Does the presence of several languages in visual communication in public space mean tolerance and equality between those who use them? Visual communication in public space creates and employs the concept of belonging to a community and constructs identity. Thus, multilingual public space communication may produce different meanings and identity mechanisms. In the article, I reconstruct the meanings produced in this communication in two periods of the national rise in Belarus (the 1920s and 1990s–2000s) and the concept of local identity they built. I show how they were shaped and what kind of exclusion mechanisms were produced in relatively different cultural contexts to preserve multilingualism in public space communications. To do this, I compare city signboards and printed materials from both periods.
{"title":"The Concept of Localness (“Tutėĭshastsʹ”) in Visual Communication in Public Space in Belarus as a Source of Exclusion","authors":"Ala Pihalskaya","doi":"10.11649/sn.2826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11649/sn.2826","url":null,"abstract":"Does the presence of several languages in visual communication in public space mean tolerance and equality between those who use them? Visual communication in public space creates and employs the concept of belonging to a community and constructs identity. Thus, multilingual public space communication may produce different meanings and identity mechanisms. In the article, I reconstruct the meanings produced in this communication in two periods of the national rise in Belarus (the 1920s and 1990s–2000s) and the concept of local identity they built. I show how they were shaped and what kind of exclusion mechanisms were produced in relatively different cultural contexts to preserve multilingualism in public space communications. To do this, I compare city signboards and printed materials from both periods.","PeriodicalId":30630,"journal":{"name":"Sprawy Narodowosciowe Seria nowa","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64874372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ongoing humanitarian crisis at the Polish-Belarusian border has not attracted mass public attention in Poland or in the world. Rare visuals of asylum seekers and migration conditions are rather provided by activist portals, and thus they circulate among those working to solve the crisis. Consequently, access to knowledge about the experience of undocumented migration across the Polish border and its conditions is limited. Observing the material background and the traces of the route, both in terms of its topography and instrumental equipment, allows us to get closer to the inaccessible information. The authors propose a preliminary typology of migration sites and objects used by people on the move. Such a research strategy not only examines migration processes through secondary symptoms, but it can also be understood as a supportive gesture towards asylum seekers. Material analysis makes it possible to reveal the experience of migration in a way that does not infringe on the precarious security of people on the move.
{"title":"The Crisis at the Polish-Belarusian Border: Sites and Things","authors":"Natalia Judzińska, R. Sendyka","doi":"10.11649/sn.2845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11649/sn.2845","url":null,"abstract":"The ongoing humanitarian crisis at the Polish-Belarusian border has not attracted mass public attention in Poland or in the world. Rare visuals of asylum seekers and migration conditions are rather provided by activist portals, and thus they circulate among those working to solve the crisis. Consequently, access to knowledge about the experience of undocumented migration across the Polish border and its conditions is limited. Observing the material background and the traces of the route, both in terms of its topography and instrumental equipment, allows us to get closer to the inaccessible information. The authors propose a preliminary typology of migration sites and objects used by people on the move. Such a research strategy not only examines migration processes through secondary symptoms, but it can also be understood as a supportive gesture towards asylum seekers. Material analysis makes it possible to reveal the experience of migration in a way that does not infringe on the precarious security of people on the move.","PeriodicalId":30630,"journal":{"name":"Sprawy Narodowosciowe Seria nowa","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47055284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Decolonizing Slavic Studies: On Builders, Destroyers, and Covert History of Institutions. Editorial","authors":"Ewa Wróblewska-Trochimiuk, Karolina Ćwiek-Rogalska","doi":"10.11649/sn.2992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11649/sn.2992","url":null,"abstract":"Editorial.","PeriodicalId":30630,"journal":{"name":"Sprawy Narodowosciowe Seria nowa","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64874000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article is a review of Student Movements for the Republic of Kosovo: 1968, 1981 and 1997, by Atdhe Hetemi, Palgrave Studies in the History of Social Movements; Cham: Springer International Publishing; Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan: 1st ed. 2020 ISBN 978-3-030-54951-0
本文是对《科索沃共和国的学生运动:1968年、1981年和1997年》的回顾，作者Atdhe Hetemi，《帕尔格雷夫社会运动史研究》;Cham:施普林格国际出版;出版社:Palgrave Macmillan:第一版。2020 ISBN 978-3-030-54951-0
{"title":"Student Mobilisation in Kosovo: 1968, 1981 and 1997","authors":"Rory Archer","doi":"10.11649/sn.2627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11649/sn.2627","url":null,"abstract":"This article is a review of Student Movements for the Republic of Kosovo: 1968, 1981 and 1997, by Atdhe Hetemi, Palgrave Studies in the History of Social Movements; Cham: Springer International Publishing; Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan: 1st ed. 2020 ISBN 978-3-030-54951-0","PeriodicalId":30630,"journal":{"name":"Sprawy Narodowosciowe Seria nowa","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64874310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article discusses the violence against the Jews as a factor affecting the postwar emigration of Jewish survivors from Poland. The author assumes that violence was related to the exclusion of Jews from the Polish national community. However, this exclusion was of a complex nature and took place primarily not on the political or institutional level, but on the level of social ties. In some part of Polish society Jews were perceived as “others”, “redundant people” or even enemies. Postwar emancipation proclaimed by the communists resulted in the policy of inclusion and made Jews equal, although in practice, even during the so-called Jewish autonomy (1945–1949), there were no equal rights in all areas (e.g. restitution of property). In times of social, economic and political crisis, the emigration of Jews was a favorable phenomenon for the authorities. Thus, the communist government did not encourage emigration, but rather turned a blind eye to it.
{"title":"Violence as the Cause of Jewish Flight from Poland, 1945–1946","authors":"M. Semczyszyn","doi":"10.11649/sn.2812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11649/sn.2812","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses the violence against the Jews as a factor affecting the postwar emigration of Jewish survivors from Poland. The author assumes that violence was related to the exclusion of Jews from the Polish national community. However, this exclusion was of a complex nature and took place primarily not on the political or institutional level, but on the level of social ties. In some part of Polish society Jews were perceived as “others”, “redundant people” or even enemies. Postwar emancipation proclaimed by the communists resulted in the policy of inclusion and made Jews equal, although in practice, even during the so-called Jewish autonomy (1945–1949), there were no equal rights in all areas (e.g. restitution of property). In times of social, economic and political crisis, the emigration of Jews was a favorable phenomenon for the authorities. Thus, the communist government did not encourage emigration, but rather turned a blind eye to it.","PeriodicalId":30630,"journal":{"name":"Sprawy Narodowosciowe Seria nowa","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64874278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents the results of a socially engaged research project based on 30 in-depth interviews with NGO workers and activists who became involved in the humanitarian crisis at the Polish-Belarusian border and engaged in subversive humanitarianism. The aim is to analyze the discourse about migrants constructed by people who provided different types of support during the crisis. The theoretical part presents a brief overview of the crisis and describes hybridized humanitarian actions that were taken. It also offers a discussion of two opposite discourses about migration in Poland. One is based on securitization and is created by the state, and the other relates to compassionate solidarity with migrants and is constructed by civil society. The results of the study indicate that the representation of migrants created by NGO workers and activists engaged in subversive humanitarianism to some extent reproduces the pro-immigrant narrative of compassion to date. What is more, the study shows that activists’ discourse is more individualized and emotional, while the narratives of NGO workers are more professionalized and institutional in nature.
{"title":"“People From the Forest”: Discourse About Migrants in the Narratives of NGO Workers and Activists Involved in the Humanitarian Crisis at the Polish-Belarusian Border","authors":"M. Pietrusińska","doi":"10.11649/sn.2803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11649/sn.2803","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the results of a socially engaged research project based on 30 in-depth interviews with NGO workers and activists who became involved in the humanitarian crisis at the Polish-Belarusian border and engaged in subversive humanitarianism. The aim is to analyze the discourse about migrants constructed by people who provided different types of support during the crisis. The theoretical part presents a brief overview of the crisis and describes hybridized humanitarian actions that were taken. It also offers a discussion of two opposite discourses about migration in Poland. One is based on securitization and is created by the state, and the other relates to compassionate solidarity with migrants and is constructed by civil society. The results of the study indicate that the representation of migrants created by NGO workers and activists engaged in subversive humanitarianism to some extent reproduces the pro-immigrant narrative of compassion to date. What is more, the study shows that activists’ discourse is more individualized and emotional, while the narratives of NGO workers are more professionalized and institutional in nature.","PeriodicalId":30630,"journal":{"name":"Sprawy Narodowosciowe Seria nowa","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64874357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article compares two theoretical tools popular among migration researchers: the concept of “bare life” offered by Giorgio Agamben, and the conceptualization of border practices and security in critical border and security studies. The paper presents how Agambenian theory seems to lack proper analysis of power, which can be provided by critical theory. Also, Agamben’s insufficient substantiation of resistance to exclusion should be supported by the normative critique offered by critical theorists of security. This enables proper examination of the humanitarian crisis provoked by both the Belarusian and Polish states’ bordering practices in 2021 and 2022. In result, an analysis of Polish and Belarusian bordering practices through this theoretical lens suggests how the critical approach to borders and security may be useful in depicting precisely the interplay of power within a sovereign state and in researching possibilities of resistance against practices of exclusion.
{"title":"Split Personality of the Sovereign: The Interplay of Power within Bordering Practices of Exclusion at the Polish-Belarusian Border","authors":"Mateusz Krępa","doi":"10.11649/sn.2800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11649/sn.2800","url":null,"abstract":"This article compares two theoretical tools popular among migration researchers: the concept of “bare life” offered by Giorgio Agamben, and the conceptualization of border practices and security in critical border and security studies. The paper presents how Agambenian theory seems to lack proper analysis of power, which can be provided by critical theory. Also, Agamben’s insufficient substantiation of resistance to exclusion should be supported by the normative critique offered by critical theorists of security. This enables proper examination of the humanitarian crisis provoked by both the Belarusian and Polish states’ bordering practices in 2021 and 2022. In result, an analysis of Polish and Belarusian bordering practices through this theoretical lens suggests how the critical approach to borders and security may be useful in depicting precisely the interplay of power within a sovereign state and in researching possibilities of resistance against practices of exclusion.","PeriodicalId":30630,"journal":{"name":"Sprawy Narodowosciowe Seria nowa","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47249076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper is a commentary to W. Pohorecki’s article devoted to Mazurians in East Prussia, published in 1932. The comments focus on information which is still of interest today (data on the status of Mazurians in the interwar period, identity issues), and identify issues which are rather of historical interest (the state of education, Germanization in various spheres of life).
{"title":"The Mazurian Question in the Past and Today: A Commentary to W. Pohorecki’s Article “Mazurzy w Prusach Wschodnich” [Mazurians in East Prussia] (1932)","authors":"D. K. Rembiszewska","doi":"10.11649/sn.2808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11649/sn.2808","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is a commentary to W. Pohorecki’s article devoted to Mazurians in East Prussia, published in 1932. The comments focus on information which is still of interest today (data on the status of Mazurians in the interwar period, identity issues), and identify issues which are rather of historical interest (the state of education, Germanization in various spheres of life).","PeriodicalId":30630,"journal":{"name":"Sprawy Narodowosciowe Seria nowa","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64874110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Post-accession Female Mobility between Poland and Norway. New Trends and New Ways of Thinking about Migration This paper presents recent research on Polish female migration to Norway. We focus our discussion of existing literature on this subject on issues of gendered migration trajectories, children and adult education, career paths of migrant women, and the effects of migration on families and communities in Norway and Poland. There are many thematic and methodological gaps in recent scholarship on migration of Polish women to Norway despite an increased number of research projects and publications. Most scholars center on social attitudes towards migration, and consequently decisions on migration made by women and their families. Poakcesyjna mobilnośc kobiet pomiedzy Polską a Norwegią. Nowe kierunki myślenia o migracji W tekście przedstawiamy trendy w badaniach migracji Polek do Norwegii we wspolczesnej literaturze. Skupiamy sie na kilku wątkach: genderowych ściezkach migracyjnych, edukacji dzieci i doroslych, pracy zawodowej kobiet oraz wplywie migracji na sytuacje rodzin i spoleczności w Norwegii i Polsce. Analizując stan wiedzy zawarty w tekstach naukowych, dostrzegamy luki w wiedzy i stosowanej metodologii. Wskazujemy rowniez na wplyw prezentowanych trendow opisow migracji na spoleczną ocene migracji, a w konsekwencji na decyzje podejmowane przez migrujące kobiety i rodziny. Mimo wzrostu liczby projektow badawczych i publikacji naukowych dotyczących ostatnich migracji Polakow do Norwegii wiele aspektow zycia Polek-migrantek nie zostalo dotąd przeanalizowanych.
加入后波兰与挪威之间的女性流动。移民问题的新趋势和新思路本文介绍了波兰女性移民到挪威的最新研究。我们将讨论的重点放在性别移民轨迹、儿童和成人教育、移民妇女的职业道路以及移民对挪威和波兰家庭和社区的影响等问题上。尽管研究项目和出版物的数量有所增加，但最近关于波兰妇女向挪威移徙的学术研究在主题和方法上仍存在许多差距。大多数学者关注的是社会对移民的态度，以及妇女及其家庭对移民的决定。Poakcesyjna mobilnośc kobiet pomiedzy polskoa norway。现在我们kierunki myślenia o migracji W tekście przedstawiamy新潮W badaniach migracji Polek do norgii我们wspolczesnej文学。Skupiamy sie na kilku wątkach: genderowych ściezkach migracyjnych, edukacji dzieci dorolych, pracy zawodowej kobiet oraz wplywie migracji na sytuacje rodzin i spoleczności在挪威警察。Analizując stan wiedzy zawarty w . stakstach naukowych, dostrzegamy luki . wiedzy i. stosowanej metodolology。wskazujeme rowniez na wplyw prezentowanych trendow opisow migracji na spoleczne - ocene migracji, wskazujem rowniez na decyzje podejmowane przez migrujące kobhihii rodziny。Mimo wzrostu liczby projektow badawczych i publiclikacji naukowych dotyczących ostatnich migracji Polakow do norgii wiele asppektow zycia polek - migrtek niezostalo dotąd przeanalizovanch。
{"title":"Post-accession Female Mobility between Poland and Norway. New Trends and New Ways of Thinking about Migration","authors":"Izabella Main, Izabela Czerniejewska","doi":"10.11649/SN.1358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11649/SN.1358","url":null,"abstract":"Post-accession Female Mobility between Poland and Norway. New Trends and New Ways of Thinking about Migration This paper presents recent research on Polish female migration to Norway. We focus our discussion of existing literature on this subject on issues of gendered migration trajectories, children and adult education, career paths of migrant women, and the effects of migration on families and communities in Norway and Poland. There are many thematic and methodological gaps in recent scholarship on migration of Polish women to Norway despite an increased number of research projects and publications. Most scholars center on social attitudes towards migration, and consequently decisions on migration made by women and their families. Poakcesyjna mobilnośc kobiet pomiedzy Polską a Norwegią. Nowe kierunki myślenia o migracji W tekście przedstawiamy trendy w badaniach migracji Polek do Norwegii we wspolczesnej literaturze. Skupiamy sie na kilku wątkach: genderowych ściezkach migracyjnych, edukacji dzieci i doroslych, pracy zawodowej kobiet oraz wplywie migracji na sytuacje rodzin i spoleczności w Norwegii i Polsce. Analizując stan wiedzy zawarty w tekstach naukowych, dostrzegamy luki w wiedzy i stosowanej metodologii. Wskazujemy rowniez na wplyw prezentowanych trendow opisow migracji na spoleczną ocene migracji, a w konsekwencji na decyzje podejmowane przez migrujące kobiety i rodziny. Mimo wzrostu liczby projektow badawczych i publikacji naukowych dotyczących ostatnich migracji Polakow do Norwegii wiele aspektow zycia Polek-migrantek nie zostalo dotąd przeanalizowanych.","PeriodicalId":30630,"journal":{"name":"Sprawy Narodowosciowe Seria nowa","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64871675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sovereignty issues in the Caucasus: contested ethnic and national identities in Chechnya, Abkhazia, and South Ossetia The issue of sovereignty has been at the forefront of regional politics in the Caucasus since the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. In particular, the Russian government has approached various—seemingly similar cases—in very different ways. Although each specific region examined—Chechnya, Abkhazia, and South Ossetia—is unique, the nature of ethnic and national identity has been framed differently by the Russian government. In Chechnya, the Putin administration has framed any outstanding separatist claims in conjunction with terrorism and national security issues. In Abkhazia and South Ossetia, the Putin administration has instead noted the need for “liberation.” The outcome has been to stifle secessionist desires in Chechnya, while supporting those same secessionist desires outside of Russia’s borders, in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Kwestia suwerenności na Kaukazie: kontestowane tozsamości etniczne i narodowe w Czeczenii, Abchazji i Osetii Poludniowej Kwestia suwerenności wysunela sie na czolowe miejsce w polityce regionalnej na Kaukazie z chwilą rozpadu Związku Sowieckiego w 1991 roku. W istocie rząd rosyjski do poszczegolnych, pozornie podobnych, przypadkow podszedl w odmienny sposob. Aczkolwiek kazdy z interesujących nas tutaj regionow – Czeczenia, Abchazja i Osetia Poludniowa – jest unikatowy, to charakter tozsamości etnicznej i narodowej zostal ujety przez rząd rosyjski w inne ramy. W Czeczenii administracja Putina wiązala wysuwane tam roszczenia separatystyczne z terroryzmem i kwestiami bezpieczenstwa narodowego. Z kolei w Abchazji i Osetii Poludniowej Rosja dostrzegla potrzebe „wyzwolenia”. W efekcie nastąpilo stlumienie aspiracji do secesji w Czeczenii, podczas gdy poza granicami Rosji, w Abchazji i Osetii Poludniowej, te same dązenia secesjonistyczne zyskaly sobie poparcie.
高加索地区的主权问题:车臣、阿布哈兹和南奥塞梯有争议的民族和国家身份自1991年苏联解体以来，主权问题一直是高加索地区政治的前沿。特别是，俄罗斯政府以非常不同的方式处理了各种看似相似的案件。尽管考察的每个特定地区——车臣、阿布哈兹和南奥塞梯——都是独一无二的，但俄罗斯政府对种族和国家认同的本质有着不同的定义。在车臣，普京政府把任何悬而未决的分离主义主张都与恐怖主义和国家安全问题联系在一起。在阿布哈兹和南奥塞梯，普京政府反而强调了“解放”的必要性。其结果是压制了车臣的分离主义愿望，同时支持俄罗斯境外阿布哈兹和南奥塞梯的分离主义愿望。kestia suwerenności na Kaukazie: kontestwane tozsamości etniczne i narodowe we Czeczenii, Abchazji i Osetii Poludniowej Kwestia suwerenności wysunela sie na czolowe mijjce we police regionalnej na Kaukazie z chwilerozpadu Związku Sowieckiego w 1991 roku。W istocie rząd rosyjski do poszczegolnych, pozornie podobnych, przypadknow podszedl W odmienny sposob。azzkolwiek kazdy z interesujących as tutataregionow -捷克，Abchazja i Osetia Poludniowa - jest unikatow，以字符tozsamości etnicznej narodowej zostal ujejeprzez rząd rosyjski winne ramy。捷克行政当局普京wiązala维苏瓦尼亚和俄罗斯分别对俄罗斯的恐怖主义活动进行了调查。Z kolei w Abchazji i Osetii Poludniowej Rosja dostrzegla potrzebe“wyzwolenia”。W efekcie nastąpilo stlumienie aspiracji do secesji W czzenii, podczas gdy poza granicami Rosji, W Abchazji i Osetii Poludniowej，同样dązenia secesjonistyczne zysky sobie parcie。
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