是野生和农业管理植物的重要传粉昆虫。我们概述了已知的内部潜在有害大黄蜂共生体的多样性群落，包括病毒、细菌、原生动物、真菌和线虫，以及它们的检测、量化和控制方法。我们还提供了关于对选定的大黄蜂共生体进行风险评估的信息，并强调了关键的知识差距。这些信息对于正在进行的努力至关重要，这些努力旨在为大黄蜂未来的作物授粉商业活动建立无寄生虫计划，并缓解病原体扩散到野生种群的问题。

引用次数: 0

An Evidence-based rationale for a North American commercial bumble bee clean stock certification program. 基于证据的北美商业大黄蜂清洁库存认证计划的基本原理

Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Journal of Pollination Ecology

Pub Date : 2023-01-24 DOI: 10.26786/1920-7603(2023)721

James P Strange, Sheila R Colla, Laurie Davies Adams, Michelle A Duennes, Elaine C Evans, Laura L Figueroa, David M Lehmann, Heather Moylett, Leif Richardson, Ben M Sadd, James W Smith, Tamara A Smith, Amber D Tripodi, Edward M Spevak, David W Inouye

The commercial production and subsequent movement of bumble bees for pollination of agricultural field and greenhouse crops is a growing industry in North America and globally. Concerns have been raised about the impacts of pathogen spillover from managed bees to wild pollinators, including from commercial bumble bees. We recommend development of a program to mitigate disease risk in commercial bumble bee production, which will in turn reduce disease stressors on wild pollinators and other insects. We provide recommendations for the components of a clean stock program with specific best management practices for rearing commercial bumble bees including related products such as wax, pollen, and nesting material.

在北美和全球范围内，大黄蜂为农田和温室作物授粉的商业生产和随后的迁徙是一个不断发展的产业。人们对病原体从管理蜜蜂扩散到野生传粉昆虫（包括商业大黄蜂）的影响表示担忧。我们建议制定一项计划，以降低商业大黄蜂生产中的疾病风险，从而减少野生传粉昆虫和其他昆虫的疾病压力。我们为清洁库存计划的组成部分提供建议，并提供饲养商业大黄蜂的具体最佳管理实践，包括蜡、花粉和筑巢材料等相关产品。

引用次数: 0

Spatio-temporal differences in pollinator species richness, abundance and conservation status in a Mediterranean island 地中海岛屿传粉媒介物种丰富度、丰度及保护状况的时空差异

Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Journal of Pollination Ecology

Pub Date : 2022-12-23 DOI: 10.26786/1920-7603(2022)702

Pau Enric Serra Marin, Rafel Beltran, A. Traveset

Although the Mediterranean basin is a hotspot of pollinator diversity, little is still known about how such diversity is distributed in the region and about its conservation status. This study contributes to filling this information gap by studying pollinator diversity parameters in one of the main Mediterranean islands, Mallorca, and further evaluating their conservation category according to the IUCN criteria. We focus on three communities, two coastal and one mountain shrubland, which we have studied for several years. For each community, we obtained the following variables: (1) Shannon diversity (H'), (2) Pielou's index (J'), (3) Number of pollinators per plant (Lp), (4) Flower visitation rate (FVR), (5) Specialisation index (d') and (6) Normalised degree of pollinators, i.e. the number of plants visited per pollinator species relative to the total number of plant species in the community (ND). All pollinators were categorised into functional groups to test for differences in such variables among them. Differences across communities, years and functional groups were tested through GLMMs. The three communities showed differences in pollinator species composition, species richness and diversity. Pollinator diversity also varied with time, especially in the coastal community, which suffered a major disturbance during one of the study years. Regardless of the functional group, the pollinator specialisation degree seems context-dependent. Native and endemic species might disappear in the short term if appropriate management measures are not taken to narrow down the threats to pollinator populations. Further research is urgently needed to assess most insect pollinators' conservation status in the Mediterranean before such rich diversity is lost forever.

尽管地中海盆地是传粉昆虫多样性的热点，但人们对这种多样性在该地区的分布及其保护状况知之甚少。这项研究通过研究地中海主要岛屿之一马略卡岛的传粉昆虫多样性参数，并根据国际自然保护联盟的标准进一步评估其保护类别，有助于填补这一信息空白。我们关注三个社区，两个沿海和一个山地灌木林，我们已经研究了几年。对于每个群落，我们获得了以下变量：（1）香农多样性（H'），（2）皮氏指数（J'），，（3）每株传粉昆虫的数量（Lp），（4）花访问率（FVR），（5）专业化指数（d'）和（6）传粉昆虫的归一化程度，即每种传粉昆虫访问的植物数量相对于群落中植物物种总数（ND）。所有传粉昆虫都被分为功能组，以测试它们之间这些变量的差异。通过GLMM测试社区、年龄和功能组之间的差异。三个群落在传粉昆虫物种组成、物种丰富度和多样性方面存在差异。传粉者的多样性也随着时间的推移而变化，尤其是在沿海社区，在其中一个研究年份，该社区遭受了重大干扰。无论功能组如何，传粉昆虫的专业化程度似乎取决于上下文。如果不采取适当的管理措施来减少对传粉昆虫种群的威胁，本地和特有物种可能会在短期内消失。在这种丰富的多样性永远消失之前，迫切需要进一步的研究来评估地中海大多数昆虫传粉昆虫的保护状况。

{"title":"Spatio-temporal differences in pollinator species richness, abundance and conservation status in a Mediterranean island","authors":"Pau Enric Serra Marin, Rafel Beltran, A. Traveset","doi":"10.26786/1920-7603(2022)702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26786/1920-7603(2022)702","url":null,"abstract":"Although the Mediterranean basin is a hotspot of pollinator diversity, little is still known about how such diversity is distributed in the region and about its conservation status. This study contributes to filling this information gap by studying pollinator diversity parameters in one of the main Mediterranean islands, Mallorca, and further evaluating their conservation category according to the IUCN criteria. We focus on three communities, two coastal and one mountain shrubland, which we have studied for several years. For each community, we obtained the following variables: (1) Shannon diversity (H'), (2) Pielou's index (J'), (3) Number of pollinators per plant (Lp), (4) Flower visitation rate (FVR), (5) Specialisation index (d') and (6) Normalised degree of pollinators, i.e. the number of plants visited per pollinator species relative to the total number of plant species in the community (ND). All pollinators were categorised into functional groups to test for differences in such variables among them. Differences across communities, years and functional groups were tested through GLMMs. The three communities showed differences in pollinator species composition, species richness and diversity. Pollinator diversity also varied with time, especially in the coastal community, which suffered a major disturbance during one of the study years. Regardless of the functional group, the pollinator specialisation degree seems context-dependent. Native and endemic species might disappear in the short term if appropriate management measures are not taken to narrow down the threats to pollinator populations. Further research is urgently needed to assess most insect pollinators' conservation status in the Mediterranean before such rich diversity is lost forever.","PeriodicalId":30194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pollination Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42923708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The importance of soil and vegetation characteristics for establishing ground-nesting bee aggregations 土壤和植被特征对建立地面筑巢蜜蜂群体的重要性

Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Journal of Pollination Ecology

Pub Date : 2022-11-15 DOI: 10.26786/1920-7603(2022)682

Konstantinos Tsiolis, S. Potts, M. Garratt, E. Tilston, J. Burman, N. Rintoul‐Hynes, M. Fountain

Most bee species are ground-nesters, yet knowledge on the nesting behaviour of this diverse group remains sparse. Evidence on the effectiveness of ground-nesting bee species as crop pollinators is growing, but there is limited information on their nesting habits and preferences and how to manage habitats to enhance populations on farms. In this study, artificially prepared plots of bare soil were constructed with the aim to attract ground-nesting bees to nest in a commercial orchard in Kent, UK. Nine soil parameters were measured to determine their preferred soil properties: hydraulic conductivity, soil compaction, soil moisture, soil temperature, soil stoniness, soil organic matter, soil root biomass, soil texture and vegetation cover. Eighteen non-parasitic ground-nesting bee species (7 Andrena, 9 Lasioglossum, 1 Halictus and 1 Colletes spp.) were recorded in the study plots. Soil stoniness and soil temperature at 10cm depth were positively correlated, and vegetation cover and hydraulic conductivity were negatively correlated with the number of ground-nesting bees on the plots. We show that artificially created habitats can be exploited for nesting by several ground-nesting bee species. This study’s findings can inform management practices to enhance ground-nesting bee populations in agricultural and urban areas.

大多数蜜蜂种类都是地巢，然而对这一多样化群体的筑巢行为的了解仍然很少。关于地面筑巢蜜蜂作为作物传粉者的有效性的证据越来越多，但关于它们筑巢习惯和偏好以及如何管理栖息地以增加农场种群的信息有限。在这项研究中，在英国肯特郡的一个商业果园里，人工准备了裸露的土壤，目的是吸引地面筑巢的蜜蜂。测量了9个土壤参数，以确定他们首选的土壤性质:水力传导性、土壤压实度、土壤水分、土壤温度、土壤石质性、土壤有机质、土壤根系生物量、土壤质地和植被覆盖度。在研究样地共记录到18种非寄生性地巢蜂(7种，9种Lasioglossum, 1种Halictus和1种Colletes)。土壤石质度与土壤温度在10cm深度呈显著正相关，植被覆盖度和水力传导性与地上筑巢蜜蜂数量呈显著负相关。我们表明，人工创造的栖息地可以被一些地面筑巢的蜜蜂物种利用。这项研究的发现可以为管理实践提供信息，以增加农业和城市地区的地面筑巢蜜蜂种群。

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引用次数: 1

By land and by tree: Pollinator taxa diversity of terrestrial and epiphytic orchids 按陆地和树木分类:陆生和附生兰花的传粉者分类群多样性

Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Journal of Pollination Ecology

Pub Date : 2022-10-26 DOI: 10.26786/1920-7603(2022)671

Haleigh Ray, Jennifer Gillett-Kaufman

There are approximately 30,000 species in the family Orchidaceae, with some species growing terrestrially and others growing as epiphytes. Though the pollination biology of many of these species is not well known, there has been a diversity of taxa recorded as orchid pollinators. Insects, birds, and even a record of a mammal species have been documented as successful pollinators, while some orchids are able to reproduce without the use of a pollen vector. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of orchid pollination tactics, with references to more specific studies of each, and to analyze a large subset of publications to determine differences in pollinator taxa and specificity between epiphytic and terrestrial orchid genera.This review examines pollination data from over 400 orchid species, including 74 epiphytic and 83 terrestrial orchid genera. Two pollinator taxa, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera (Class: Insecta), were found to pollinate significantly more terrestrial than epiphytic orchid genera, while other taxa showed no significant differences. Hymenoptera were the dominant taxa of pollinator in regards to the overall number of species recorded; however, based on species interaction webs that were built, the Lepidoptera (Class: Insecta) have stronger interactions with the orchid species they pollinate, suggesting a more specific relationship between the two.

兰科大约有3万种，其中一些种类生长在陆地上，另一些作为附生植物生长。虽然这些物种的传粉生物学尚不清楚，但有多种分类群被记录为兰花传粉者。昆虫、鸟类，甚至哺乳动物都被记录为成功的传粉者，而一些兰花能够在不使用花粉载体的情况下繁殖。本综述的目的是提供兰花授粉策略的概述，并参考更具体的研究，并分析大量的出版物，以确定传粉者分类群的差异和附生和陆生兰花属之间的特异性。本文综述了400多种兰花的传粉资料，包括74种附生兰花和83种陆生兰花。鞘翅目和膜翅目(昆虫纲)两个传粉类群对陆地的传粉明显多于附生兰属，而其他类群对陆地传粉的差异不显著。传粉昆虫以膜翅目为优势类群;然而，根据所建立的物种相互作用网，鳞翅目(昆虫纲)与它们授粉的兰花物种有更强的相互作用，这表明两者之间存在更具体的关系。

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引用次数: 2

Beyond Botany: In appreciation of the life and contributions of Dini Eisikowitch (1936 – 2022) 超越植物学：欣赏Dini Eisikowitch的生活和贡献（1936–2022）

Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Journal of Pollination Ecology

Pub Date : 2022-09-30 DOI: 10.26786/1920-7603(2022)718

A. Dafni, P. Kevan

Professor Dan Eisikowitch (Dini), one of the greatest researchers in 10 pollination and botany, has passed away (1936-2022). Dini died on 19 July, 2022 at 11 the age of 86. An obituary.

Dan Eisikowitch教授（Dini）去世（1936-2022），他是10位授粉和植物学领域最伟大的研究人员之一。迪尼于2022年7月19日去世，享年11岁，享年86岁。讣告。

引用次数: 0

Consequences of pollinator availability and effectiveness for pollen transfer in a gynodioecious seed crop system 雌虫种子作物系统中传粉昆虫可用性和花粉转移有效性的影响

Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Journal of Pollination Ecology

Pub Date : 2022-09-26 DOI: 10.26786/1920-7603(2022)680

Riley Waytes, R. Cartar, S. Hoover

Pollinator availability and effectiveness are important considerations in plant systems that depend on insect transfer of pollen. In mixed-flower systems (such as dioecious or gynodioecious systems), pollinators may distinguish between morphs, a behaviour which could have negative implications if it leads to reduced cross-pollination. We examined pollinator visitation, response, and effectiveness in hybrid canola seed production, a gynodioecious crop, to understand how pollinator behaviour contributes to cross-pollination between ‘male’ (hermaphroditic) and ‘female’ (male-sterile) morphs. The pollinator types found in these fields differ in visitation rate, size, and pollen load, factors that may affect pollen transfer between plants. The willingness of pollinators to move between male and female flowers can also affect pollen deposition. We used an interview bouquet to present unvisited female inflorescences to different pollinator types visiting male and female flowers to understand behavioural responses to floral morphs and the factors that contribute to better pollination effectiveness. Managed pollinators (honey and leafcutter bees) were far more abundant than wild pollinators in this system. Bees foraging on male flowers were less likely to accept a proffered female flower than those foraging on female flowers. Pollen deposition on stigmas was influenced by pollinator type (female leafcutter bees were the most effective) and increased with time spent on a flower. Pollinators transferring from a male flower to a female flower deposited more pollen than those that originated on female flowers, emphasizing the importance of transfer between male and female morphs. Surprisingly, pollinators carrying more pollen transferred less pollen to recipient stigmas.

授粉器的可用性和有效性是植物系统中的重要考虑因素，植物系统依赖于昆虫花粉的转移。在混合花系统（如雌雄异株或雌雄同株系统）中，传粉者可能会区分不同的形态，如果这种行为导致异花授粉减少，可能会产生负面影响。我们研究了授粉者的造访、反应和杂交油菜种子生产的有效性，以了解授粉者的行为如何促进“雄性”（雌雄同体）和“雌性”（雄性不育）形态之间的异花授粉。在这些田地里发现的传粉昆虫类型在访问率、大小和花粉量方面不同，这些因素可能会影响花粉在植物之间的转移。授粉者在雄花和雌花之间移动的意愿也会影响花粉的沉积。我们使用采访花束向不同类型的授粉者展示未访问的雌性花序，以了解对花朵形态的行为反应以及有助于提高授粉效果的因素。在这个系统中，管理传粉昆虫（蜜蜂和切叶蜂）远比野生传粉昆虫丰富。与那些觅食雌花的蜜蜂相比，觅食雄花的蜜蜂不太可能接受提供的雌花。柱头上的花粉沉积受到传粉昆虫类型的影响（雌性切叶蜂最有效），并随着花上时间的推移而增加。从雄花转移到雌花的传粉者比起源于雌花的授粉者沉积了更多的花粉，这强调了雄性和雌性形态之间转移的重要性。令人惊讶的是，携带更多花粉的传粉者向受体柱头转移的花粉更少。

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引用次数: 1