Contexto: La variable macroscópica más importante del flujo peatonal es la velocidad de caminata, ya que permite analizar el comportamiento y las condiciones en que está operando una infraestructura. En el presente estudio se determinó si existe una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre velocidades medias temporales para tres tipos de infraestructuras y dos tipologías de usuarios. Metodología: Se tomaron los tiempos que duraba un peatón en recorrer una distancia preestablecida en cada una de las tres infraestructuras contempladas: escaleras y plataforma de un puente peatonal, y una acera con pendiente del 0 %, localizadas en la ciudad de Tunja, Colombia, clasificando a los usuarios según sexo y sentido de circulación. Resultados: La velocidad media temporal en las escaleras, para las mujeres, es de 0,81 m/s en ascenso y de 0,72 m/s en descenso. En cuanto a los hombres, la velocidad media temporal fue de 0,81 m/s en los dos sentidos de circulación. En relación con la plataforma y la acera, se obtuvo que la velocidad media temporal de las mujeres es inferior a la de los hombres. Conclusiones: En el sentido de circulación ascenso se determinó que no hay una diferencia estadísticamente significativa, caso contrario a lo establecido para el sentido de circulación en descenso. Confrontando la velocidad media temporal determinada para las dos secciones del puente peatonal, con la velocidad media temporal de la acera, se estableció que hay una diferencia estadísticamente significativa, razón por la cual, es necesario caracterizar los comportamientos por separado en cada sección al momento de diseñar o de intervenir una infraestructura peatonal.
{"title":"Caracterización de la velocidad de caminata. Caso de estudio puente peatonal","authors":"Jonatan Jair Villamarín Monroy, Fredy Alberto Guío Burgos, Domingo Ernesto Dueñas Ruiz","doi":"10.14483/22487638.16605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14483/22487638.16605","url":null,"abstract":"Contexto: La variable macroscópica más importante del flujo peatonal es la velocidad de caminata, ya que permite analizar el comportamiento y las condiciones en que está operando una infraestructura. En el presente estudio se determinó si existe una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre velocidades medias temporales para tres tipos de infraestructuras y dos tipologías de usuarios.\u0000Metodología: Se tomaron los tiempos que duraba un peatón en recorrer una distancia preestablecida en cada una de las tres infraestructuras contempladas: escaleras y plataforma de un puente peatonal, y una acera con pendiente del 0 %, localizadas en la ciudad de Tunja, Colombia, clasificando a los usuarios según sexo y sentido de circulación.\u0000Resultados: La velocidad media temporal en las escaleras, para las mujeres, es de 0,81 m/s en ascenso y de 0,72 m/s en descenso. En cuanto a los hombres, la velocidad media temporal fue de 0,81 m/s en los dos sentidos de circulación. En relación con la plataforma y la acera, se obtuvo que la velocidad media temporal de las mujeres es inferior a la de los hombres.\u0000Conclusiones: En el sentido de circulación ascenso se determinó que no hay una diferencia estadísticamente significativa, caso contrario a lo establecido para el sentido de circulación en descenso. Confrontando la velocidad media temporal determinada para las dos secciones del puente peatonal, con la velocidad media temporal de la acera, se estableció que hay una diferencia estadísticamente significativa, razón por la cual, es necesario caracterizar los comportamientos por separado en cada sección al momento de diseñar o de intervenir una infraestructura peatonal.","PeriodicalId":30372,"journal":{"name":"Tecnura","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47459073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Edwin Alexander Revelo Cuarán, Nayive Nieves Pimiento, Carlos Augusto Toledo Bueno
Objective: To morphologically analyze, by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), agglomerated boards made from rice husk and Hidropul 400, as well as boards made from wood fibers and glue. Methodology: For each 7,3 x 3,6 x 1,5 cm test piece, two samples were taken from the external and internal sections of each one of the boards to be analyzed. Thin-layer graphite coatings were made to each one of them, and, by means of SEM, micrographic shots were obtained in the range from 50x to 2000x. Results: It was evidenced that the panel made from rice husk had damage to its internal structure due to its porosity, the waxy layers of its coating, the high presence of silica, and the presence of water inside the adhesive, showing irregularities in adhesion between particles and low mechanical properties. Conclusions: Although the studied rice husk panel did not achieve the adequate structural properties, it has great applications for interior design. Additionally, due to its porous structure, its potential as a sound-absorbing material is considered. In the same way, the material can be improved by pre-treating the husk or combining it with other, more woody plant fibers such as wood waste, bamboo, coconut fiber, among others. Metodología: Se tomaron dos muestras por probeta de 7.3 x 3.6 x 1.5 cm en las secciones externas e internas por cada uno de los paneles a analizar, se realizaron recubrimientos de capa fina de grafito a cada una de ellas; por medio del microscopio electrónico de barrido se realizaron tomas micrográficas en rangos de 50x a 2000x. Resultados: Se evidencio que el panel fabricado con cascarilla de arroz, presentaba afectaciones en su estructura interna, debido a la porosidad, a las capas cerosas de su recubrimiento, a la alta presencia de sílice y la presencia de agua dentro del adhesivo, mostrando irregularidades en adherencia entre partículas y bajas propiedades mecánicas. Conclusiones: Aunque el panel a base de cascarilla de arroz estudiado no obtuvo las propiedades adecuadas estructurales, tiene grandes aplicaciones para el diseño de interiores, además por estructura porosa se consideran su potencial como material absorbente del sonido. De igual forma se puede mejorar el material al hacer un pretratamiento de la cascarilla o combinar con diferentes fibras vegetales más leñosas como desperdicios de madera, bambú, fibra de coco entre otros.
目的：通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对稻壳和水粉400制成的刨花板以及木纤维和胶制成的刨花板进行形态分析。方法：对于每个7.3 x 3.6 x 1.5厘米的测试件，从每个板的外部和内部部分采集两个样本进行分析。分别制备了薄层石墨涂层，通过扫描电镜，获得了50x至2000x的显微照片。结果：有证据表明，稻壳制成的面板由于其多孔性、涂层的蜡层、二氧化硅的高存在以及粘合剂内部存在水，对其内部结构造成了损害，表明颗粒之间的粘附不规则，力学性能较低。结论：虽然所研究的米饼面板没有达到足够的结构性能，但它在室内设计中有很大的应用。此外，由于其多孔结构，考虑了其作为吸声材料的潜力。同样，可以通过预处理Husk或将其与其他更多的木本植物纤维（如木材废料、竹子、椰子纤维等）结合来改善材料。方法：在每个待分析面板的外部和内部部分，每个7.3 x 3.6 x 1.5厘米的试件上采集两个样本，在每个试件上涂覆石墨薄膜；结果：有证据表明，由稻壳制成的面板由于孔隙率、涂层的蜡质层、二氧化硅的高存在和粘合剂中的水的存在，对其内部结构产生了影响，结论：虽然所研究的稻壳基面板没有获得适当的结构性能，但它在室内设计中有很大的应用，此外，由于多孔结构，它们被认为是一种潜在的吸声材料。同样，可以通过对树皮进行预处理或与不同的木本植物纤维（如木材废料、竹子、椰子纤维等）结合来改进材料。
{"title":"Homogenization Analysis in Particle Boards with Rice Husk Reinforcement","authors":"Edwin Alexander Revelo Cuarán, Nayive Nieves Pimiento, Carlos Augusto Toledo Bueno","doi":"10.14483/22487638.17170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14483/22487638.17170","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To morphologically analyze, by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), agglomerated boards made from rice husk and Hidropul 400, as well as boards made from wood fibers and glue.\u0000Methodology: For each 7,3 x 3,6 x 1,5 cm test piece, two samples were taken from the external and internal sections of each one of the boards to be analyzed. Thin-layer graphite coatings were made to each one of them, and, by means of SEM, micrographic shots were obtained in the range from 50x to 2000x.\u0000Results: It was evidenced that the panel made from rice husk had damage to its internal structure due to its porosity, the waxy layers of its coating, the high presence of silica, and the presence of water inside the adhesive, showing irregularities in adhesion between particles and low mechanical properties.\u0000Conclusions: Although the studied rice husk panel did not achieve the adequate structural properties, it has great applications for interior design. Additionally, due to its porous structure, its potential as a sound-absorbing material is considered. In the same way, the material can be improved by pre-treating the husk or combining it with other, more woody plant fibers such as wood waste, bamboo, coconut fiber, among others.\u0000Metodología: Se tomaron dos muestras por probeta de 7.3 x 3.6 x 1.5 cm en las secciones externas e internas por cada uno de los paneles a analizar, se realizaron recubrimientos de capa fina de grafito a cada una de ellas; por medio del microscopio electrónico de barrido se realizaron tomas micrográficas en rangos de 50x a 2000x.\u0000Resultados: Se evidencio que el panel fabricado con cascarilla de arroz, presentaba afectaciones en su estructura interna, debido a la porosidad, a las capas cerosas de su recubrimiento, a la alta presencia de sílice y la presencia de agua dentro del adhesivo, mostrando irregularidades en adherencia entre partículas y bajas propiedades mecánicas.\u0000Conclusiones: Aunque el panel a base de cascarilla de arroz estudiado no obtuvo las propiedades adecuadas estructurales, tiene grandes aplicaciones para el diseño de interiores, además por estructura porosa se consideran su potencial como material absorbente del sonido. De igual forma se puede mejorar el material al hacer un pretratamiento de la cascarilla o combinar con diferentes fibras vegetales más leñosas como desperdicios de madera, bambú, fibra de coco entre otros.","PeriodicalId":30372,"journal":{"name":"Tecnura","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43037018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sergio Basilio Sepúlveda Mora, Diana Carolina Bastos Guerrero, Mario Joaquín Illera Bustos
Objetivo: Esta investigación presenta un análisis estadístico de la radiación solar en la ciudad de Cúcuta, con el objetivo de brindar una descripción detallada de su variabilidad entre los años 2005 y 2015. Esta información representa una herramienta evaluativa en el estudio del potencial solar de la región para el diseño de sistemas fotovoltaicos, partiendo de la necesidad de mejorar la relación costo/beneficio de esta tecnología, y así incrementar su penetración en la matriz eléctrica colombiana. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio de tres bases de datos climatológicas con información horaria, seleccionando aquella con la mayor cantidad de datos disponibles. Por medio del software R Studio, se ejecutaron dos tipos de métodos estadísticos: análisis de la varianza de un solo factor (ANOVA) y test de Bonferroni. A partir de esto, se obtuvieron gráficas que representan el resumen estadístico de los valores de radiación solar en la última década. Resultados: El análisis ANOVA arrojó un valor p de 6,28x10-7, indicando que existe una diferencia estadísticamente significativa de la media muestral entre los diferentes años de estudio. Asimismo, se identificaron los años y meses con mayor desviación y las posibles causas de la variabilidad de este parámetro. Conclusiones: A pesar de tener un comportamiento estable, la radiación de la ciudad de Cúcuta requiere de un análisis muy específico para su uso en aplicaciones que necesiten una alta sensibilidad en el manejo de esta información, ya que hay variaciones estadísticamente significativas que se pueden presentar para su uso. Financiamiento: Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander.
目的:本研究对cucuta市的太阳辐射进行统计分析，目的是提供2005年至2015年太阳辐射变化的详细描述。这些信息是研究该地区光伏系统设计的太阳能潜力的评估工具，其出发点是需要提高该技术的成本/效益比，从而增加其在哥伦比亚电力矩阵中的渗透。方法:对三个具有小时信息的气候数据库进行研究，选择可用数据最多的数据库。摘要本研究的目的是评估在墨西哥恰加斯州(恰加斯州)和墨西哥恰加斯州(恰加斯州)进行的一项研究，该研究的目的是评估墨西哥恰加斯州(恰加斯州)和墨西哥恰加斯州(恰加斯州)进行的一项研究。在此基础上，获得了代表过去十年太阳辐射值的统计总结的图表。结果:采用方差分析得出的p值为6.28 x10-7，表明不同研究年份之间的样本均值有统计学上的显著差异。我们还确定了偏差最大的年份和月份，以及该参数变化的可能原因。结论:尽管表现稳定,辐射库塔要求非常具体分析应用程序需要使用高灵敏度在处理这些信息,因为有统计学意义,可使用的。资金来源:Francisco de Paula Santander大学。
{"title":"Análisis estadístico de la radiación solar global en Cúcuta utilizando el modelo ANOVA","authors":"Sergio Basilio Sepúlveda Mora, Diana Carolina Bastos Guerrero, Mario Joaquín Illera Bustos","doi":"10.14483/22487638.17595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14483/22487638.17595","url":null,"abstract":"Objetivo: Esta investigación presenta un análisis estadístico de la radiación solar en la ciudad de Cúcuta, con el objetivo de brindar una descripción detallada de su variabilidad entre los años 2005 y 2015. Esta información representa una herramienta evaluativa en el estudio del potencial solar de la región para el diseño de sistemas fotovoltaicos, partiendo de la necesidad de mejorar la relación costo/beneficio de esta tecnología, y así incrementar su penetración en la matriz eléctrica colombiana.\u0000Metodología: Se realizó un estudio de tres bases de datos climatológicas con información horaria, seleccionando aquella con la mayor cantidad de datos disponibles. Por medio del software R Studio, se ejecutaron dos tipos de métodos estadísticos: análisis de la varianza de un solo factor (ANOVA) y test de Bonferroni. A partir de esto, se obtuvieron gráficas que representan el resumen estadístico de los valores de radiación solar en la última década.\u0000Resultados: El análisis ANOVA arrojó un valor p de 6,28x10-7, indicando que existe una diferencia estadísticamente significativa de la media muestral entre los diferentes años de estudio. Asimismo, se identificaron los años y meses con mayor desviación y las posibles causas de la variabilidad de este parámetro.\u0000Conclusiones: A pesar de tener un comportamiento estable, la radiación de la ciudad de Cúcuta requiere de un análisis muy específico para su uso en aplicaciones que necesiten una alta sensibilidad en el manejo de esta información, ya que hay variaciones estadísticamente significativas que se pueden presentar para su uso.\u0000Financiamiento: Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":30372,"journal":{"name":"Tecnura","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42018536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jorge Luis Martínez Valencia, Mauricio Holguín Londoño, Carlos alberto Ramirez vanegas
Objetivo: Presentar una metodología para la planificación de movimientos de sistemas autónomos con múltiples agentes. Metodología: Se define y parametriza el comportamiento físico de un equipo de sistemas de navegación autónoma, luego se describe e implementa un algoritmo de síntesis de políticas de control que interpreta estas descripciones convertidas a fórmulas LTL y se genera un modelo que permite hacer abstracciones automáticas. A partir de configuraciones genéricas de solución, se deriva en el caso de múltiples robots con una única tarea en un entorno con obstáculos fijos. La metodología se valida en diferentes escenarios y se analizan los resultados. Resultados: La metodología propuesta para planificación de movimientos en sistemas con múltiples agentes, combina dos técnicas del estado del arte, permitiendo mitigar la explosión combinacional de estados presente en los enfoques tradicionales. Conclusiones: La metodología que se presenta resuelve el problema de síntesis de autómatas para el control de alto nivel, con cambio de tareas durante la ejecución. Bajo ciertos criterios, se mitiga el problema de explosión combinacional de estados asociado a estos sistemas. La solución es óptima respecto al número de transiciones seguidas por los miembros del equipo. Financiamiento: Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira
{"title":"Metodología para la síntesis de autómatas en la planificación de movimientos en sistemas autónomos con múltiples agentes","authors":"Jorge Luis Martínez Valencia, Mauricio Holguín Londoño, Carlos alberto Ramirez vanegas","doi":"10.14483/22487638.17131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14483/22487638.17131","url":null,"abstract":"Objetivo: Presentar una metodología para la planificación de movimientos de sistemas autónomos con múltiples agentes.\u0000 \u0000Metodología: Se define y parametriza el comportamiento físico de un equipo de sistemas de navegación autónoma, luego se describe e implementa un algoritmo de síntesis de políticas de control que interpreta estas descripciones convertidas a fórmulas LTL y se genera un modelo que permite hacer abstracciones automáticas. A partir de configuraciones genéricas de solución, se deriva en el caso de múltiples robots con una única tarea en un entorno con obstáculos fijos. La metodología se valida en diferentes escenarios y se analizan los resultados.\u0000 \u0000Resultados: La metodología propuesta para planificación de movimientos en sistemas con múltiples agentes, combina dos técnicas del estado del arte, permitiendo mitigar la explosión combinacional de estados presente en los enfoques tradicionales.\u0000 \u0000Conclusiones: La metodología que se presenta resuelve el problema de síntesis de autómatas para el control de alto nivel, con cambio de tareas durante la ejecución. Bajo ciertos criterios, se mitiga el problema de explosión combinacional de estados asociado a estos sistemas. La solución es óptima respecto al número de transiciones seguidas por los miembros del equipo.\u0000 \u0000Financiamiento: Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":30372,"journal":{"name":"Tecnura","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43507271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Miguel Rodriguez Cabal, Juan Diego Betancur Gomez, Luis Fernando Grisales Noreña
Objetivo: En este artículo de investigación se propone un algoritmo genético continuo (CGA) para realizar el diseño óptimo de un resorte helicoidal de bobina cerrada. Metodología: La metodología de solución emplea como función objetivo la minimización del volumen total de un resorte helicoidal, considerando como variables principales el diámetro del alambre, el diámetro promedio y el número de bobinas activas. Como conjunto de restricciones se implementan los requerimientos físicos y técnicos para el diseño seguro y adecuado del elemento mencionado. Como método de solución se emplea un CGA, y como métodos de comparación son usados diferentes algoritmos de optimización que han sido implementados en la literatura especializada para dar solución al problema abordado. Resultados: Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el CGA obtiene el mínimo valor de volumen, siendo menor en un 1,5% en comparación con la mejor técnica reportada, con un tiempo de procesamiento menor a 1 s, lo cual demuestra que la metodología propuesta obtiene los mejores resultados en términos de calidad de la solución y tiempo de procesamiento. Conclusiones: Los resultados de simulación muestran que el CGA obtiene la mejor solución en comparación con las demás técnicas, a un bajo costo computacional y entregando una solución que cumple con los requerimientos físicos y técnicos del diseño.
{"title":"Diseño óptimo de un resorte helicoidal usando un algoritmo genético continuo","authors":"Miguel Rodriguez Cabal, Juan Diego Betancur Gomez, Luis Fernando Grisales Noreña","doi":"10.14483/22487638.18617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14483/22487638.18617","url":null,"abstract":"Objetivo: En este artículo de investigación se propone un algoritmo genético continuo (CGA) para realizar el diseño óptimo de un resorte helicoidal de bobina cerrada.\u0000Metodología: La metodología de solución emplea como función objetivo la minimización del volumen total de un resorte helicoidal, considerando como variables principales el diámetro del alambre, el diámetro promedio y el número de bobinas activas. Como conjunto de restricciones se implementan los requerimientos físicos y técnicos para el diseño seguro y adecuado del elemento mencionado. Como método de solución se emplea un CGA, y como métodos de comparación son usados diferentes algoritmos de optimización que han sido implementados en la literatura especializada para dar solución al problema abordado. \u0000Resultados: Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el CGA obtiene el mínimo valor de volumen, siendo menor en un 1,5% en comparación con la mejor técnica reportada, con un tiempo de procesamiento menor a 1 s, lo cual demuestra que la metodología propuesta obtiene los mejores resultados en términos de calidad de la solución y tiempo de procesamiento.\u0000Conclusiones: Los resultados de simulación muestran que el CGA obtiene la mejor solución en comparación con las demás técnicas, a un bajo costo computacional y entregando una solución que cumple con los requerimientos físicos y técnicos del diseño.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":30372,"journal":{"name":"Tecnura","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43450318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carlos David Zuluaga Ríos, Daniel Felipe Florián Ceballos, Miguel Ángel Rojo Yepes, Sergio Danilo Saldarriaga Zuluaga
Objective: In this paper, we review different approaches to how the penetration of electric vehicles (EV) can be modeled in power networks. We also evaluate and compare experimentally the performance of three probabilistic electric vehicle charging load approaches considering four levels of penetration of EV. Methodology: We carry out a detailed search of the state-of-the-art in charging load modeling strategies for electric vehicles, where the most representative works on this subject were compiled. A probabilistic model based on Monte Carlo Simulation was proposed and two more methods were implemented. These models take into account the departure time of electric vehicles, the arrival time and the plug-in time, which were conceived as random variables. Results: Histograms of the demand for charging of electric vehicles were obtained for the three models contemplated. Additionally, a similarity metric was calculated to know the distribution that best fits the data of each model. The above was done considering 20, 200, 2000 and 20,000 electric vehicles on average. The results show that if there are a low penetration of electric vehicles, it is possible to model the EV charging demand using a gamma distribution. Otherwise, it is recommended to use a Gaussian or Lognormal distribution if you have a high VE penetration. Conclusions: A review of the state of the art of the modeling of electric vehicles under a G2V approach was presented, where three groups are identified: the deterministic approaches, methods that deal with uncertainty and variability, and finally data driven methods were also identified. Additionally, we observed that the EVCP model 3 and the gamma distribution can be appropriate for modeling the penetration of EVs in probabilistic load flow analysis or for stochastic planning studies for active distribution networks. Financing: Institución Universitaria Pascual Bravo
{"title":"Review of Charging Load Modeling Strategies for Electric Vehicles: a Comparison of Grid-to-Vehicle Probabilistic Approaches","authors":"Carlos David Zuluaga Ríos, Daniel Felipe Florián Ceballos, Miguel Ángel Rojo Yepes, Sergio Danilo Saldarriaga Zuluaga","doi":"10.14483/22487638.18657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14483/22487638.18657","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: In this paper, we review different approaches to how the penetration of electric vehicles (EV) can be modeled in power networks. We also evaluate and compare experimentally the performance of three probabilistic electric vehicle charging load approaches considering four levels of penetration of EV. \u0000Methodology: We carry out a detailed search of the state-of-the-art in charging load modeling strategies for electric vehicles, where the most representative works on this subject were compiled. A probabilistic model based on Monte Carlo Simulation was proposed and two more methods were implemented. These models take into account the departure time of electric vehicles, the arrival time and the plug-in time, which were conceived as random variables. \u0000Results: Histograms of the demand for charging of electric vehicles were obtained for the three models contemplated. Additionally, a similarity metric was calculated to know the distribution that best fits the data of each model. The above was done considering 20, 200, 2000 and 20,000 electric vehicles on average. The results show that if there are a low penetration of electric vehicles, it is possible to model the EV charging demand using a gamma distribution. Otherwise, it is recommended to use a Gaussian or Lognormal distribution if you have a high VE penetration. \u0000Conclusions: A review of the state of the art of the modeling of electric vehicles under a G2V approach was presented, where three groups are identified: the deterministic approaches, methods that deal with uncertainty and variability, and finally data driven methods were also identified. Additionally, we observed that the EVCP model 3 and the gamma distribution can be appropriate for modeling the penetration of EVs in probabilistic load flow analysis or for stochastic planning studies for active distribution networks. \u0000Financing: Institución Universitaria Pascual Bravo","PeriodicalId":30372,"journal":{"name":"Tecnura","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42806743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sara María Velasco Gómez, Sandra Milena Pérez Londoño, J. M. Mora Flórez
Objective: This paper presents a qualitative comparison of different recently proposed network protection schemes that are based on the distance function. From this comparison, possible opportunities are identified to develop strategies oriented towards protecting active distribution systems. Methodology: This research is carried out in two parts: the first is to identify the fundamental theoretical aspects of distance protection, its main problems, and a description of the most important aspects of the relevant strategies proposed in recent years. The second part consists of selecting aspects and elaborating a qualitative comparison of the different protection schemes analyzed. This comparison makes it possible to establish the advantages and disadvantages of each of the relevant proposals used in conventional electrical networks or active distribution networks. Results: As a result of this research, the most important aspects to consider in the protection design are identified, which therefore strongly affect its performance. These are summarized in a comparative table, which supports future research related to distance protection in active distribution networks. Conclusions: From this research, it can be stated that the solutions analyzed, despite being relevant within the scope of distance protection applied to active distribution networks, have problems to solve. None of these strategies protects the network for all types of failures in a selective, sensitive, reliable, and cost-effective way while guaranteeing minimum supply interruption to consumers. Funding: This paper is a result from projects 6-20-6 funded by Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira and contract 774-2020 (Integra2023) funded by Minciencias, Colombia.
目的:本文对最近提出的基于距离函数的不同网络保护方案进行了定性比较。通过这种比较，确定了可能的机会，以制定面向保护主动配电系统的战略。方法:本研究分为两部分进行:第一部分是确定距离保护的基本理论方面，其主要问题，并描述了近年来提出的相关策略的最重要方面。第二部分是对不同的保护方案进行选择和定性比较。通过这种比较，可以确定在常规电网或有源配电网中使用的每种相关方案的优缺点。结果:通过本研究，确定了保护设计中需要考虑的最重要方面，从而强烈影响其性能。这些总结在一个比较表中，它支持与有源配电网中的距离保护有关的未来研究。结论:从本研究中可以看出，尽管所分析的解决方案在应用于有源配电网的距离保护范围内具有相关性，但仍存在需要解决的问题。这些策略都不能以选择性、敏感、可靠和经济的方式保护网络免受所有类型的故障的影响，同时保证对消费者的供应中断最小化。资助:本文是由universsidad Tecnológica de Pereira资助的项目6-20-6和哥伦比亚Minciencias资助的合同774-2020 (Integra2023)的结果。
{"title":"A Qualitative Comparison of Distance-Based Protection Approaches for Active Distribution Networks","authors":"Sara María Velasco Gómez, Sandra Milena Pérez Londoño, J. M. Mora Flórez","doi":"10.14483/22487638.18627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14483/22487638.18627","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: This paper presents a qualitative comparison of different recently proposed network protection schemes that are based on the distance function. From this comparison, possible opportunities are identified to develop strategies oriented towards protecting active distribution systems.\u0000Methodology: This research is carried out in two parts: the first is to identify the fundamental theoretical aspects of distance protection, its main problems, and a description of the most important aspects of the relevant strategies proposed in recent years. The second part consists of selecting aspects and elaborating a qualitative comparison of the different protection schemes analyzed. This comparison makes it possible to establish the advantages and disadvantages of each of the relevant proposals used in conventional electrical networks or active distribution networks.\u0000Results: As a result of this research, the most important aspects to consider in the protection design are identified, which therefore strongly affect its performance. These are summarized in a comparative table, which supports future research related to distance protection in active distribution networks.\u0000Conclusions: From this research, it can be stated that the solutions analyzed, despite being relevant within the scope of distance protection applied to active distribution networks, have problems to solve. None of these strategies protects the network for all types of failures in a selective, sensitive, reliable, and cost-effective way while guaranteeing minimum supply interruption to consumers.\u0000Funding: This paper is a result from projects 6-20-6 funded by Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira and contract 774-2020 (Integra2023) funded by Minciencias, Colombia.","PeriodicalId":30372,"journal":{"name":"Tecnura","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44022374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alejandra Rodriguez Zabala, Dahiana López-García, S. Carvajal-Quintero, Adriana Arango Manrique
Context: The increase in rural electrification projects has led to the emergence of technologies that allow operating local distribution networks such as isolated microgrids. However, the successful implementation of these isolated microgrids requires that their planning, operation, monitoring, and control consider a framework that allows maintaining technical, economic, and environmental sustainability over an extended time horizon. Therefore, this paper proposes a model that allows identifying the main technical, economic, regulatory, and environmental variables that should be considered for the successful planning of Colombian rural electrification solutions. Methodology: This paper proposes the use of System Dynamics to create a model that allows describing the causal relationships between the different variables essential for the design and operation of isolated microgrids. To this effect, the identification of the related variables and their corresponding classification are presented, together with a model of theoretical expectations about their relationships. Results: A model that integrates and describes the behavior of the main variables involved in the operation of microgrids was formulated to analyze the possible implementation of policies that guarantee the sustainability of these solutions and enhance the use of renewable energy resources while improving the continuity of the electric energy supply. Conclusions: It was possible to show that operation by means of isolated microgrids with the integration of Distributed Energy Resources is a sustainable solution for rural electrification in Colombia, given that it enhances the use of generation resources with a reduced carbon footprint that are present in the territories under study. These microgrids have the potential to improve the living conditions of users by reducing unsatisfied basic needs. Funding: Universidad Nacional de Colombia – Sede Manizales.
{"title":"A Comprehensive Review of Sustainability in Isolated Colombian Microgrids","authors":"Alejandra Rodriguez Zabala, Dahiana López-García, S. Carvajal-Quintero, Adriana Arango Manrique","doi":"10.14483/22487638.18619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14483/22487638.18619","url":null,"abstract":"Context: The increase in rural electrification projects has led to the emergence of technologies that allow operating local distribution networks such as isolated microgrids. However, the successful implementation of these isolated microgrids requires that their planning, operation, monitoring, and control consider a framework that allows maintaining technical, economic, and environmental sustainability over an extended time horizon. Therefore, this paper proposes a model that allows identifying the main technical, economic, regulatory, and environmental variables that should be considered for the successful planning of Colombian rural electrification solutions.\u0000Methodology: This paper proposes the use of System Dynamics to create a model that allows describing the causal relationships between the different variables essential for the design and operation of isolated microgrids. To this effect, the identification of the related variables and their corresponding classification are presented, together with a model of theoretical expectations about their relationships.\u0000Results: A model that integrates and describes the behavior of the main variables involved in the operation of microgrids was formulated to analyze the possible implementation of policies that guarantee the sustainability of these solutions and enhance the use of renewable energy resources while improving the continuity of the electric energy supply.\u0000Conclusions: It was possible to show that operation by means of isolated microgrids with the integration of Distributed Energy Resources is a sustainable solution for rural electrification in Colombia, given that it enhances the use of generation resources with a reduced carbon footprint that are present in the territories under study. These microgrids have the potential to improve the living conditions of users by reducing unsatisfied basic needs.\u0000Funding: Universidad Nacional de Colombia – Sede Manizales.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":30372,"journal":{"name":"Tecnura","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44265478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
John Barco Jiménez, Francisco Eraso Checa, A. Pantoja, E. Caicedo bravo
Context: This work presents different models based on artificial neural networks, among them NNARX, for estimating global solar radiation from UV index measurements. The objective is to determine the efficiency of the models studied to estimate global solar radiation in terms of the coefficient of determination (R2), the root-mean-square error (RMSE), and the mean absolute error (MAE). Methodology: It is divided into four stages: i) conformation of the training dataset (in this case, it uses a training set of 213.019 data collected over five years in the city of Pasto, Colombia, with the Davis Vantage Pro 2.0 station); ii) pre-processing of data to remove erroneous and unusual data; iii) definition of models based on recurrent and conventional artificial neural networks according to an analysis of topologies, e.g. NNFIR and NNARX; iv) training of the models and evaluation of the estimation efficiency through metrics such as R2, RMSE, and MAE. To validate the model, a new dataset collected during the last year was used, which was not included in the data training. Results: The global solar radiation estimation models based on NNARX show the best estimation efficiency compared to conventional neural networks. The NNARX221 model has an RMSE of 54,32 and a MAE of 18,06 w/m2. Conclusions: NNARX models are highly efficient at estimating global solar radiation, with a coefficient of determination of 0,9697 in the best of cases. The most efficient models are characterized by using two past times and the current UV index instant, and they feed from two past times of their own estimated radiation output. Furthermore, the numerical results show that the contribution of temperature and relative humidity is not relevant to improving the efficiency of the estimation of global solar radiation. These models can be particularly important since they only use measurements made with UV index sensors, which are less expensive than solar radiation ones.
背景：这项工作提出了基于人工神经网络的不同模型，其中包括NNARX，用于根据紫外线指数测量估计全球太阳辐射。目的是根据确定系数（R2）、均方根误差（RMSE）和相关系数来确定所研究的用于估计全球太阳辐射的模型的效率，和平均绝对误差（MAE）。方法：它分为四个阶段：i）训练数据集的确认（在这种情况下，它使用Davis Vantage Pro 2.0站在哥伦比亚帕斯托市五年内收集的213.019个数据的训练集）；ii）对数据进行预处理，以去除错误和异常数据；iii）根据拓扑结构的分析，例如NNFIR和NNARX，定义基于递归和传统人工神经网络的模型；iv）通过诸如R2、RMSE和MAE之类的度量来训练模型和评估估计效率。为了验证该模型，使用了去年收集的新数据集，该数据集未包含在数据训练中。结果：与传统的神经网络相比，基于NNARX的全球太阳辐射估计模型显示出最佳的估计效率。NNARX221模型的RMSE为54,32，MAE为18,06 w/m2。结论：NNARX模型在估计全球太阳辐射方面效率很高，在最好的情况下确定系数为09697。最有效的模型的特征是使用两个过去的时间和当前的紫外线指数瞬间，并且它们根据自己估计的辐射输出的两个过去时间进行馈送。此外，数值结果表明，温度和相对湿度的贡献与提高全球太阳辐射估计的效率无关。这些模型可能特别重要，因为它们只使用紫外线指数传感器进行测量，而紫外线指数传感器比太阳辐射传感器便宜。
{"title":"Estimation of Global Solar Radiation Using NNARX Neural Networks Based on the UV Index","authors":"John Barco Jiménez, Francisco Eraso Checa, A. Pantoja, E. Caicedo bravo","doi":"10.14483/22487638.18638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14483/22487638.18638","url":null,"abstract":"Context: This work presents different models based on artificial neural networks, among them NNARX, for estimating global solar radiation from UV index measurements. The objective is to determine the efficiency of the models studied to estimate global solar radiation in terms of the coefficient of determination (R2), the root-mean-square error (RMSE), and the mean absolute error (MAE).\u0000Methodology: It is divided into four stages: i) conformation of the training dataset (in this case, it uses a training set of 213.019 data collected over five years in the city of Pasto, Colombia, with the Davis Vantage Pro 2.0 station); ii) pre-processing of data to remove erroneous and unusual data; iii) definition of models based on recurrent and conventional artificial neural networks according to an analysis of topologies, e.g. NNFIR and NNARX; iv) training of the models and evaluation of the estimation efficiency through metrics such as R2, RMSE, and MAE. To validate the model, a new dataset collected during the last year was used, which was not included in the data training.\u0000Results: The global solar radiation estimation models based on NNARX show the best estimation efficiency compared to conventional neural networks. The NNARX221 model has an RMSE of 54,32 and a MAE of 18,06 w/m2.\u0000Conclusions: NNARX models are highly efficient at estimating global solar radiation, with a coefficient of determination of 0,9697 in the best of cases. The most efficient models are characterized by using two past times and the current UV index instant, and they feed from two past times of their own estimated radiation output. Furthermore, the numerical results show that the contribution of temperature and relative humidity is not relevant to improving the efficiency of the estimation of global solar radiation. These models can be particularly important since they only use measurements made with UV index sensors, which are less expensive than solar radiation ones.","PeriodicalId":30372,"journal":{"name":"Tecnura","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46304125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rusber Rodriguez, German Alfonso Osma Pinto, Javier Enrique Solano Martínez, Robin Roche Robin Roche, D. Hissel
Context: Electrical distribution networks have undergone several changes in the last decade. Some changes include incorporating distributed energy sources, such as solar photovoltaic (PV) generation systems. It could modify the performance of the electrical network and leads to new challenges such as evaluating the impacts of the PV integration, the response to electrical and climatic disturbances, and the planning and restructuring of networks. Electrical network behavior versus PV integration could be evaluated by quantifying the variation in operation and including network resilience. Objective: Propose a reference framework to evaluate the resilience of LV electrical networks with PV power injection. Methodology: This paper addresses the framework for evaluating the performance of a low voltage (LV) electrical network in the face of the integration of PVs. It collects research related to evaluating the resilience of electrical networks on severe climate changes, natural disasters, and typical maneuvers. Then, it proposes a guideline to evaluate the performance of LV electrical networks with the integration of PV generation sources and includes resilience. For this, the determination of resilience evaluation indices is proposed. The indices are obtained from a normalized transformation of the measurable electrical parameters of the networks. The parameters are those that present the most affected by PV integration or are significant in the performance of the networks. Finally, it presents the evaluation of a proposed resilience index for a university building LV network as a case study. Results: The resilience assessment proposal is applied to a case study. When evaluating the resilience of the voltage at the common coupling point of the PV, an index of 0.84 is obtained, equivalent to 59.8 hours of overvoltage. Conclusions: It is possible to improve the resilience of the BT network through management strategies. In the case study, a 29% reduction in overvoltage hours was obtained by applying a curtailment strategy to the PV system. Financing: ECOS-Nord, Minciencias and Universidad Industrial de Santander.
{"title":"A Framework for the Resilience of LV Electrical Networks with Photovoltaic Power Injection","authors":"Rusber Rodriguez, German Alfonso Osma Pinto, Javier Enrique Solano Martínez, Robin Roche Robin Roche, D. Hissel","doi":"10.14483/22487638.18629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14483/22487638.18629","url":null,"abstract":"Context: Electrical distribution networks have undergone several changes in the last decade. Some changes include incorporating distributed energy sources, such as solar photovoltaic (PV) generation systems. It could modify the performance of the electrical network and leads to new challenges such as evaluating the impacts of the PV integration, the response to electrical and climatic disturbances, and the planning and restructuring of networks. Electrical network behavior versus PV integration could be evaluated by quantifying the variation in operation and including network resilience. \u0000Objective: Propose a reference framework to evaluate the resilience of LV electrical networks with PV power injection. \u0000Methodology: This paper addresses the framework for evaluating the performance of a low voltage (LV) electrical network in the face of the integration of PVs. It collects research related to evaluating the resilience of electrical networks on severe climate changes, natural disasters, and typical maneuvers. Then, it proposes a guideline to evaluate the performance of LV electrical networks with the integration of PV generation sources and includes resilience. For this, the determination of resilience evaluation indices is proposed. The indices are obtained from a normalized transformation of the measurable electrical parameters of the networks. The parameters are those that present the most affected by PV integration or are significant in the performance of the networks. Finally, it presents the evaluation of a proposed resilience index for a university building LV network as a case study. \u0000Results: The resilience assessment proposal is applied to a case study. When evaluating the resilience of the voltage at the common coupling point of the PV, an index of 0.84 is obtained, equivalent to 59.8 hours of overvoltage. \u0000Conclusions: It is possible to improve the resilience of the BT network through management strategies. In the case study, a 29% reduction in overvoltage hours was obtained by applying a curtailment strategy to the PV system. \u0000Financing: ECOS-Nord, Minciencias and Universidad Industrial de Santander.","PeriodicalId":30372,"journal":{"name":"Tecnura","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46586182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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