After the establishment of diplomatic relations between the Mongolian People’s Republic and the People’s Republic of China in 1949, the Chinese community in the MPR emerged as a significant link facilitating bilateral relations. The formation and evolution of this community were intricately connected to the establishment and functioning of the Association of Overseas Chinese in Mongolia and its associated institutions. Throughout this process, the political decisions made by both the Mongolian and Chinese governments played a pivotal role. Particularly for the Chinese side, the Chinese community served as a crucial platform for its foreign policy objectives during this period. Additionally, the broader context of the Socialist Bloc also greatly influenced the development trajectory of the Chinese community in the MPR.
{"title":"The Prosperity and Decline of the Chinese Community in the Mongolian People’s Republic (1949-1973)","authors":"HE Bu","doi":"10.5564/mjia.v25i1.3427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v25i1.3427","url":null,"abstract":"After the establishment of diplomatic relations between the Mongolian People’s Republic and the People’s Republic of China in 1949, the Chinese community in the MPR emerged as a significant link facilitating bilateral relations. The formation and evolution of this community were intricately connected to the establishment and functioning of the Association of Overseas Chinese in Mongolia and its associated institutions. Throughout this process, the political decisions made by both the Mongolian and Chinese governments played a pivotal role. Particularly for the Chinese side, the Chinese community served as a crucial platform for its foreign policy objectives during this period. Additionally, the broader context of the Socialist Bloc also greatly influenced the development trajectory of the Chinese community in the MPR. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":305582,"journal":{"name":"Mongolian Journal of International Affairs","volume":"40 25","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141108739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article assesses the implementation of Mongolia's “New Recovery Policy”, evaluates the current status of cargo and passenger transport, analyzes the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on these sectors, and identifies issues within the transport and logistics industry. Following the research, three primary conclusions were drawn: firstly, proposing actual solutions to the problems mentioned in this study; secondly, to augment transit traffic passing through Mongolia; and thirdly, the establishment of an autonomous government body, crucial for creating the central economic corridor connecting China, Mongolia, and Russia. The proposal suggests establishing an analysis institute to coordinate medium and long-term development policies of Russia and China, manage projects in the transport infrastructure domain, align legal frameworks among the three nations, and oversee the construction of the corridor.
{"title":"Role of Transport and Logistics Components of Mongolia in the Development of Euro-Asian Economic Cooperation","authors":"Davaasuren Avirmed, Tonglaga Huang","doi":"10.5564/mjia.v24i1.3203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v24i1.3203","url":null,"abstract":"This article assesses the implementation of Mongolia's “New Recovery Policy”, evaluates the current status of cargo and passenger transport, analyzes the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on these sectors, and identifies issues within the transport and logistics industry. Following the research, three primary conclusions were drawn: firstly, proposing actual solutions to the problems mentioned in this study; secondly, to augment transit traffic passing through Mongolia; and thirdly, the establishment of an autonomous government body, crucial for creating the central economic corridor connecting China, Mongolia, and Russia. The proposal suggests establishing an analysis institute to coordinate medium and long-term development policies of Russia and China, manage projects in the transport infrastructure domain, align legal frameworks among the three nations, and oversee the construction of the corridor.","PeriodicalId":305582,"journal":{"name":"Mongolian Journal of International Affairs","volume":"8 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139157298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the vigorous development of digital technology, the development of the digital economy has become an important component of the global economy. Against the background of negative growth of major global economies hit hard by the COVID-19 epidemic, the steadily rising digital economy has become a key force to boost the global economy and an important engine to promote global economic development. Northeast Asian countries should use the dividends released by the digital economy to promote the coordinated development of digital technology innovation within the region, respond to technological revolution and industrial transformation, and build new international competitive advantages. This article provides a detailed overview of the current development status of digital economy in various countries in Northeast Asia, analyzes the challenges faced by countries in the region in developing cross-border digital economic and trade cooperation from three aspects: political mutual trust, digital divide, and network security. It further proposes to build a cross-border digital service trade platform in Northeast Asia, establish a China North Russia Far East digital free trade zone, so as to promote the deepening of cooperation and common development in digital trade within the region.
{"title":"Development Status of Digital Economy in Northeast Asian Countries and China’s Opportunities","authors":"Song Linlin","doi":"10.5564/mjia.v24i1.2682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v24i1.2682","url":null,"abstract":"With the vigorous development of digital technology, the development of the digital economy has become an important component of the global economy. Against the background of negative growth of major global economies hit hard by the COVID-19 epidemic, the steadily rising digital economy has become a key force to boost the global economy and an important engine to promote global economic development. Northeast Asian countries should use the dividends released by the digital economy to promote the coordinated development of digital technology innovation within the region, respond to technological revolution and industrial transformation, and build new international competitive advantages. This article provides a detailed overview of the current development status of digital economy in various countries in Northeast Asia, analyzes the challenges faced by countries in the region in developing cross-border digital economic and trade cooperation from three aspects: political mutual trust, digital divide, and network security. It further proposes to build a cross-border digital service trade platform in Northeast Asia, establish a China North Russia Far East digital free trade zone, so as to promote the deepening of cooperation and common development in digital trade within the region.","PeriodicalId":305582,"journal":{"name":"Mongolian Journal of International Affairs","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135790512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) offers great opportunities for China and Mongolia to collaborate on tackling climate change. However, few studies have focused on China–Mongolia collaboration on climate change under the BRI’s sustainable development framework; in particular, studies have neglected the factors and feasibility of collaboration. Focusing on China and Mongolia, this study first discusses the evolution of legislation in China and Mongolia in the context of dealing with climate change and then explores the factors that influence China–Mongolia collaboration on climate change mitigation from the perspectives of climate environmental governance and energy development at the domestic level. Subsequently, the paper analyzes the Paris Agreement to identify international factors that can influence climate change cooperation between the two countries. Finally, based on the results of this analysis, this paper identifies geopolitical relations, the energy supply, technology and investment, and the demand for a transition to sustainable development as the main driving forces for China and Mongolia to collaborate on climate change mitigation under the BRI. Finally, the paper concludes that collaboration between the two countries is highly feasible.
{"title":"Driving Factors and Feasibility Analysis: China–Mongolia Collaboration on Climate Change under the Belt and Road Initiative Framework","authors":"Pin Zuo, Zolboo Dashnyam, Ping Jiang","doi":"10.5564/mjia.v24i1.2903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v24i1.2903","url":null,"abstract":"The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) offers great opportunities for China and Mongolia to collaborate on tackling climate change. However, few studies have focused on China–Mongolia collaboration on climate change under the BRI’s sustainable development framework; in particular, studies have neglected the factors and feasibility of collaboration. Focusing on China and Mongolia, this study first discusses the evolution of legislation in China and Mongolia in the context of dealing with climate change and then explores the factors that influence China–Mongolia collaboration on climate change mitigation from the perspectives of climate environmental governance and energy development at the domestic level. Subsequently, the paper analyzes the Paris Agreement to identify international factors that can influence climate change cooperation between the two countries. Finally, based on the results of this analysis, this paper identifies geopolitical relations, the energy supply, technology and investment, and the demand for a transition to sustainable development as the main driving forces for China and Mongolia to collaborate on climate change mitigation under the BRI. Finally, the paper concludes that collaboration between the two countries is highly feasible.","PeriodicalId":305582,"journal":{"name":"Mongolian Journal of International Affairs","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134960069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article gives insight of main aspects of Mongolian’s economy related to its Asian Trading Partners namely China, India, South Korea and Japan in period of 2011-2021. To give more clarity about the main trading partners of Mongolia there are two countries: China and Russia, but the author focuses only on the Asian trading partners. The main goal is to popularise still not well known economy of Mongolia and to see how it was developed in analysed period of 2011-2022. As the methodology of the research the author used empirical analysis based mainly on Macrobond data which also has access to Mongolian Statistics Office data and also to available world reports such OECD, UNCTAD. Besides that, the article was consulted with Mongolian Ambassador in Poland and it was enriched this way with his best knowledge regarding economy and Mongolia international trade and investment policy. The interesting aspect which was raised by the author in this article was the future state of economy of Mongolia after pandemic of SARSCoV-2 and impact of the restrictions imposed on Russia due to the war on Ukraine
{"title":"Multilateral Economic Ties of Mongolia with its Asian Trading Partners in period of 2011-2021","authors":"Robert Dygas","doi":"10.5564/mjia.v23i1.2403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v23i1.2403","url":null,"abstract":"This article gives insight of main aspects of Mongolian’s economy related to its Asian Trading Partners namely China, India, South Korea and Japan in period of 2011-2021. To give more clarity about the main trading partners of Mongolia there are two countries: China and Russia, but the author focuses only on the Asian trading partners. The main goal is to popularise still not well known economy of Mongolia and to see how it was developed in analysed period of 2011-2022. As the methodology of the research the author used empirical analysis based mainly on Macrobond data which also has access to Mongolian Statistics Office data and also to available world reports such OECD, UNCTAD. Besides that, the article was consulted with Mongolian Ambassador in Poland and it was enriched this way with his best knowledge regarding economy and Mongolia international trade and investment policy. The interesting aspect which was raised by the author in this article was the future state of economy of Mongolia after pandemic of SARSCoV-2 and impact of the restrictions imposed on Russia due to the war on Ukraine","PeriodicalId":305582,"journal":{"name":"Mongolian Journal of International Affairs","volume":"231 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130437834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
China is a country with unique geographic position surrounded by twenty nations big and small (including Taiwan) around its periphery. China`s greatest security concern has always been a strategic encirclement – its neighbors aligning with one another or with strong powers such as the United States to isolate China. How does this sense of encirclement influence China’s strategic behavior? China`s central geographic position between Russia and the United States makes it hard for Beijing to maneuver its foreign policy in the region. Thus, China`s current leader came up with the idea of implementing a project, a modern version of the ancient Silk Road, whose specific function is to link countries of the world by the different types of infrastructure. Emerging as a feature of China`s so-called peaceful development, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a manifestation of its aspiration for connecting itself to the countries of the great Afro-Eurasian landmass by railroads, highways, shipping routes and communication networks. This article portrays the BRI as Chinese strategy of a breakout from encirclement. It argues that China is employing the BRI to pursue its strategic interests of enhancing its influence in its peripheral areas and extending its strategic reach further beyond its traditional periphery by gaining control over strategically important lands and ports.
{"title":"China`'s Breakout from Encirclement: Belt and Road Initiative","authors":"Erdenechimeg Bor, N. Enkhbat","doi":"10.5564/mjia.v23i1.2432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v23i1.2432","url":null,"abstract":"China is a country with unique geographic position surrounded by twenty nations big and small (including Taiwan) around its periphery. China`s greatest security concern has always been a strategic encirclement – its neighbors aligning with one another or with strong powers such as the United States to isolate China. How does this sense of encirclement influence China’s strategic behavior? China`s central geographic position between Russia and the United States makes it hard for Beijing to maneuver its foreign policy in the region. Thus, China`s current leader came up with the idea of implementing a project, a modern version of the ancient Silk Road, whose specific function is to link countries of the world by the different types of infrastructure. Emerging as a feature of China`s so-called peaceful development, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a manifestation of its aspiration for connecting itself to the countries of the great Afro-Eurasian landmass by railroads, highways, shipping routes and communication networks. This article portrays the BRI as Chinese strategy of a breakout from encirclement. It argues that China is employing the BRI to pursue its strategic interests of enhancing its influence in its peripheral areas and extending its strategic reach further beyond its traditional periphery by gaining control over strategically important lands and ports.","PeriodicalId":305582,"journal":{"name":"Mongolian Journal of International Affairs","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127534524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research aims to critically review the development process and connotation of neoliberal reform in Mongolia, which has been implemented since 1991 under the International Monetary Fund’s (IMF) program. This paper outlines the historical context of the transition, the so-called shock therapy, and analyzes Mongolia’s economic performance and socioeconomic changes after neoliberal reform, particularly focusing on the free market monetary policy. The policy was a crucial turning point for Mongolia, in which neoliberalism almost eliminated the former socialist planned economy and took a dominant position in the Mongolian political economy. Over the past three decades, successive administrations have implemented various measures based on a free monetary policy promoted by the IMF to obtain foreign loans and aid. However, despite the long-term reforms, thorny issues, such as a sharp currency depreciation, soaring debts, unemployment, inflation, budget deficits, poverty, crime, and corruption, still remain unresolved. In short, Mongolia’s shock therapy transition appears to be inefficacious. The nation may need to develop policies that take into account the characteristics of their economy and are able to stabilize people’s livelihoods.
{"title":"An Inefficacious Shock Therapy?: A Critical Analysis of Mongolian Neoliberal Reforms","authors":"Zugeerbai Zul, Hyunwook Cheng","doi":"10.5564/mjia.v23i1.2423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v23i1.2423","url":null,"abstract":"This research aims to critically review the development process and connotation of neoliberal reform in Mongolia, which has been implemented since 1991 under the International Monetary Fund’s (IMF) program. This paper outlines the historical context of the transition, the so-called shock therapy, and analyzes Mongolia’s economic performance and socioeconomic changes after neoliberal reform, particularly focusing on the free market monetary policy. The policy was a crucial turning point for Mongolia, in which neoliberalism almost eliminated the former socialist planned economy and took a dominant position in the Mongolian political economy. Over the past three decades, successive administrations have implemented various measures based on a free monetary policy promoted by the IMF to obtain foreign loans and aid. However, despite the long-term reforms, thorny issues, such as a sharp currency depreciation, soaring debts, unemployment, inflation, budget deficits, poverty, crime, and corruption, still remain unresolved. In short, Mongolia’s shock therapy transition appears to be inefficacious. The nation may need to develop policies that take into account the characteristics of their economy and are able to stabilize people’s livelihoods.","PeriodicalId":305582,"journal":{"name":"Mongolian Journal of International Affairs","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116660163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study has focused on border regions relations and cooperation between the Mongolia and Buryatia. As a border region, Buryatia has a centuries-old history of economic, political, cultural and humanitarian relations with Mongolia.Our relations have been successfully developing in all areas, high-level reciprocal visits have become regular, and mutual trust has been expanding.
{"title":"Mongolian-Russian Border Cooperation: The Role of the Republic of Buryatia","authors":"Zolboo Dashnyam, Baatar Tsend","doi":"10.5564/mjia.v23i1.1232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v23i1.1232","url":null,"abstract":"This study has focused on border regions relations and cooperation between the Mongolia and Buryatia. As a border region, Buryatia has a centuries-old history of economic, political, cultural and humanitarian relations with Mongolia.Our relations have been successfully developing in all areas, high-level reciprocal visits have become regular, and mutual trust has been expanding.","PeriodicalId":305582,"journal":{"name":"Mongolian Journal of International Affairs","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130880699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Troy Sternberg, Joanna Roque de Pinho, Batbuyan Batjav
The developing field of Mongolian International Studies offers a diverse range of research topics. A review of recent articles reflects an emphasis on geo-politics, particularly evolving relations with its superpower neighbours. Whilst state-to-state engagement with China and Russia predominates, regional countries (Japan, Korea) and the US and Europe are examined within the ‘Third Neighbour’ policy. Trade and economics are also studied, from Oyu Tolgoi and mining to the role of the IMF and international agencies. Currently lacking is a focus on human-driven engagement that reflects Mongolian livelihoods, spirituality and community environments. Such social and cultural dynamics are essential to both pastoral and rural livelihoods and to understanding the nation. In 2020-2022 international academic endeavours enabled Mongolian herder representatives to participate in a global drylands exchange network with dryland residents in thirteen countries. The process provided an exceptional opportunity to present Mongolian perspectives to pastoralists and academics from Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia. This grounded Mongolian livelihoods and situated rural dynamics in a global context. Here we report key engagements and findings as Mongolian herders shared lives and practices in the context of this international pastoral/drylands project. Moving beyond the political/economic rubric, as this project did, delivers a more representative and complete comprehension of Mongolia to the global international studies community.
{"title":"Pastoral Khans: from Mongolian Steppe to African Savannah","authors":"Troy Sternberg, Joanna Roque de Pinho, Batbuyan Batjav","doi":"10.5564/mjia.v23i1.1566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v23i1.1566","url":null,"abstract":"The developing field of Mongolian International Studies offers a diverse range of research topics. A review of recent articles reflects an emphasis on geo-politics, particularly evolving relations with its superpower neighbours. Whilst state-to-state engagement with China and Russia predominates, regional countries (Japan, Korea) and the US and Europe are examined within the ‘Third Neighbour’ policy. Trade and economics are also studied, from Oyu Tolgoi and mining to the role of the IMF and international agencies. Currently lacking is a focus on human-driven engagement that reflects Mongolian livelihoods, spirituality and community environments. Such social and cultural dynamics are essential to both pastoral and rural livelihoods and to understanding the nation. In 2020-2022 international academic endeavours enabled Mongolian herder representatives to participate in a global drylands exchange network with dryland residents in thirteen countries. The process provided an exceptional opportunity to present Mongolian perspectives to pastoralists and academics from Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia. This grounded Mongolian livelihoods and situated rural dynamics in a global context. Here we report key engagements and findings as Mongolian herders shared lives and practices in the context of this international pastoral/drylands project. Moving beyond the political/economic rubric, as this project did, delivers a more representative and complete comprehension of Mongolia to the global international studies community.","PeriodicalId":305582,"journal":{"name":"Mongolian Journal of International Affairs","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122382901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Editorial - Vol.22, 2021","authors":"Zolboo Dashnyam","doi":"10.5564/mjia.v22i1.1231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v22i1.1231","url":null,"abstract":"No abstract in English","PeriodicalId":305582,"journal":{"name":"Mongolian Journal of International Affairs","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122540446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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