Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.22038/APJMT.2020.16387
B. Masihipour, A. Z. Mirakabadi, R. Hosseini, M. Tebianian
Objective(s): Multiple Sclerosis is a central nervous system disease which belongs to the category of autoimmune diseases. The prevalence of this disease in Iran is approaching the European level. Astrocyte cells are nerve tissues that regulate the immune system activity by secreting various cytokines such as IL- 17. The aim of this study was partial purification of toxin from M.eupeus scorpion venom that has immunomodulatory effect on astrocyte cell line (1321N1) Materials and Methods: In the present study, purified crude venom of M.eupeus scorpion. Size exclusion and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography was used for fractionation. The fractional molecular weight was determined by Using SDS and Tricine electrophoresis, Astrocyte cells (1321N1) were selected as functional cells in testing the immunomodulatory effect of venom. The viability of cells were determined by MTT and LDH assays. Astrocyte cells were activated by lipopolysaccharide and the release of interleukin-17 in activated cells was estimated using ELISA kit. Results: fraction 331 (F331) from RP-HPLC contain the purified peptide with molecular weight of about 4500 Dalton. When activated cells exposed to purified peptide the rate of interleukin-17 release was found to be 85 pg/ml which is almost similar to un-activated cells (78 pg/ml). However in activated cells by LPS without treatment with purified peptide the rate of IL-17 release was found to be 147 pg/ml which was significantly (p <0.05) higher than control group. Conclusion: The purified peptide (F331) from venom of Mesobouthus eupeus can inactivate the astrocyte 1321N1 cells activated by LPS as indicated by decreased secretion of IL-17 from the cells.
{"title":"Immunomodulatory effect of a purified peptide fraction isolated from Mesobuthus eupeus scorpion venom on astrocytoma cell line (1321N1)","authors":"B. Masihipour, A. Z. Mirakabadi, R. Hosseini, M. Tebianian","doi":"10.22038/APJMT.2020.16387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22038/APJMT.2020.16387","url":null,"abstract":"Objective(s): Multiple Sclerosis is a central nervous system disease which belongs to the category of autoimmune diseases. The prevalence of this disease in Iran is approaching the European level. Astrocyte cells are nerve tissues that regulate the immune system activity by secreting various cytokines such as IL- 17. The aim of this study was partial purification of toxin from M.eupeus scorpion venom that has immunomodulatory effect on astrocyte cell line (1321N1) Materials and Methods: In the present study, purified crude venom of M.eupeus scorpion. Size exclusion and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography was used for fractionation. The fractional molecular weight was determined by Using SDS and Tricine electrophoresis, Astrocyte cells (1321N1) were selected as functional cells in testing the immunomodulatory effect of venom. The viability of cells were determined by MTT and LDH assays. Astrocyte cells were activated by lipopolysaccharide and the release of interleukin-17 in activated cells was estimated using ELISA kit. Results: fraction 331 (F331) from RP-HPLC contain the purified peptide with molecular weight of about 4500 Dalton. When activated cells exposed to purified peptide the rate of interleukin-17 release was found to be 85 pg/ml which is almost similar to un-activated cells (78 pg/ml). However in activated cells by LPS without treatment with purified peptide the rate of IL-17 release was found to be 147 pg/ml which was significantly (p <0.05) higher than control group. Conclusion: The purified peptide (F331) from venom of Mesobouthus eupeus can inactivate the astrocyte 1321N1 cells activated by LPS as indicated by decreased secretion of IL-17 from the cells.","PeriodicalId":30463,"journal":{"name":"Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48310670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.22038/APJMT.2020.16391
Maria A Monotya-Giraldo, Edna C Chinchilla, Luisa F. Díaz, Andres F Zuluaga
Background: Global consumption of illicit substances has increased, and cocaine dependence remains an important public health problem. Currently, the use of adulterants can overlap or exacerbate the symptoms of cocaine intoxication hindering the diagnosis. This case shows how the morbidity and mortality of inhaled cocaine consumption adulterated with caffeine can increase by generating unusual severe rhabdomyolysis and rare serious complications. Case presentation: 31-year-old Hispanic male, single, construction worker, generally healthy except for the past history of inhaled cocaine hydrochloride dependence, who after three days of cocaine snorting presented profound altered state of consciousness and multiple complications, liver damage, kidney failure and severe rhabdomyolysis (CPK=657625 U/L, troponin=3.6, potassium=6 mEq/L). After fourty-five days in the ICU, the patient stayed for two more months hospitalized for the treatment of healthcare-associated infections before being discharged without sequelae. An analysis of the powdered substance consumed by the patient confirms the presence of caffeine as cocaine adulterant. None other additional substance was detected in the sample. Discussion. This clinical case describes serious complications presented by the excessive consumption of cocaine adulterated with caffeine. Notably, most of the complications herein described were of unexpected severity and duration for an acute cocaine intoxication. This case can suggest that in patients suffering from cocaine who have severe rhabdomyolysis, a simultaneous consumption of adulterants such as caffeine should be considered.
{"title":"Severe rhabdomyolysis induced by cocaine contaminated with caffeine: a case report","authors":"Maria A Monotya-Giraldo, Edna C Chinchilla, Luisa F. Díaz, Andres F Zuluaga","doi":"10.22038/APJMT.2020.16391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22038/APJMT.2020.16391","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Global consumption of illicit substances has increased, and cocaine dependence remains an important public health problem. Currently, the use of adulterants can overlap or exacerbate the symptoms of cocaine intoxication hindering the diagnosis. This case shows how the morbidity and mortality of inhaled cocaine consumption adulterated with caffeine can increase by generating unusual severe rhabdomyolysis and rare serious complications. Case presentation: 31-year-old Hispanic male, single, construction worker, generally healthy except for the past history of inhaled cocaine hydrochloride dependence, who after three days of cocaine snorting presented profound altered state of consciousness and multiple complications, liver damage, kidney failure and severe rhabdomyolysis (CPK=657625 U/L, troponin=3.6, potassium=6 mEq/L). After fourty-five days in the ICU, the patient stayed for two more months hospitalized for the treatment of healthcare-associated infections before being discharged without sequelae. An analysis of the powdered substance consumed by the patient confirms the presence of caffeine as cocaine adulterant. None other additional substance was detected in the sample. Discussion. This clinical case describes serious complications presented by the excessive consumption of cocaine adulterated with caffeine. Notably, most of the complications herein described were of unexpected severity and duration for an acute cocaine intoxication. This case can suggest that in patients suffering from cocaine who have severe rhabdomyolysis, a simultaneous consumption of adulterants such as caffeine should be considered.","PeriodicalId":30463,"journal":{"name":"Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49618658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.22038/APJMT.2020.16389
D. Anandhi, K. Raju, Balaji Shah Bds, Anuusha Ss
Background: Patients presenting to Emergency department following consumption of toxic substances is not an uncommon phenomenon globally. It becomes essential for the Emergency physicians to have in-depth knowledge of all the toxic products available in their locality. In rural parts of South India, the most common method of poisoning is by consumption of pesticides, followed by plant poisons, because of its easy availability. Gloriosa superba is an important medicinal plant growing in several parts of Southeast Asia. All parts of this plant contain several alkaloids including colchicine with the highest concentration in seeds and tubers. Acute intoxication following ingestion of G. superba is indistinguishable from colchicine overdose. Clinical presentation: The symptoms of intoxication can be classified in three phases. Phase 1:(2-24 hours) early gastrointestinal symptoms mimicking gastroenteritis, volume depletion, hypotension, peripheral leucocytosis; Phase 2:(24 to 72 hours) mental status changes, oliguric renal failure, hematopoietic problems, electrolyte imbalance, acid-base disturbance, shock, bone marrow suppression, liver failure, ARDS, arrhythmias, cardiovascular collapse, encephalopathy and neuromuscular involvement; and Phase 3:(1-3 weeks) Recovery typically occurs within few weeks of ingestion but with rebound leucocytosis and alopecia. Case report: We present a patient who ingested Gloriosa superba tubers with suicidal intent and developed acute fulminant liver failure a week after ingestion. Two weeks later, he also developed alopecia. Liver functions gradually improved and normalized after three weeks of hospitalisation. He was provided supportive treatment and he improved remarkably. At discharge, total bilirubin was 1.3 mg/dL, direct bilirubin 0.6 mg/dL, serum urea 15mg/dL and serum creatinine 0.9 mg/dL. On follow-up visits, alopecia showed an improving trend. Conclusion: Colchicine exerts a multiorgan toxicity. Acute fulminant hepatic failure can be a life threatening manifestation of Gloriosa superba poisoning. Hepatic failure can be due to colchicine induced direct hepatic injury with cytolysis. Management is essentially supportive with anecdotal reports showing benefit in plasmapheresis.
{"title":"Acute fulminant hepatic failure due to colchicine – a rare manifestation of Gloriosa superba poisoning.","authors":"D. Anandhi, K. Raju, Balaji Shah Bds, Anuusha Ss","doi":"10.22038/APJMT.2020.16389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22038/APJMT.2020.16389","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Patients presenting to Emergency department following consumption of toxic substances is not an uncommon phenomenon globally. It becomes essential for the Emergency physicians to have in-depth knowledge of all the toxic products available in their locality. In rural parts of South India, the most common method of poisoning is by consumption of pesticides, followed by plant poisons, because of its easy availability. Gloriosa superba is an important medicinal plant growing in several parts of Southeast Asia. All parts of this plant contain several alkaloids including colchicine with the highest concentration in seeds and tubers. Acute intoxication following ingestion of G. superba is indistinguishable from colchicine overdose. Clinical presentation: The symptoms of intoxication can be classified in three phases. Phase 1:(2-24 hours) early gastrointestinal symptoms mimicking gastroenteritis, volume depletion, hypotension, peripheral leucocytosis; Phase 2:(24 to 72 hours) mental status changes, oliguric renal failure, hematopoietic problems, electrolyte imbalance, acid-base disturbance, shock, bone marrow suppression, liver failure, ARDS, arrhythmias, cardiovascular collapse, encephalopathy and neuromuscular involvement; and Phase 3:(1-3 weeks) Recovery typically occurs within few weeks of ingestion but with rebound leucocytosis and alopecia. Case report: We present a patient who ingested Gloriosa superba tubers with suicidal intent and developed acute fulminant liver failure a week after ingestion. Two weeks later, he also developed alopecia. Liver functions gradually improved and normalized after three weeks of hospitalisation. He was provided supportive treatment and he improved remarkably. At discharge, total bilirubin was 1.3 mg/dL, direct bilirubin 0.6 mg/dL, serum urea 15mg/dL and serum creatinine 0.9 mg/dL. On follow-up visits, alopecia showed an improving trend. Conclusion: Colchicine exerts a multiorgan toxicity. Acute fulminant hepatic failure can be a life threatening manifestation of Gloriosa superba poisoning. Hepatic failure can be due to colchicine induced direct hepatic injury with cytolysis. Management is essentially supportive with anecdotal reports showing benefit in plasmapheresis.","PeriodicalId":30463,"journal":{"name":"Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44216162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.22038/APJMT.2020.16390
R. Rathnayaka, P. Ranathunga, S. Kularatne
Background: Patients presenting to Emergency department following consumption of toxic substances is not an uncommon phenomenon globally. It becomes essential for the Emergency physicians to have in-depth knowledge of all the toxic products available in their locality. In rural parts of South India, the most common method of poisoning is by consumption of pesticides, followed by plant poisons, because of its easy availability. Gloriosa superba is an important medicinal plant growing in several parts of Southeast Asia. All parts of this plant contain several alkaloids including colchicine with the highest concentration in seeds and tubers. Acute intoxication following ingestion of G. superba is indistinguishable from colchicine overdose. Clinical presentation: The symptoms of intoxication can be classified in three phases. Phase 1:(2-24 hours) early gastrointestinal symptoms mimicking gastroenteritis, volume depletion, hypotension, peripheral leucocytosis; Phase 2:(24 to 72 hours) mental status changes, oliguric renal failure, hematopoietic problems, electrolyte imbalance, acid-base disturbance, shock, bone marrow suppression, liver failure, ARDS, arrhythmias, cardiovascular collapse, encephalopathy and neuromuscular involvement; and Phase 3:(1-3 weeks) Recovery typically occurs within few weeks of ingestion but with rebound leucocytosis and alopecia. Case report: We present a patient who ingested Gloriosa superba tubers with suicidal intent and developed acute fulminant liver failure a week after ingestion. Two weeks later, he also developed alopecia. Liver functions gradually improved and normalized after three weeks of hospitalisation. He was provided supportive treatment and he improved remarkably. At discharge, total bilirubin was 1.3 mg/dL, direct bilirubin 0.6 mg/dL, serum urea 15mg/dL and serum creatinine 0.9 mg/dL. On follow-up visits, alopecia showed an improving trend. Conclusion: Colchicine exerts a multiorgan toxicity. Acute fulminant hepatic failure can be a life threatening manifestation of Gloriosa superba poisoning. Hepatic failure can be due to colchicine induced direct hepatic injury with cytolysis. Management is essentially supportive with anecdotal reports showing benefit in plasmapheresis.
{"title":"Pulmonary hemorrhage and the management following Russell’s viper (Daboia russelii) envenoming in Sri Lanka","authors":"R. Rathnayaka, P. Ranathunga, S. Kularatne","doi":"10.22038/APJMT.2020.16390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22038/APJMT.2020.16390","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Patients presenting to Emergency department following consumption of toxic substances is not an uncommon phenomenon globally. It becomes essential for the Emergency physicians to have in-depth knowledge of all the toxic products available in their locality. In rural parts of South India, the most common method of poisoning is by consumption of pesticides, followed by plant poisons, because of its easy availability. Gloriosa superba is an important medicinal plant growing in several parts of Southeast Asia. All parts of this plant contain several alkaloids including colchicine with the highest concentration in seeds and tubers. Acute intoxication following ingestion of G. superba is indistinguishable from colchicine overdose. Clinical presentation: The symptoms of intoxication can be classified in three phases. Phase 1:(2-24 hours) early gastrointestinal symptoms mimicking gastroenteritis, volume depletion, hypotension, peripheral leucocytosis; Phase 2:(24 to 72 hours) mental status changes, oliguric renal failure, hematopoietic problems, electrolyte imbalance, acid-base disturbance, shock, bone marrow suppression, liver failure, ARDS, arrhythmias, cardiovascular collapse, encephalopathy and neuromuscular involvement; and Phase 3:(1-3 weeks) Recovery typically occurs within few weeks of ingestion but with rebound leucocytosis and alopecia. Case report: We present a patient who ingested Gloriosa superba tubers with suicidal intent and developed acute fulminant liver failure a week after ingestion. Two weeks later, he also developed alopecia. Liver functions gradually improved and normalized after three weeks of hospitalisation. He was provided supportive treatment and he improved remarkably. At discharge, total bilirubin was 1.3 mg/dL, direct bilirubin 0.6 mg/dL, serum urea 15mg/dL and serum creatinine 0.9 mg/dL. On follow-up visits, alopecia showed an improving trend. Conclusion: Colchicine exerts a multiorgan toxicity. Acute fulminant hepatic failure can be a life threatening manifestation of Gloriosa superba poisoning. Hepatic failure can be due to colchicine induced direct hepatic injury with cytolysis. Management is essentially supportive with anecdotal reports showing benefit in plasmapheresis.","PeriodicalId":30463,"journal":{"name":"Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43110518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-09DOI: 10.22038/APJMT.2020.41936.1268
A. Aghabiklooei, Pouyan Alinia
Objectives: During the recent years, risk of lead poisoning has increased in Iranian’s opium users. A few researches showed that the most common route were ingestion of lead contaminated opium in these patients. However, some use of inhaler opium and data on lead poisoning through this route is scarce. The aim of the current study was to determine lead poisoning in opium users who consume it inhalational. Methods: In this case-control study, blood lead level (BLL) and clinical Lead poisoning assessed and compared between pure inhalational and pure ingestionally chronic opium users and healthy controls. Results: There were totally 90 cases, 30 patients in each group (pure inhaler opium users, pure oral opium users, and control group). In chronic opium users (case group), mean age of the patients was 48.91±13.14 yeas (range; 22 to 79 years). Eighty-four (85%) patients were male (Male to Female ratio; 5.6/1). Mean BLL was 10.6 ±4.2, 126.1 ±52µg/dl, in inhalational opium users and ingestional users, respectively (P=0.001). The mean of BLL in healthy control group was and 4.78 µg/dl ± 1.83. Conclusions: In contrast to chronic ingestion of opium, the probability of absorption of lead via lungs is low when opium used by smoking and inhalation route. So, lead toxicity is not common in acute or chronic inhalational users of lead-contaminated opium.
{"title":"Blood Lead Level and Toxicity in Opium Smokers; a Comparison between inhalation and Ingestion of Opium","authors":"A. Aghabiklooei, Pouyan Alinia","doi":"10.22038/APJMT.2020.41936.1268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22038/APJMT.2020.41936.1268","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: During the recent years, risk of lead poisoning has increased in Iranian’s opium users. A few researches showed that the most common route were ingestion of lead contaminated opium in these patients. However, some use of inhaler opium and data on lead poisoning through this route is scarce. The aim of the current study was to determine lead poisoning in opium users who consume it inhalational. Methods: In this case-control study, blood lead level (BLL) and clinical Lead poisoning assessed and compared between pure inhalational and pure ingestionally chronic opium users and healthy controls. Results: There were totally 90 cases, 30 patients in each group (pure inhaler opium users, pure oral opium users, and control group). In chronic opium users (case group), mean age of the patients was 48.91±13.14 yeas (range; 22 to 79 years). Eighty-four (85%) patients were male (Male to Female ratio; 5.6/1). Mean BLL was 10.6 ±4.2, 126.1 ±52µg/dl, in inhalational opium users and ingestional users, respectively (P=0.001). The mean of BLL in healthy control group was and 4.78 µg/dl ± 1.83. Conclusions: In contrast to chronic ingestion of opium, the probability of absorption of lead via lungs is low when opium used by smoking and inhalation route. So, lead toxicity is not common in acute or chronic inhalational users of lead-contaminated opium.","PeriodicalId":30463,"journal":{"name":"Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48472592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-09DOI: 10.22038/APJMT.2020.47601.1291
Mohammad amin Rashidi, H. A. Mahabadi, A. Khavanin
Background: Organophosphorus (OP) compounds are considered among the most common insecticides. The major mechanism of organophosphorus toxicants includes inhibiting cholinesterase enzyme. organophosphorus toxicants cause impaired thyroid hormones through affecting different parts of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of chronic exposure to organophosphorus pesticides on thyroid function. Methods: The present descriptive-analytical study was conducted cross-sectionally on male workers employed in a factory producing OP as the exposure group as well as the personnel of the administrative department of the same factory as the control group chosen through census method. According to Helsinki declaration, 5 ml of venous blood was collected, and the activity of TT3, TT4, FT3, FT4, and TSH hormones was measured through CLIA method, while the activity of serum cholinesterase enzyme (CHE) was measured through colorimetry. Results: T-test indicated that there was no significant difference in the mean of activity of hormones and enzyme studied between exposure and control groups (p>0.05). Nevertheless, the activity of TT3, TT4, FT3, FT4 hormones, and CHE enzyme was lower in the exposure group, while that of TSH was higher than in the control group. Pearson correlation test indicated that there was no significant correlation between the activity of all studied hormones and CHE enzyme (p>0.05). Conclusions: In the present study, the workers employed in the factory producing OP did not suffer thyroid disorders. Further, OP did not have a considerable effect on the activity of CHE enzyme.
{"title":"Evaluation of the effects of chronic exposure to organophosphorus pesticides on thyroid function","authors":"Mohammad amin Rashidi, H. A. Mahabadi, A. Khavanin","doi":"10.22038/APJMT.2020.47601.1291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22038/APJMT.2020.47601.1291","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Organophosphorus (OP) compounds are considered among the most common insecticides. The major mechanism of organophosphorus toxicants includes inhibiting cholinesterase enzyme. organophosphorus toxicants cause impaired thyroid hormones through affecting different parts of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of chronic exposure to organophosphorus pesticides on thyroid function. Methods: The present descriptive-analytical study was conducted cross-sectionally on male workers employed in a factory producing OP as the exposure group as well as the personnel of the administrative department of the same factory as the control group chosen through census method. According to Helsinki declaration, 5 ml of venous blood was collected, and the activity of TT3, TT4, FT3, FT4, and TSH hormones was measured through CLIA method, while the activity of serum cholinesterase enzyme (CHE) was measured through colorimetry. Results: T-test indicated that there was no significant difference in the mean of activity of hormones and enzyme studied between exposure and control groups (p>0.05). Nevertheless, the activity of TT3, TT4, FT3, FT4 hormones, and CHE enzyme was lower in the exposure group, while that of TSH was higher than in the control group. Pearson correlation test indicated that there was no significant correlation between the activity of all studied hormones and CHE enzyme (p>0.05). Conclusions: In the present study, the workers employed in the factory producing OP did not suffer thyroid disorders. Further, OP did not have a considerable effect on the activity of CHE enzyme.","PeriodicalId":30463,"journal":{"name":"Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47257299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-09DOI: 10.22038/APJMT.2020.40809.1257
G. Akuodor, L. A. Irogbeyi, I. Nweke, P. Unekwe, A. Ebere
Background: Bread is a baked staple food made from wheat flour and is widely consumed in all parts of Nigeria among all socio-economic groups.Method: 32 different brands of bread with 12 different brands of wheat-flour sold in Aba metropolis, South Eastern Nigeria were evaluated for both potassium bromate and some heavy metals. Bromate determination was carried out using spectrophotometric method while heavy metals were done by the flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results: The results of the analysis revealed that all the bread samples contained potassium bromate at concentrations above the permissible limit allowed by the US FDA while the concentrations in wheat flour samples were within the acceptable limit with ranges from 0.27 ± 0.04 – 3.78 ± 0.26 mg/kg and 00-1.52 ± 0.28 mg/kg respectively. The values of heavy metals in bread ranged as follows Zn (3.22 ± 0.05 – 7.25 ± 0.24 mg/kg), Pb (0.05 ± 0.01 – 0.45 ± 0.02 mg/kg), Mn (44.28 ± 0.5 – 78.25 ± 1.24 mg/kg), Cu (0.31 ± 0.04 – 0.49 ± 0.12 mg/kg) and Co (0.04 ± 0.01 – 0.24 ± 0.03 mg/kg) while in wheat flour, the ranges were as follows; Zn (3.85 ± 0.04 – 5.03 ± 0.10 mg/kg), Pb (0.06 ± 0.02 – 0.15 ± 0.04 mg/kg), Mn (47.30 ± 0.38 – 70.20 ± 1.02 mg/kg), Cu (0.36 ± 0.02 – 0.46 ± 0.13 mg/kg) and Co (0.07 ± 0.01 – 0.21 ± 0.03 mg/kg). Conclusion: The values of these metals are within the permissible limits except Pb and Mn which were above the normal limits that can be detrimental to human health.
{"title":"EVALUATION OF LEVELS OF POTASSIUM BROMATE AND SOME HEAVY METALS IN BREAD AND WHEAT FLOUR SOLD IN ABA METROPOLIS","authors":"G. Akuodor, L. A. Irogbeyi, I. Nweke, P. Unekwe, A. Ebere","doi":"10.22038/APJMT.2020.40809.1257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22038/APJMT.2020.40809.1257","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Bread is a baked staple food made from wheat flour and is widely consumed in all parts of Nigeria among all socio-economic groups.Method: 32 different brands of bread with 12 different brands of wheat-flour sold in Aba metropolis, South Eastern Nigeria were evaluated for both potassium bromate and some heavy metals. Bromate determination was carried out using spectrophotometric method while heavy metals were done by the flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results: The results of the analysis revealed that all the bread samples contained potassium bromate at concentrations above the permissible limit allowed by the US FDA while the concentrations in wheat flour samples were within the acceptable limit with ranges from 0.27 ± 0.04 – 3.78 ± 0.26 mg/kg and 00-1.52 ± 0.28 mg/kg respectively. The values of heavy metals in bread ranged as follows Zn (3.22 ± 0.05 – 7.25 ± 0.24 mg/kg), Pb (0.05 ± 0.01 – 0.45 ± 0.02 mg/kg), Mn (44.28 ± 0.5 – 78.25 ± 1.24 mg/kg), Cu (0.31 ± 0.04 – 0.49 ± 0.12 mg/kg) and Co (0.04 ± 0.01 – 0.24 ± 0.03 mg/kg) while in wheat flour, the ranges were as follows; Zn (3.85 ± 0.04 – 5.03 ± 0.10 mg/kg), Pb (0.06 ± 0.02 – 0.15 ± 0.04 mg/kg), Mn (47.30 ± 0.38 – 70.20 ± 1.02 mg/kg), Cu (0.36 ± 0.02 – 0.46 ± 0.13 mg/kg) and Co (0.07 ± 0.01 – 0.21 ± 0.03 mg/kg). Conclusion: The values of these metals are within the permissible limits except Pb and Mn which were above the normal limits that can be detrimental to human health.","PeriodicalId":30463,"journal":{"name":"Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48621789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-09DOI: 10.22038/APJMT.2020.41679.1264
Mohd. Kaleem Khan, Faiz Ahmad, A. Mahmood, Jamal Azmat
Suicide by poisoning is the second most common cause of death by suicide (27.9%) as per The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) India in 2015.Aluminum phosphide (ALP) is the leading agricultural poison used to commit suicide as where its availability is not properly regulated. Aluminum phosphide (ALP) is a highly toxic solid fumigant pesticide, rodenticide and insecticide. It is commonly used as outdoor and indoor pesticide in developing countries like India, Pakistan, Srilanka and Iran because it is a cheap, effective, free from toxic residue and do not alter the viability of seeds. Aluminium Phosphide (ALP) is a highly toxic fumigant which is used commonly as an indoor pesticide in agriculture based industry for storage of grains. ALP on ingestion reacts with a gastric water and release phosphine gas, which is highly flammable, and very toxic in nature. Over the last few decades ALP has emerged as an agent of choice being used as suicidal poisoning in a country where it is readily available. The high mortality rate is due to severe mitochondrial dysfunction leading to disruption of cellular respiration, causing tissue hypoxia and organ dysfunction. Despite long research no specific antidote could be developed and the treatment remained supportive. Spontaneous ignition of phosphine (PH3) is a rare but very peculiar phenomenon reported in the case of aluminium phosphide poisoning. Here we share our experience in a case of phosphine (PH3) poisoning, which presented with spontaneous ignition and blast during treatment which caught the attention of local and national media in India,
{"title":"Aluminum Phosphide Poisoning and Blast in Gastric Tube a Rare Phenomenon- A Case Report","authors":"Mohd. Kaleem Khan, Faiz Ahmad, A. Mahmood, Jamal Azmat","doi":"10.22038/APJMT.2020.41679.1264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22038/APJMT.2020.41679.1264","url":null,"abstract":"Suicide by poisoning is the second most common cause of death by suicide (27.9%) as per The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) India in 2015.Aluminum phosphide (ALP) is the leading agricultural poison used to commit suicide as where its availability is not properly regulated. Aluminum phosphide (ALP) is a highly toxic solid fumigant pesticide, rodenticide and insecticide. It is commonly used as outdoor and indoor pesticide in developing countries like India, Pakistan, Srilanka and Iran because it is a cheap, effective, free from toxic residue and do not alter the viability of seeds. Aluminium Phosphide (ALP) is a highly toxic fumigant which is used commonly as an indoor pesticide in agriculture based industry for storage of grains. ALP on ingestion reacts with a gastric water and release phosphine gas, which is highly flammable, and very toxic in nature. Over the last few decades ALP has emerged as an agent of choice being used as suicidal poisoning in a country where it is readily available. The high mortality rate is due to severe mitochondrial dysfunction leading to disruption of cellular respiration, causing tissue hypoxia and organ dysfunction. Despite long research no specific antidote could be developed and the treatment remained supportive. Spontaneous ignition of phosphine (PH3) is a rare but very peculiar phenomenon reported in the case of aluminium phosphide poisoning. Here we share our experience in a case of phosphine (PH3) poisoning, which presented with spontaneous ignition and blast during treatment which caught the attention of local and national media in India,","PeriodicalId":30463,"journal":{"name":"Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48703578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-09DOI: 10.22038/APJMT.2020.40119.1253
A. Hadianfar, M. Shakeri, S. Saffari, B. Dadpour, H. Aghajani, R. Afshari
Background: acute poisonings are medical emergencies and significant causes of death. We aimed to study the spatial distribution of poisoned patients and its risk factors in Mashhad, Iran.Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study of patients treated at the Medical Toxicology Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad, Iran, which is the only referral center in northeastern of Iran in 2013. Negative binomial and Poisson approach via generalized linear mixed models were performed to investigate the association between socio-demographic and environmental characteristics with the number of reported cases of poisoning.Results: A total of 5064 poisoned patients (52% females) were included. Most of the poisoned patients were within the age group of 20-29 years old (41.4%). Drugs were the most common cause of poisonings (64.6%). The local test of spatial autocorrelation (Moran’s I) confirms that the poisoning has cluster pattern in Mashhad. Positive relationships were found between poisoning frequency, population density (RR= 1.00011; 95% CI 1.0001-1.00013), the number of health centers (RR= 1.10; 95% CI 1.03-1.17) and percent with less educational background (RR=1.49; 95% CI 1.32-1.68).Conclusion: Drug poisoning was the most common causes of poisoning in this study. Moreover, socio- and environmental characteristics were associated with poisoning frequency in different areas, which could be vital for policy and decision makers when planning. It can be helpful to develop prevention strategies by identifying the underlying cause of disease in high prevalence rate areas.
{"title":"Geospatial Analysis of Acute Poisonings in Mashhad, Iran: 2013","authors":"A. Hadianfar, M. Shakeri, S. Saffari, B. Dadpour, H. Aghajani, R. Afshari","doi":"10.22038/APJMT.2020.40119.1253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22038/APJMT.2020.40119.1253","url":null,"abstract":"Background: acute poisonings are medical emergencies and significant causes of death. We aimed to study the spatial distribution of poisoned patients and its risk factors in Mashhad, Iran.Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study of patients treated at the Medical Toxicology Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad, Iran, which is the only referral center in northeastern of Iran in 2013. Negative binomial and Poisson approach via generalized linear mixed models were performed to investigate the association between socio-demographic and environmental characteristics with the number of reported cases of poisoning.Results: A total of 5064 poisoned patients (52% females) were included. Most of the poisoned patients were within the age group of 20-29 years old (41.4%). Drugs were the most common cause of poisonings (64.6%). The local test of spatial autocorrelation (Moran’s I) confirms that the poisoning has cluster pattern in Mashhad. Positive relationships were found between poisoning frequency, population density (RR= 1.00011; 95% CI 1.0001-1.00013), the number of health centers (RR= 1.10; 95% CI 1.03-1.17) and percent with less educational background (RR=1.49; 95% CI 1.32-1.68).Conclusion: Drug poisoning was the most common causes of poisoning in this study. Moreover, socio- and environmental characteristics were associated with poisoning frequency in different areas, which could be vital for policy and decision makers when planning. It can be helpful to develop prevention strategies by identifying the underlying cause of disease in high prevalence rate areas.","PeriodicalId":30463,"journal":{"name":"Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45972562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-09DOI: 10.22038/APJMT.2020.41342.1260
D. Wahjuningrum, Ari Subijanto, Anny Kuntu Taqiya, Fepta Dea Anggini, A. Hasib, Latief Mooduto, F. Puteri
Background : This study is aimed at observing the cytotoxicity of chitosan material with Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (ASCs) obtained from human. Methods : The material was served in 2 varieties among other raw and scaffold chitosan to prepare the bone scaffold candidate. Cytotoxicity was tested in vitro, using MTT assay standard protocol with ASCs as the cultured cell. The chitosan material was obtained from shrimps and processed into granules as raw chitosan. The raw chitosan was then processed into bone scaffold using frozen dried method. ASCs was gotten from the human tissue of a patient in a hospital with several criteria and certain indications. It was then cultured and put into the microplate. Afterwards, both scaffold and raw chitosan were added with Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium as the medium, and MTT solution as the reagent test. Both varieties of chitosan were later compared to the control cell which contained ASCs and the control medium which had blanks filled with cells. Results : The result indicated that scaffold chitosan comes with no toxic effect, unlike raw chitosan. Although, the raw chitosan displayed remarkably higher levels of cytotoxicity (P
{"title":"Cytotoxicity of Chitosan Derived from Shrimp for Bone Scaffold on Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (ASCs)","authors":"D. Wahjuningrum, Ari Subijanto, Anny Kuntu Taqiya, Fepta Dea Anggini, A. Hasib, Latief Mooduto, F. Puteri","doi":"10.22038/APJMT.2020.41342.1260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22038/APJMT.2020.41342.1260","url":null,"abstract":"Background : This study is aimed at observing the cytotoxicity of chitosan material with Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (ASCs) obtained from human. Methods : The material was served in 2 varieties among other raw and scaffold chitosan to prepare the bone scaffold candidate. Cytotoxicity was tested in vitro, using MTT assay standard protocol with ASCs as the cultured cell. The chitosan material was obtained from shrimps and processed into granules as raw chitosan. The raw chitosan was then processed into bone scaffold using frozen dried method. ASCs was gotten from the human tissue of a patient in a hospital with several criteria and certain indications. It was then cultured and put into the microplate. Afterwards, both scaffold and raw chitosan were added with Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium as the medium, and MTT solution as the reagent test. Both varieties of chitosan were later compared to the control cell which contained ASCs and the control medium which had blanks filled with cells. Results : The result indicated that scaffold chitosan comes with no toxic effect, unlike raw chitosan. Although, the raw chitosan displayed remarkably higher levels of cytotoxicity (P","PeriodicalId":30463,"journal":{"name":"Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42416519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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