Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1177/2048004019879581
H. Spaulding, C. Ballmann, J. Quindry, M. Hudson, J. Selsby
Background Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a muscle wasting disease caused by dystrophin gene mutations resulting in dysfunctional dystrophin protein. Autophagy, a proteolytic process, is impaired in dystrophic skeletal muscle though little is known about the effect of dystrophin deficiency on autophagy in cardiac muscle. We hypothesized that with disease progression autophagy would become increasingly dysfunctional based upon indirect autophagic markers. Methods Markers of autophagy were measured by western blot in 7-week-old and 17-month-old control (C57) and dystrophic (mdx) hearts. Results Counter to our hypothesis, markers of autophagy were similar between groups. Given these surprising results, two independent experiments were conducted using 14-month-old mdx mice or 10-month-old mdx/Utrn± mice, a more severe model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Data from these animals suggest increased autophagosome degradation. Conclusion Together these data suggest that autophagy is not impaired in the dystrophic myocardium as it is in dystrophic skeletal muscle and that disease progression and related injury is independent of autophagic dysfunction.
{"title":"Autophagy in the heart is enhanced and independent of disease progression in mus musculus dystrophinopathy models","authors":"H. Spaulding, C. Ballmann, J. Quindry, M. Hudson, J. Selsby","doi":"10.1177/2048004019879581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2048004019879581","url":null,"abstract":"Background Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a muscle wasting disease caused by dystrophin gene mutations resulting in dysfunctional dystrophin protein. Autophagy, a proteolytic process, is impaired in dystrophic skeletal muscle though little is known about the effect of dystrophin deficiency on autophagy in cardiac muscle. We hypothesized that with disease progression autophagy would become increasingly dysfunctional based upon indirect autophagic markers. Methods Markers of autophagy were measured by western blot in 7-week-old and 17-month-old control (C57) and dystrophic (mdx) hearts. Results Counter to our hypothesis, markers of autophagy were similar between groups. Given these surprising results, two independent experiments were conducted using 14-month-old mdx mice or 10-month-old mdx/Utrn± mice, a more severe model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Data from these animals suggest increased autophagosome degradation. Conclusion Together these data suggest that autophagy is not impaired in the dystrophic myocardium as it is in dystrophic skeletal muscle and that disease progression and related injury is independent of autophagic dysfunction.","PeriodicalId":30457,"journal":{"name":"JRSM Cardiovascular Disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2048004019879581","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42351854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1177/2048004019880745
L. Seal
This review examines the impact of gender affirming hormone therapy used in the transgendered and non-binary populations on cardiovascular outcomes and surrogate markers of cardiovascular health. Current evidence suggests that hormonal therapy for transgendered women decreases or is neutral regarding myocardial infarction risk. There is an increased incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE), but newer studies suggest that the risk is significantly lower than previously described. For transgendered men, there appears to be an adverse effect on lipid parameters but this does not translate into an increased risk of cardiovascular disease above that of general male population. In all transgendered people, risk factor interventions such as smoking cessation, weight management and treatment of co-morbid conditions are important in optimising cardiovascular health. The effect of gender affirming hormonal therapy in transgendered people is difficult to interpret due to the variety of hormone regimens used, the relative brevity of the periods of observation and the influence of confounding factors such as the historical use of less physiological, oestrogens such as conjugated equine oestrogen and ethinylestradiol which are more pro-thrombotic than the 17β oestradiol that is used in modern practice.
{"title":"Cardiovascular disease in transgendered people: A review of the literature and discussion of risk","authors":"L. Seal","doi":"10.1177/2048004019880745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2048004019880745","url":null,"abstract":"This review examines the impact of gender affirming hormone therapy used in the transgendered and non-binary populations on cardiovascular outcomes and surrogate markers of cardiovascular health. Current evidence suggests that hormonal therapy for transgendered women decreases or is neutral regarding myocardial infarction risk. There is an increased incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE), but newer studies suggest that the risk is significantly lower than previously described. For transgendered men, there appears to be an adverse effect on lipid parameters but this does not translate into an increased risk of cardiovascular disease above that of general male population. In all transgendered people, risk factor interventions such as smoking cessation, weight management and treatment of co-morbid conditions are important in optimising cardiovascular health. The effect of gender affirming hormonal therapy in transgendered people is difficult to interpret due to the variety of hormone regimens used, the relative brevity of the periods of observation and the influence of confounding factors such as the historical use of less physiological, oestrogens such as conjugated equine oestrogen and ethinylestradiol which are more pro-thrombotic than the 17β oestradiol that is used in modern practice.","PeriodicalId":30457,"journal":{"name":"JRSM Cardiovascular Disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2048004019880745","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48919827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1177/2048004019869162
G. Vizzari, F. Versaci, A. Nicosia
Neurological and cardiovascular ischemic diseases represent the main causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. Physiopathological mechanisms present several similarities, based on “thromboembolic” events, as well as the pharmacological and percutaneous treatment options. We report a case of contemporary presentation of acute coronary and cerebral syndromes, successfully managed with a combined percutaneous intervention driven by the emergency setting. Whereas invasive revascularization represents nowadays the “gold standard” therapy for acute coronary syndromes, catheter-based treatment of acute stroke is not yet widespread and still under debate.
{"title":"Percutaneous treatments of acute myocardial infarction and major stroke: Two parallel roads","authors":"G. Vizzari, F. Versaci, A. Nicosia","doi":"10.1177/2048004019869162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2048004019869162","url":null,"abstract":"Neurological and cardiovascular ischemic diseases represent the main causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. Physiopathological mechanisms present several similarities, based on “thromboembolic” events, as well as the pharmacological and percutaneous treatment options. We report a case of contemporary presentation of acute coronary and cerebral syndromes, successfully managed with a combined percutaneous intervention driven by the emergency setting. Whereas invasive revascularization represents nowadays the “gold standard” therapy for acute coronary syndromes, catheter-based treatment of acute stroke is not yet widespread and still under debate.","PeriodicalId":30457,"journal":{"name":"JRSM Cardiovascular Disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2048004019869162","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47244042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-28DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-4619-3_53
J. Steinberger, A. Kelly
{"title":"Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes","authors":"J. Steinberger, A. Kelly","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4471-4619-3_53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4619-3_53","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":30457,"journal":{"name":"JRSM Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2018-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75957229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-28DOI: 10.1002/9781118829875.ch11
{"title":"Influences of the Human Gut Microbiome","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/9781118829875.ch11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118829875.ch11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":30457,"journal":{"name":"JRSM Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2018-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73350470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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