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Inflection point: a new perspective on photonic nanojets 拐点:光子纳米射流的新视角
Pub Date : 2020-12-17 DOI: 10.1364/PRJ.419106
Guoqiang Gu, Pengcheng Zhang, Sihui Chen, Yi Zhang, Hui Yang
When light propagates through the edge or middle part of microparticle's incoming interface, there is a basic rule that light converges and diverges rapidly or slowly at the output port. These two parts are referred to as region of rapid change (RRC) and region of slow change (RSC), respectively. Finding the boundary point between RRC and RSC is the key to reveal and expound this rule scientifically. Based on the correlation between light convergence-divergence and the slope of emergent light, combined with the relationship between natural logarithm and growth in physical reality and the second derivative of a function in practical significance, we determine the boundary point between RRC and RSC, namely the inflection point. From such perspective, photonic nanojet (PNJ) and near-field focusing by light irradiation on RSC and RRC, as well as the position of the inflection point under different refractive index contrast and the field distribution of light-focusing, are studied with finite-element-method-based numerical simulation and ray-optics-based theoretical analysis. By illuminating light of different field intensity ratios to the regions divided by the inflection point, we demonstrate the generation of photonic hook (PH) and the modulation of PNJ/PH in a new manner.
当光通过微粒入射界面的边缘或中间部分传播时,光在输出口有一个基本规律,即光在输出口或快或慢地收敛或发散。这两部分分别被称为快速变化区(RRC)和缓慢变化区(RSC)。科学地揭示和阐述这一规律的关键是找到研究与开发的分界点。根据光的会聚发散与出射光斜率的相关性,结合物理现实中的自然对数与生长的关系以及实际意义上的函数的二阶导数,确定了RRC与RSC之间的边界点,即拐点。在此基础上,通过基于有限元法的数值模拟和基于射线光学的理论分析,研究了光子纳米射流(PNJ)和光辐照RSC和RRC的近场聚焦,以及不同折射率对比下的拐点位置和光聚焦场分布。通过将不同场强比的光照射到由拐点划分的区域,我们证明了光子钩子(PH)的产生和PNJ/PH的调制以一种新的方式。
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引用次数: 10
Kelvin's chirality of optical beams 开尔文光束的手性
Pub Date : 2020-12-16 DOI: 10.1103/PHYSREVA.103.L031501
S. Nechayev, J. Eismann, R. Alaee, E. Karimi, R. Boyd, P. Banzer
Geometrical chirality is a property of objects that describes three-dimensional mirror-symmetry violation and therefore it requires a non-vanishing spatial extent. In contrary, optical chirality describes only the local handedness of electromagnetic fields and neglects the spatial geometrical structure of optical beams. In this manuscript, we put forward the physical significance of geometrical chirality of spatial structure of optical beams, which we term "Kelvin's chirality". Further, we report on an experiment revealing the coupling of Kelvin's chirality to optical chirality upon transmission of a focused beam through a planar medium. Our work emphasizes the importance of Kelvin's chirality in all light-matter interaction experiments involving structured light beams with spatially inhomogeneous phase and polarization distributions.
几何手性是描述三维镜像对称违逆的物体的一种性质,因此它需要一个不消失的空间范围。相反,光手性只描述了电磁场的局部手性,而忽略了光束的空间几何结构。本文提出了光束空间结构几何手性的物理意义,我们称之为“开尔文手性”。此外,我们报告了一个实验,揭示了开尔文手性和光手性的耦合,聚焦光束通过平面介质的传输。我们的工作强调了开尔文手性在所有涉及具有空间非均匀相位和偏振分布的结构光束的光-物质相互作用实验中的重要性。
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引用次数: 11
Dispersion Scan Frequency Resolved Optical Gating For Evaluation of Pulse Chirp Instability 色散扫描分频光门控对脉冲啁啾不稳定性的评价
Pub Date : 2020-12-15 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-125671/v1
M. Guesmi, P. Veselá, K. Žídek
The commonly used methods to characterize ultrafast laser pulses, such as frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG) and dispersion scan (d-scan), face problems when they are used on pulses varying within the acquisition time or laser beam. Such chirp variation can be identified by a discrepancy between the measured FROG and d-scan traces and their reconstructed counterparts. Nevertheless, quantification of the instability from the experimental data is a more complex task. In this work, we evaluate the precision of chirp instability quantification based on three different pulse characterization techniques. Two commonly used techniques FROG and d-scan are compared to a new method dispersion scan FROG (D-FROG) that combines the idea of dispersion scanning with the FROG method. We demonstrate the characterization of pulses generated from NOPA together with pulses processed by a 4f-pulse shaper without and with SLM-adjusted phase. In this paper, we validate the performance of the new method to estimate the chirp instability and, therefore, to improve the reconstruction of the measured results. Furthermore, we discuss the instability origin of each measurement case by using fast-scan autocorrelation traces.
频率分辨光门控(FROG)和色散扫描(d-scan)等常用的表征超快激光脉冲的方法,当它们用于在采集时间或激光束内变化的脉冲时,会面临问题。这种啁啾变化可以通过测量的FROG和d扫描迹线与重建的对应迹线之间的差异来识别。然而,从实验数据中量化不稳定性是一项更为复杂的任务。在这项工作中,我们评估了基于三种不同的脉冲表征技术的啁啾不稳定性量化的精度。将两种常用的技术FROG和d-scan与一种新的方法色散扫描FROG (D-FROG)进行比较,该方法将色散扫描的思想与FROG方法相结合。我们演示了由NOPA产生的脉冲的特性,以及由无slm调整相位和有slm调整相位的4f脉冲整形器处理的脉冲。在本文中,我们验证了新方法在估计啁啾不稳定性方面的性能,从而改进了测量结果的重建。此外,我们还利用快速扫描自相关迹线讨论了每种测量情况的不稳定来源。
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引用次数: 0
Multi-frequency coherent emission from superstructure thermal emitters 上层建筑热辐射器的多频相干发射
Pub Date : 2020-12-15 DOI: 10.1063/5.0048514
Guanyu Lu, M. Tadjer, J. Caldwell, T. Folland
Long-range spatial coherence can be induced in thermal emitters by embedding a periodic grating into a material supporting propagating polaritons or dielectric modes. However, the emission angle and frequency cannot be defined simultaneously and uniquely, resulting in emission at unusable angles or frequencies. Here, we explore superstructure gratings (SSGs) to control the spatial and spectral properties of thermal emitters. SSGs have long-range periodicity, but a unit cell that provides tailorable Bragg components to interact with light. These Bragg components allow simultaneous launching of polaritons with different frequencies/wavevectors in a single grating, manifesting as additional spatial and spectral bands upon the emission profile. As the unit cell period approaches the spatial coherence length, the coherence properties of the superstructure will be lost. Whilst the 1D k-space representation of the grating provides insights into the emission, the etch depth of the grating can result in strong polariton-polariton interactions. An emergent effect of these interactions is the creation of polaritonic band gaps, and defect states that can have a well-defined frequency and emission angle. In all, our results show experimentally how even in simple 1D gratings there is significant design flexibility for engineering the profile of thermal emitters, bound by finite coherence length.
通过将周期光栅嵌入到支持传播极化或介电模式的材料中,可以诱导热发射体中的远程空间相干性。然而,发射角和频率不能同时唯一地定义,导致发射在不可用的角度或频率上。在这里,我们探索上层结构光栅(ssg)来控制热发射体的空间和光谱特性。ssg具有长程周期性,但它是一种提供可定制的Bragg组件以与光相互作用的单体电池。这些布拉格分量允许在单个光栅中同时发射具有不同频率/波向量的极化子,在发射剖面上表现为额外的空间和光谱带。当单元格周期接近空间相干长度时,上层结构的相干特性将丧失。虽然光栅的1D k空间表示提供了对发射的深入了解,但光栅的蚀刻深度可能导致强烈的极化子-极化子相互作用。这些相互作用的一个紧急效应是产生极化带隙,以及可以具有明确定义的频率和发射角的缺陷状态。总之,我们的结果通过实验表明,即使在简单的一维光栅中,受有限相干长度的限制,热辐射体的工程轮廓也具有显著的设计灵活性。
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引用次数: 6
Measurements of Polarization Dependencies in Parametric Down-Conversion of X-rays into Ultraviolet Radiation. x射线参量下转换为紫外辐射时偏振依赖性的测量。
Pub Date : 2020-12-14 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.104.085207
S. Sofer, O. Sefi, A. Nisbet, S. Shwartz
We present measurements of the polarization dependencies of the x-ray signal photons generated by the effect of parametric down-conversion of x rays into ultraviolet radiation. The results exhibit pronounced discrepancies with the classical model for the nonlinearity but qualitatively agree with a newly developed quantum mechanical theory for the nonlinear interaction. Our work shows that the reconstruction of the atomic scale charge distribution of valence electrons in crystals by using nonlinear interaction between x rays and longer wavelength radiation, as was suggested in previous works, requires the knowledge of polarization of the generated x-ray signal beam. The results presented in this work indicate a new methodology for the study of properties of the Wannier functions in crystals.
我们提出了x射线参数下转换成紫外线辐射的效应所产生的x射线信号光子的偏振依赖性的测量。结果与非线性的经典模型有明显的差异,但在质量上与新发展的非线性相互作用的量子力学理论一致。我们的工作表明,利用x射线与较长波辐射之间的非线性相互作用重建晶体中价电子的原子尺度电荷分布,需要了解所产生的x射线信号束的极化情况。本文的研究结果为研究晶体中万尼尔函数的性质提供了一种新的方法。
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引用次数: 0
Free electron nonlinearities in heavily doped semiconductors plasmonics 重掺杂半导体等离子体中的自由电子非线性
Pub Date : 2020-12-11 DOI: 10.1103/PHYSREVB.103.115305
F. De Luca, M. Ortolani, C. Ciracì
Heavily doped semiconductors have emerged as tunable low-loss plasmonic materials at mid-infrared frequencies. In this article we investigate nonlinear optical phenomena associated with high concentration of free electrons. We use a hydrodynamic description to study free electron dynamics in heavily doped semiconductors up to third-order terms, which are usually negligible for noble metals. We find that cascaded third-harmonic generation due to second-harmonic signals can be as strong as direct third-harmonic generation contributions even when the second-harmonic generation efficiency is zero. Moreover, we show that when coupled with plasmonic enhancement free electron nonlinearities could be up to two orders of magnitude larger than conventional semiconductor nonlinearities. Our study might open a new route for nonlinear optical integrated devices at mid-infrared frequencies.
重掺杂半导体已成为中红外频率的可调谐低损耗等离子体材料。在本文中,我们研究了与高浓度自由电子有关的非线性光学现象。我们使用流体力学描述来研究重掺杂半导体中三阶项的自由电子动力学,这对于贵金属来说通常是可以忽略不计的。我们发现,即使在二次谐波产生效率为零的情况下,由二次谐波信号引起的级联三谐波产生也可以与直接三谐波产生的贡献一样强。此外,我们表明,当与等离子体增强耦合时,自由电子的非线性可以比传统的半导体非线性大两个数量级。本研究为中红外非线性光学集成器件的研究开辟了一条新的途径。
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引用次数: 7
Suppression of Surface-Related Loss in a Gated Semiconductor Microcavity 门控半导体微腔中表面相关损耗的抑制
Pub Date : 2020-12-09 DOI: 10.1103/PHYSREVAPPLIED.15.044004
D. Najer, N. Tomm, A. Javadi, A. Korsch, B. Petrak, D. Riedel, V. Dolique, S. Valentin, R. Schott, A. Wieck, A. Ludwig, R. Warburton
We present a surface passivation method that reduces surface-related losses by almost two orders of magnitude in a highly miniaturized GaAs open microcavity. The microcavity consists of a curved dielectric distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) with radius $sim 10$ $mu$m paired with a GaAs-based heterostructure. The heterostructure consists of a semiconductor DBR followed by an n-i-p diode with a layer of quantum dots in the intrinsic region. Free-carrier absorption in the highly doped n- and p-layers is minimized by positioning them close to a node of the vacuum electromagnetic-field. The surface, however, resides at an anti-node of the vacuum field and results in significant loss. These losses are much reduced by surface passivation. The strong dependence on wavelength implies that the surface passivation works by reducing the surface electric field, thereby reducing below-bandgap absorption via the Franz-Keldysh effect. These results are important in other nano-photonic devices which rely on a GaAs-vacuum interface to confine the electromagnetic field.
我们提出了一种表面钝化方法,在高度小型化的GaAs开放微腔中减少了几乎两个数量级的表面相关损失。该微腔由半径为$sim 10$$mu$ m的弯曲介质分布布拉格反射器(DBR)与gaas基异质结构配对组成。异质结构由一个半导体DBR和一个n-i-p二极管组成,在本征区有一层量子点。高度掺杂的n层和p层中的自由载流子吸收通过将它们放置在真空电磁场的节点附近而最小化。然而,表面位于真空场的反节点,导致了显著的损失。表面钝化大大降低了这些损失。对波长的强烈依赖表明,表面钝化是通过减小表面电场来实现的,从而通过弗兰兹-凯尔迪什效应减少带隙下的吸收。这些结果对其他依赖于gaas -真空界面来限制电磁场的纳米光子器件具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 8
Optical rogue waves in multifractal photonic arrays 多重分形光子阵列中的光学异常波
Pub Date : 2020-12-08 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.103.195403
F. Sgrignuoli, Yuyao Chen, S. Gorsky, Weasley A. Britton, L. D. Negro
Optical rogue waves are demonstrated in the far-field scattered radiation from photonic arrays designed according to the aperiodic distributions of prime elements in complex quadratic fields. Specifically, by studying light diffraction from Eisenstein and Gaussian prime arrays we establish a connection between the formation of optical rogue waves and multifractality in the visible regime. We link strong multifractality with the heavy-tail probability distributions that describe the fluctuations of scattered radiation from the fabricated arrays. Our findings pave the way to control high-intensity rogue waves using deterministic arrays of dielectric nanostructures for enhanced sensing and lithographic applications.
根据复二次场中素元的非周期分布设计光子阵列,在远场散射辐射中产生了光学异常波。具体地说,通过研究爱森斯坦和高斯素阵列的光衍射,我们建立了可见光区光学异常波的形成与多重分形之间的联系。我们将强多重分形与描述阵列散射辐射波动的重尾概率分布联系起来。我们的发现为利用电介质纳米结构的确定性阵列控制高强度异常波铺平了道路,从而增强了传感和光刻应用。
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引用次数: 6
Dielectric microcylinder makes a nanocylindrical trap for atoms and ions 电介质微柱为原子和离子制造了一个纳米圆柱形陷阱
Pub Date : 2020-12-08 DOI: 10.1103/PHYSREVB.103.165405
V. Klimov, R. Heydarian, C. Simovski
In the diffraction of visible light by a dielectric microcylinder packages of evanescent waves always arise. However, a single-wave incidence corresponds to rather small impact of evanescent waves outside the cylinder. In this paper, we theoretically show that a symmetric pair of plane waves impinging a glass microcylinder corresponds to much higher impact of the evanescent waves. Namely, the interference of the evanescent waves with the propagating ones results in the suppression of the electromagnetic field in an area with very small cross section. This area is located in free space at a substantial distance from the {rear side of the microcylinder and along its axis}. It may serve a linear optical trap for cold atoms and ions.
在电介质微圆柱对可见光的衍射中,总是会出现包状的倏逝波。然而,单波入射对应于圆柱体外消去波的相当小的冲击。在本文中,我们从理论上证明了一个对称的平面波对撞击玻璃微圆柱体对应于更大的倏逝波的冲击。即,倏逝波与传播波的干涉导致电磁场在很小的截面区域内受到抑制。该区域位于距离微圆筒背面和沿其轴线相当远的自由空间中。它可以作为冷原子和冷离子的线性光阱。
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引用次数: 2
Double-layer metasurface for enhanced photon up-conversion 增强光子上转换的双层超表面
Pub Date : 2020-12-07 DOI: 10.1063/5.0040839
P. Manley, M. Segantini, Doğuşcan Ahiboz, M. Hammerschmidt, G. Arnaoutakis, Rowan W. MacQueen, S. Burger, C. Becker
We present a double-layer dielectric metasurface obtained by stacking a silicon nanodisc array and a silicon photonic crystal slab with equal periodicity on top of each other. We focus on the investigation of electric near-field enhancement effects occurring at resonant excitation of the metasurface and study its optical properties numerically and experimentally. We find that the major difference in multi-layer metasurfaces when compared to conventional single-layer structures appears to be in Rayleigh-Wood anomalies: they are split into multiple different modes which are themselves spectrally broadened. As a proof of concept we cover a double-layer metasurface with a lanthanide-doped up-conversion particle layer and study its interaction with a 1550 nm photoexcitation. We observe a 2.7-fold enhancemed up-conversion photoluminescence by using the stacked metasurface instead of a planar substrate, although only around 1% of the up-conversion material is exposed to enhanced near-fields. Two mechanisms are identified explaining this behavior: First, enhanced near-fields when exciting the metasurface resonantly, and second, light trapping by total internal reflection in the particle layer when the metasurface redirects light into high-angle diffraction orders. These results pave the way for low-threshold and, in particular, broadband photon up-conversion in future solar energy and biosensing applications.
本文提出了一种由具有等周期性的硅纳米片阵列和硅光子晶体板叠加而成的双层介电超表面。本文重点研究了超表面共振激发下的电近场增强效应,并对其光学特性进行了数值和实验研究。我们发现,与传统单层结构相比,多层超表面的主要区别似乎在于瑞利-伍德异常:它们被分裂成多个不同的模式,这些模式本身也被频谱拓宽。为了证明这一概念,我们在双层超表面上覆盖了掺杂镧系元素的上转换粒子层,并研究了其与1550 nm光激发的相互作用。通过使用堆叠的超表面而不是平面衬底,我们观察到2.7倍增强的上转换光致发光,尽管只有约1%的上转换材料暴露在增强的近场中。发现了两种机制来解释这种行为:第一,共振激发超表面时增强了近场,第二,当超表面将光重定向到高角度衍射阶时,粒子层中的全内反射捕获了光。这些结果为未来太阳能和生物传感应用中的低阈值,特别是宽带光子上转换铺平了道路。
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引用次数: 9
期刊
arXiv: Optics
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