Pub Date : 2020-03-20DOI: 10.22038/APJMT.2020.15318
Z. Ataee, B. Dadpour
Background: Plants have been used for the treatment of a wide range of conditions since ancient times but some have side effects and toxic effects that limit their use. Tribulus terrestris is traditionally used for lowering blood pressure, inhibiting kidney stone formation and inducing weight loss. In this case study, we present an Iranian woman who suffered from liver failure after using this plant. Case presentation: A 31-year-old Iranian woman was admitted to Emam-Reza hospital due to epigastric pain radiating to back and shoulders, and weakness, Malas,neusia and icterus. Upon admission,, her vital signs were normal. She had been consuming Tribulus terrestris as an herbal tea , several times a day for 2-3 months, in order to lose weight. Upon physical examination, the patient had generalized icterus and laboratory tests showed elevated transaminases, PT, and INR. Various causes of hepatic failure, such as viral hepatitis and autoimmune hepatitis, were ruled out and the only probable diagnosis was toxin-induced liver failure. Conclusion: Herbal plants may have some beneficial medical effects but they can also cause toxicity. Consistent use and high dose of Tribulus terrestris may cause hepatic failure and death.
{"title":"Hepatic Failure in a Young Woman Following Ingestion of Tribulus Terrestris","authors":"Z. Ataee, B. Dadpour","doi":"10.22038/APJMT.2020.15318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22038/APJMT.2020.15318","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Plants have been used for the treatment of a wide range of conditions since ancient times but some have side effects and toxic effects that limit their use. Tribulus terrestris is traditionally used for lowering blood pressure, inhibiting kidney stone formation and inducing weight loss. In this case study, we present an Iranian woman who suffered from liver failure after using this plant. Case presentation: A 31-year-old Iranian woman was admitted to Emam-Reza hospital due to epigastric pain radiating to back and shoulders, and weakness, Malas,neusia and icterus. Upon admission,, her vital signs were normal. She had been consuming Tribulus terrestris as an herbal tea , several times a day for 2-3 months, in order to lose weight. Upon physical examination, the patient had generalized icterus and laboratory tests showed elevated transaminases, PT, and INR. Various causes of hepatic failure, such as viral hepatitis and autoimmune hepatitis, were ruled out and the only probable diagnosis was toxin-induced liver failure. Conclusion: Herbal plants may have some beneficial medical effects but they can also cause toxicity. Consistent use and high dose of Tribulus terrestris may cause hepatic failure and death.","PeriodicalId":30463,"journal":{"name":"Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43077768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-20DOI: 10.22038/APJMT.2020.15314
S. Soleman, Shafira Alifiana Andini, L. Rosita
Background: Lead is a dangerous substance that can impact the blood components. Lead toxicity can cause imbalance in the homeostasis process of blood peripheral. The aim of this study is to search impact of lead exposure on peripheral blood parameter alterations among people around bus terminals in Yogyakarta. Methods: This study is a cross sectional research design with convenience sampling method. According to calculation of sample size, 72 respondents had fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The independent variable was lead exposure and dependent variables were peripheral blood parameters including leucocytes, erythrocytes, hemoglobin, and platelets. Lead exposure was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) and peripheral blood parameters were measured by automatic hematology analyzer. Those variables were analyzed by linear regression. Results: Based on Independent T Test was found aged > 40 yo correlated with leukocyte (P =0.029), male workers correlated with leukocyte, erythrocyte, hemoglobin, and platelet (P =0.025,0.006, 0.000, and 0.031, respectively), smoking 1 packed per week associated with hemoglobin (P =0.006) and settlement 500 meter around terminal associated with leukocyte, erythrocyte, hemoglobin and platelet (P =0.025, 0.006, 0.000, and 0.031, respectively). Linear regression can predict level of leukocyte (β=0.32; CI 95= -0.207 to 0.643, P =0.006), erythrocyte (β=0.3; CI 95=-0.269 to 0.29; P =0.009), hemoglobin (β=0.33; CI 95=0.042 to 0.211; P =0.004), and platelet (β=0.25; CI 95=-0.548 to 0.73; P =0.029). Conclusion: Age > 40 years old associated with leukocyte; male gender associated with leukocyte, erythrocyte, hemoglobin, and platelet level, respectively; smoking 1 packed per week correlated with hemoglobin level; settlement 500 m around terminal associated with level leukocyte, erythrocyte, hemoglobin, and platelet level, respectively. Finally, level of lead can predict positively leukocyte, erythrocyte, hemoglobin, and platelet level respectively.
{"title":"Lead Exposure Effect on Peripheral Blood Parameters among People around Bus Terminal in Yogyakarta","authors":"S. Soleman, Shafira Alifiana Andini, L. Rosita","doi":"10.22038/APJMT.2020.15314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22038/APJMT.2020.15314","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Lead is a dangerous substance that can impact the blood components. Lead toxicity can cause imbalance in the homeostasis process of blood peripheral. The aim of this study is to search impact of lead exposure on peripheral blood parameter alterations among people around bus terminals in Yogyakarta. Methods: This study is a cross sectional research design with convenience sampling method. According to calculation of sample size, 72 respondents had fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The independent variable was lead exposure and dependent variables were peripheral blood parameters including leucocytes, erythrocytes, hemoglobin, and platelets. Lead exposure was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) and peripheral blood parameters were measured by automatic hematology analyzer. Those variables were analyzed by linear regression. Results: Based on Independent T Test was found aged > 40 yo correlated with leukocyte (P =0.029), male workers correlated with leukocyte, erythrocyte, hemoglobin, and platelet (P =0.025,0.006, 0.000, and 0.031, respectively), smoking 1 packed per week associated with hemoglobin (P =0.006) and settlement 500 meter around terminal associated with leukocyte, erythrocyte, hemoglobin and platelet (P =0.025, 0.006, 0.000, and 0.031, respectively). Linear regression can predict level of leukocyte (β=0.32; CI 95= -0.207 to 0.643, P =0.006), erythrocyte (β=0.3; CI 95=-0.269 to 0.29; P =0.009), hemoglobin (β=0.33; CI 95=0.042 to 0.211; P =0.004), and platelet (β=0.25; CI 95=-0.548 to 0.73; P =0.029). Conclusion: Age > 40 years old associated with leukocyte; male gender associated with leukocyte, erythrocyte, hemoglobin, and platelet level, respectively; smoking 1 packed per week correlated with hemoglobin level; settlement 500 m around terminal associated with level leukocyte, erythrocyte, hemoglobin, and platelet level, respectively. Finally, level of lead can predict positively leukocyte, erythrocyte, hemoglobin, and platelet level respectively.","PeriodicalId":30463,"journal":{"name":"Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41692949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-20DOI: 10.22038/APJMT.2020.15315
Ishan Lamba, D. Jadhav
Background: Hydrocarbon associated toxicity (HAT) is an emerging threat related to wide scale industrialization and easy access to hydrocarbon-containing chemical compounds. Hydrocarbons have a unique toxicological profile and the principles of managing related toxidromes are considerably different from other toxins. Case reports: Here, we present a case series and in-depth review of the existing literature to show the risks associated with these seemingly harmless chemicals, and the approved guidelines for treating exposed patients. In all three cases, the hydrocarbon was a diluent for a pesticide. The amount of pesticide ingested was nontoxic, while the hydrocarbons caused a dose-independent physical toxicity to the lungs. Discussion: Hydrocarbon associated toxicities often go unnoticed because of their usage as diluents for various other toxic chemicals. Their treatment usually differs from other toxins that may have been consumed with them, albeit in insignificant quantities. Conclusion: Recognition of a hydrocarbon diluent in a consumed toxin marks the first step in the correct treatment. Correct labeling of chemical solutions containing hydrocarbons would go a long way in identifying these toxins.
{"title":"Hydrocarbon Associated Toxicities: a Case Series and Review of Literature","authors":"Ishan Lamba, D. Jadhav","doi":"10.22038/APJMT.2020.15315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22038/APJMT.2020.15315","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Hydrocarbon associated toxicity (HAT) is an emerging threat related to wide scale industrialization and easy access to hydrocarbon-containing chemical compounds. Hydrocarbons have a unique toxicological profile and the principles of managing related toxidromes are considerably different from other toxins. Case reports: Here, we present a case series and in-depth review of the existing literature to show the risks associated with these seemingly harmless chemicals, and the approved guidelines for treating exposed patients. In all three cases, the hydrocarbon was a diluent for a pesticide. The amount of pesticide ingested was nontoxic, while the hydrocarbons caused a dose-independent physical toxicity to the lungs. Discussion: Hydrocarbon associated toxicities often go unnoticed because of their usage as diluents for various other toxic chemicals. Their treatment usually differs from other toxins that may have been consumed with them, albeit in insignificant quantities. Conclusion: Recognition of a hydrocarbon diluent in a consumed toxin marks the first step in the correct treatment. Correct labeling of chemical solutions containing hydrocarbons would go a long way in identifying these toxins.","PeriodicalId":30463,"journal":{"name":"Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49259789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-20DOI: 10.22038/APJMT.2020.15317
H. K. Lau, K. Tan, R. Ponampalam
Background: Calcium channel blocker (CCB) toxicity is one of the most lethal and common drug overdoses encountered in the emergency department (ED). The toxicity of these drugs results from blockade of L-type calcium channels in smooth cells, myocardial cells, and beta cells of the pancreas. Severe toxicity can result in bradycardia, hypotension, hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis, shock, cardiac arrest and death. According to the American Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System’s annual report in 2015, cardiovascular medications were the fourth most common adult poisoning exposure and second most common cause of adult poisoning fatality in the USA. CCBs are responsible for a substantial portion of the mortality associated with cardiovascular medication overdose cases. Understanding the emergent management of CCB toxicity is essential. Treatment of patients with CCB overdose remains challenging especially in those with refractory hypotension and end organ dysfunction. Case Presentation: A 45-year-old male with massive amlodipine overdose presented to ED with syncope and severe hypotension. Intensive medical therapy (fluid resuscitation, inotropes, calcium gluconate, and hyperinsulinemia euglycemia therapy [HIET]) was initiated in the ED and continued in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), and resulted in the patient’s total recovery, without any major complications. Fortunately, ECMO implantation (extracorporeal membrane oxygenation) was not required in this patient. Conclusion: Urgent administration of fluids, calcium, vasopressors, and HIET therapy seem to be the most well validated initial approaches to CCBs overdose treatment. Our successful management strategy should serve as a good learning experience as well as a recommendation for managing such patients.
{"title":"Severe Calcium Channel Blocker Overdose and Successful Management: a Case Report and Literature Review","authors":"H. K. Lau, K. Tan, R. Ponampalam","doi":"10.22038/APJMT.2020.15317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22038/APJMT.2020.15317","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Calcium channel blocker (CCB) toxicity is one of the most lethal and common drug overdoses encountered in the emergency department (ED). The toxicity of these drugs results from blockade of L-type calcium channels in smooth cells, myocardial cells, and beta cells of the pancreas. Severe toxicity can result in bradycardia, hypotension, hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis, shock, cardiac arrest and death. According to the American Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System’s annual report in 2015, cardiovascular medications were the fourth most common adult poisoning exposure and second most common cause of adult poisoning fatality in the USA. CCBs are responsible for a substantial portion of the mortality associated with cardiovascular medication overdose cases. Understanding the emergent management of CCB toxicity is essential. Treatment of patients with CCB overdose remains challenging especially in those with refractory hypotension and end organ dysfunction. Case Presentation: A 45-year-old male with massive amlodipine overdose presented to ED with syncope and severe hypotension. Intensive medical therapy (fluid resuscitation, inotropes, calcium gluconate, and hyperinsulinemia euglycemia therapy [HIET]) was initiated in the ED and continued in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), and resulted in the patient’s total recovery, without any major complications. Fortunately, ECMO implantation (extracorporeal membrane oxygenation) was not required in this patient. Conclusion: Urgent administration of fluids, calcium, vasopressors, and HIET therapy seem to be the most well validated initial approaches to CCBs overdose treatment. Our successful management strategy should serve as a good learning experience as well as a recommendation for managing such patients.","PeriodicalId":30463,"journal":{"name":"Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41787385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-20DOI: 10.22038/APJMT.2020.15316
G. Ong
Background: Cardiopulmonary arrest in the pediatric population due to methadone toxicity is not commonly reported. Severe methadone toxicity often involves respiratory depression with reports of orthostatic hypotension, due to vasodilation, and QTc prolongation. Case presentation: A pair of toddler siblings presented in cardiopulmonary arrest due to methadone ingestion. They were successfully resuscitated with no significant neurobehavioral deficits despite a suspected prolonged “downtime.” After return of spontaneous circulation, the older sibling, a four-year old male, had electrocardiographs (ECGs) that were suggestive of sodium channel blockade. These changes were reversed following bicarbonate therapy. The two-year old child’s ECGs did not show such changes. Discussion: There is no prior clinical literature on sodium channel blockade in methadone toxicity. The older sibling’s ECG findings and response to bicarbonate therapy appeared to be consistent with sodium channel blockade. There have been preclinical data that suggest methadone cardiotoxicity may involve cardiac sodium channels. Pharmacogenetic variations could also explain how these effects may selectively manifest. Conclusion: Physicians should be aware of the possible toxicologic causes of cardiopulmonary arrest in the pediatric population. Pharmacogenetic variations may contribute to different clinical manifestations in methadone cardiotoxicity.
{"title":"Methadone Toxicity with Electrocardiographic Sodium Channel Blockade Changes in a Pediatric Patient Post-cardiopulmonary Arrest: a Case Report","authors":"G. Ong","doi":"10.22038/APJMT.2020.15316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22038/APJMT.2020.15316","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Cardiopulmonary arrest in the pediatric population due to methadone toxicity is not commonly reported. Severe methadone toxicity often involves respiratory depression with reports of orthostatic hypotension, due to vasodilation, and QTc prolongation. Case presentation: A pair of toddler siblings presented in cardiopulmonary arrest due to methadone ingestion. They were successfully resuscitated with no significant neurobehavioral deficits despite a suspected prolonged “downtime.” After return of spontaneous circulation, the older sibling, a four-year old male, had electrocardiographs (ECGs) that were suggestive of sodium channel blockade. These changes were reversed following bicarbonate therapy. The two-year old child’s ECGs did not show such changes. Discussion: There is no prior clinical literature on sodium channel blockade in methadone toxicity. The older sibling’s ECG findings and response to bicarbonate therapy appeared to be consistent with sodium channel blockade. There have been preclinical data that suggest methadone cardiotoxicity may involve cardiac sodium channels. Pharmacogenetic variations could also explain how these effects may selectively manifest. Conclusion: Physicians should be aware of the possible toxicologic causes of cardiopulmonary arrest in the pediatric population. Pharmacogenetic variations may contribute to different clinical manifestations in methadone cardiotoxicity.","PeriodicalId":30463,"journal":{"name":"Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49614695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-01DOI: 10.22038/APJMT.2020.16319
A. Ebadollahinatanzi, G. Arabrahmatipour
Background: Psyllium seeds, produced from Plantago ovata Forsk, are an herbal treatment generally used as a laxative. They also reportedly have lowering effects on some metabolic parameters such as blood glucose, lipids and uric acid. In this paper, we report the effect of this herbal medicine in reducing serum uric acid levels, without major adverse effects, in a hyperuricemic patient. Case report: A 51-year-old patient with a history of hyperuricemia (10.5 mg/dL in a recent measurement) gave consent to undergo a 40-day treatment using psyllium seeds with dosage of 83.3 mg/kg. Treatment was given in two 20-day courses: During the first course, the seeds were given daily and during the second course, the same dosage was given every other day. Serum uric acid levels decreased to 8.1 mg/dL and 6.8 mg/dL on the 20th and 40th days, respectively. No major adverse effects were observed, such as skin rashes, digestive disorders, muscular pain, allergic manifestations, abnormalities in liver and kidney function tests, and abnormalities in blood parameters. Conclusion: Psyllium seeds may be effective in reducing serum uric acid levels in hyperuricemia patients, and major adverse effects are not expected to occur. These data can be used for further research and designing clinical trials.
{"title":"Uric Acid Lowering Effects of Psyllium Seeds on a Hyperuricemic Patient: A Case Report and Review of Literature","authors":"A. Ebadollahinatanzi, G. Arabrahmatipour","doi":"10.22038/APJMT.2020.16319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22038/APJMT.2020.16319","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Psyllium seeds, produced from Plantago ovata Forsk, are an herbal treatment generally used as a laxative. They also reportedly have lowering effects on some metabolic parameters such as blood glucose, lipids and uric acid. In this paper, we report the effect of this herbal medicine in reducing serum uric acid levels, without major adverse effects, in a hyperuricemic patient. \u0000Case report: A 51-year-old patient with a history of hyperuricemia (10.5 mg/dL in a recent measurement) gave consent to undergo a 40-day treatment using psyllium seeds with dosage of 83.3 mg/kg. Treatment was given in two 20-day courses: During the first course, the seeds were given daily and during the second course, the same dosage was given every other day. Serum uric acid levels decreased to 8.1 mg/dL and 6.8 mg/dL on the 20th and 40th days, respectively. No major adverse effects were observed, such as skin rashes, digestive disorders, muscular pain, allergic manifestations, abnormalities in liver and kidney function tests, and abnormalities in blood parameters. \u0000Conclusion: Psyllium seeds may be effective in reducing serum uric acid levels in hyperuricemia patients, and major adverse effects are not expected to occur. These data can be used for further research and designing clinical trials.","PeriodicalId":30463,"journal":{"name":"Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43806264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-01DOI: 10.22038/APJMT.2020.15312
R. Afshari
Outdoor and Indoor Air Quality and Severity of COVID19: Where Communicable and Non-communicable Preventive Measures Meet The COVID-19 pandemic has opened up new realities for health systems. Scientists and health officials are currently focusing on implementing infectious disease prevention measures to slow or stop transmission, including handwashing, physical distancing, stay home orders, and quarantine. It has become apparent in recent months that, as with other infections, some people exposed to the coronavirus will experience severe symptoms, and less than one to four percent will die. COVID-19 is more severe in sensitive populations, including the elderly and people with chronic disease and immunodeficiency, which highlights the importance of environmental and host factors in the development of the disease. Along with hygiene measures, the fight against COVID-19 must include noncommunicable disease prevention measures to improve the environment and build host resilience against infection. The negative immunomodulatory role of toxicants is widely established (1). Both acute and chronic exposure to chemicals, such as air pollutants, contributes to an increased incidence of diseases, including cancer and allergies, and can exacerbate underlying respiratory disorders and infections in children and adults (2, 3). Therefore, it is relevant to develop a model that links air pollution exposure with the increased rate and severity of COVID-19t. We already know that the COVID-19 pandemic and air quality are associated, as quarantine, stay home orders, and light traffic have led to better outdoor air quality in China (4). Improved air quality should help reduce the exacerbation of underlying respiratory disorders and infections and strengthen the general health and immune systems of the population, which should ultimately reduce the severity of this respiratory pandemic. The proposed link also highlights the potential effects of improving indoor air quality as a support measure against the COVID-19 pandemic, especially for the elderly andpatients _______ with underlying respiratory diseases and immunodeficiency (Figure 1). Recommendations by health authorities to stay home has increased daily exposure to indoor air. In addition, cooking at home due to closed restaurants decreases the quality of indoor air. COVID-19 public messages should include indoor air quality management, such as regularly opening windows to improve ventilation. This communication is especially important for the elderly and immunocompromised, and residents of cold regions and rural areas where the wood stove is the primary source of cooking and heating. Lastly, public messaging in the fight against COVID-19 should include avoiding toxic substances, in order to strengthen underlying health and the immune system. Measures to stay healthy include consuming healthy food and water, and by quitting smoking and excessive drinking, controlling stress, getting adequate sleep, and exercising
{"title":"Indoor Air Quality and Severity of COVID-19: Where Communicable and Non-communicable Preventive Measures Meet","authors":"R. Afshari","doi":"10.22038/APJMT.2020.15312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22038/APJMT.2020.15312","url":null,"abstract":"Outdoor and Indoor Air Quality and Severity of COVID19: Where Communicable and Non-communicable Preventive Measures Meet The COVID-19 pandemic has opened up new realities for health systems. Scientists and health officials are currently focusing on implementing infectious disease prevention measures to slow or stop transmission, including handwashing, physical distancing, stay home orders, and quarantine. It has become apparent in recent months that, as with other infections, some people exposed to the coronavirus will experience severe symptoms, and less than one to four percent will die. COVID-19 is more severe in sensitive populations, including the elderly and people with chronic disease and immunodeficiency, which highlights the importance of environmental and host factors in the development of the disease. Along with hygiene measures, the fight against COVID-19 must include noncommunicable disease prevention measures to improve the environment and build host resilience against infection. The negative immunomodulatory role of toxicants is widely established (1). Both acute and chronic exposure to chemicals, such as air pollutants, contributes to an increased incidence of diseases, including cancer and allergies, and can exacerbate underlying respiratory disorders and infections in children and adults (2, 3). Therefore, it is relevant to develop a model that links air pollution exposure with the increased rate and severity of COVID-19t. We already know that the COVID-19 pandemic and air quality are associated, as quarantine, stay home orders, and light traffic have led to better outdoor air quality in China (4). Improved air quality should help reduce the exacerbation of underlying respiratory disorders and infections and strengthen the general health and immune systems of the population, which should ultimately reduce the severity of this respiratory pandemic. The proposed link also highlights the potential effects of improving indoor air quality as a support measure against the COVID-19 pandemic, especially for the elderly andpatients _______ with underlying respiratory diseases and immunodeficiency (Figure 1). Recommendations by health authorities to stay home has increased daily exposure to indoor air. In addition, cooking at home due to closed restaurants decreases the quality of indoor air. COVID-19 public messages should include indoor air quality management, such as regularly opening windows to improve ventilation. This communication is especially important for the elderly and immunocompromised, and residents of cold regions and rural areas where the wood stove is the primary source of cooking and heating. Lastly, public messaging in the fight against COVID-19 should include avoiding toxic substances, in order to strengthen underlying health and the immune system. Measures to stay healthy include consuming healthy food and water, and by quitting smoking and excessive drinking, controlling stress, getting adequate sleep, and exercising","PeriodicalId":30463,"journal":{"name":"Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48485946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-01DOI: 10.22038/APJMT.2020.15313
Lara Taiye Obaji-Ogar, A. Nsonwu-Anyanwu, Friday Acho Odum
Background: Inflammatory cell activation, oxidative stress and oxidative DNA damage have been associated with exposure to cement dust. Biomarkers of oxidative stress, oxidative DNA damage, inflammation and heavy metals were estimated in cement loaders. Methods: Ninety men (45 cement loaders and 45 controls) were recruited into this comparative cross-sectional study. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total plasma peroxides (TPP), malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO) and uric acid (UA) were estimated by colorimetry, arsenic (As), chromium (Cr) and cadmium (Cd) by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Cement loaders had increased lipid peroxidation (MDA, TPP, OSI), inflammation (TNF-ɑ) and heavy metals (As, Cr) and lower antioxidants (UA, TAC, GSH) compared to controls (p<0.05). Increasing duration of exposure to cement dust was associated with higher lipid peroxidation, Cd, TNF-α and oxidative DNA damage (8-OHdG) (p<0.05). Negative correlation was observed between TAC and duration of exposure (r=-0.375, p=0.011) and positive correlations between TPP and duration of exposure (r=0.614, p=0.000), TNF-α and 8-OHdG (r=0.492, p=0.001) in cement loaders. Conclusion: Chronic exposure to cement dust is associated with depletion of antioxidants, increased lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, inflammation and oxidative DNA damage. These may be implicated in the development of chronic lung conditions.
{"title":"Oxidative DNA Damage and Pro-inflammatory Response In Chronic Exposure To Cement Dust","authors":"Lara Taiye Obaji-Ogar, A. Nsonwu-Anyanwu, Friday Acho Odum","doi":"10.22038/APJMT.2020.15313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22038/APJMT.2020.15313","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Inflammatory cell activation, oxidative stress and oxidative DNA damage have been associated with exposure to cement dust. Biomarkers of oxidative stress, oxidative DNA damage, inflammation and heavy metals were estimated in cement loaders. Methods: Ninety men (45 cement loaders and 45 controls) were recruited into this comparative cross-sectional study. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total plasma peroxides (TPP), malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO) and uric acid (UA) were estimated by colorimetry, arsenic (As), chromium (Cr) and cadmium (Cd) by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Cement loaders had increased lipid peroxidation (MDA, TPP, OSI), inflammation (TNF-ɑ) and heavy metals (As, Cr) and lower antioxidants (UA, TAC, GSH) compared to controls (p<0.05). Increasing duration of exposure to cement dust was associated with higher lipid peroxidation, Cd, TNF-α and oxidative DNA damage (8-OHdG) (p<0.05). Negative correlation was observed between TAC and duration of exposure (r=-0.375, p=0.011) and positive correlations between TPP and duration of exposure (r=0.614, p=0.000), TNF-α and 8-OHdG (r=0.492, p=0.001) in cement loaders. Conclusion: Chronic exposure to cement dust is associated with depletion of antioxidants, increased lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, inflammation and oxidative DNA damage. These may be implicated in the development of chronic lung conditions.","PeriodicalId":30463,"journal":{"name":"Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47444964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-01DOI: 10.22038/APJMT.2019.14805
I. Nnanna, Okungbowa Awo Micheal, Ekrakene Taidi
{"title":"Erythrocytotoxic Effects of Telfairia occidentalis Leaves Extract: Results of an In Vitro Phytotoxicity Study on Human Erythrocytes","authors":"I. Nnanna, Okungbowa Awo Micheal, Ekrakene Taidi","doi":"10.22038/APJMT.2019.14805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22038/APJMT.2019.14805","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":30463,"journal":{"name":"Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47226659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-01DOI: 10.22038/APJMT.2019.14807
Mohammad Reza Zinatizadeh, A. Z. Mirakabadi, Peyman Kheirandish Zarandi, H. Mirzaei, Farzaneh Parnak, Sholeh D. Javadi
Background: Breast cancer is now the most important type of cancer in women around the globe and accounts for 25% of all types of cancer. Prevention and treatment of cancer are essential. Method: The main methods for treating cancer include chemotherapy, surgery, radiotherapy, gene therapy, and hormone therapy. Chemopreventive test programmes began in 1987, when over 1,000 agents and agent combinations were selected and evaluated in preclinical studies of chemopreventive activity against various types of cancers. Results: An important feature of anticancer drugs is a cytotoxic effect on cancer cells; these drugs have some cytotoxic agents found in animal venom. The ICD-85 is a combination of three peptides, ranging from 10,000 to 30,000 Da, and derived from the venom of the Iranian brown snake (Gloydius halys) and the yellow scorpion (Hemiscorpius lepturus). Conclusion: ICD-85 has an anti-proliferative effect and anti-angiogenesis activity on cancer cells. The side effects of chemotherapy are multiple drug resistance and effects on natural tissues, among others. Therefore, cytotoxic anticancer drugs are useful in treating cancer. The present work investigates the effects of ICD-85 on in vivo and in vitro studies.
{"title":"The Effects of ICD-85 in vivo and in vitro in Treatment of Cancer","authors":"Mohammad Reza Zinatizadeh, A. Z. Mirakabadi, Peyman Kheirandish Zarandi, H. Mirzaei, Farzaneh Parnak, Sholeh D. Javadi","doi":"10.22038/APJMT.2019.14807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22038/APJMT.2019.14807","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Breast cancer is now the most important type of cancer in women around the globe and accounts for 25% of all types of cancer. Prevention and treatment of cancer are essential. Method: The main methods for treating cancer include chemotherapy, surgery, radiotherapy, gene therapy, and hormone therapy. Chemopreventive test programmes began in 1987, when over 1,000 agents and agent combinations were selected and evaluated in preclinical studies of chemopreventive activity against various types of cancers. Results: An important feature of anticancer drugs is a cytotoxic effect on cancer cells; these drugs have some cytotoxic agents found in animal venom. The ICD-85 is a combination of three peptides, ranging from 10,000 to 30,000 Da, and derived from the venom of the Iranian brown snake (Gloydius halys) and the yellow scorpion (Hemiscorpius lepturus). Conclusion: ICD-85 has an anti-proliferative effect and anti-angiogenesis activity on cancer cells. The side effects of chemotherapy are multiple drug resistance and effects on natural tissues, among others. Therefore, cytotoxic anticancer drugs are useful in treating cancer. The present work investigates the effects of ICD-85 on in vivo and in vitro studies.","PeriodicalId":30463,"journal":{"name":"Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48049222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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