Research shows that one of the most effective ways software engineers discover useful developer behaviors, or tools and practices designed to help developers complete programming tasks, is through human-to-human recommendations from coworkers during work activities. However, due to the increasingly distributed nature of the software industry and development teams, opportunities for these peer interactions are in decline. To overcome the deprecation of peer interactions in software engineering, we explore the impact of several system-to-human recommendation systems, including the recently introduced suggested changes feature on GitHub which allows users to propose code changes to developers on contributions to repositories, to discover their impact on developer recommendations. In this work, we aim to study the effectiveness of suggested changes for recommending developer behaviors by performing a user study with professional software developers to compare static analysis tool recommendations from emails, pull requests, issues, and suggested changes. Our results provide insight into creating systems for recommendations between developers and design implications for improving automated recommendations to software engineers.
{"title":"Comparing Different Developer Behavior Recommendation Styles","authors":"Chris Brown, Chris Parnin","doi":"10.1145/3387940.3391481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3387940.3391481","url":null,"abstract":"Research shows that one of the most effective ways software engineers discover useful developer behaviors, or tools and practices designed to help developers complete programming tasks, is through human-to-human recommendations from coworkers during work activities. However, due to the increasingly distributed nature of the software industry and development teams, opportunities for these peer interactions are in decline. To overcome the deprecation of peer interactions in software engineering, we explore the impact of several system-to-human recommendation systems, including the recently introduced suggested changes feature on GitHub which allows users to propose code changes to developers on contributions to repositories, to discover their impact on developer recommendations. In this work, we aim to study the effectiveness of suggested changes for recommending developer behaviors by performing a user study with professional software developers to compare static analysis tool recommendations from emails, pull requests, issues, and suggested changes. Our results provide insight into creating systems for recommendations between developers and design implications for improving automated recommendations to software engineers.","PeriodicalId":309659,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering Workshops","volume":"48 6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129794159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zeineb Baba-Cheikh, Ghizlane El-Boussaidi, Julien Gascon-Samson, H. Mili, Yann-Gaël Guéhéneuc
The Internet of Things (IoT) market is growing fast with an increasing number of connected devices. This led many software companies to shift their focus to develop and provide IoT solutions. IoT development has its own challenges as typical IoT solutions are composed of heterogeneous devices, protocols and software. To cope with these challenges, many frameworks are available to help developers to build IoT applications. Some of these frameworks are open source and might be of great interest for small and medium-sized companies wishing to build IoT solutions at a lower cost. In this paper, we present the results of a preliminary study of four open source IoT development frameworks. In particular, we used these frameworks to implement a sample of three IoT applications and we analyze them against a minimal set of IoT requirements. We focus in our study on the IoT development for Raspberry PI as it is a very low-cost and popular platform.
{"title":"A preliminary study of open-source IoT development frameworks","authors":"Zeineb Baba-Cheikh, Ghizlane El-Boussaidi, Julien Gascon-Samson, H. Mili, Yann-Gaël Guéhéneuc","doi":"10.1145/3387940.3392198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3387940.3392198","url":null,"abstract":"The Internet of Things (IoT) market is growing fast with an increasing number of connected devices. This led many software companies to shift their focus to develop and provide IoT solutions. IoT development has its own challenges as typical IoT solutions are composed of heterogeneous devices, protocols and software. To cope with these challenges, many frameworks are available to help developers to build IoT applications. Some of these frameworks are open source and might be of great interest for small and medium-sized companies wishing to build IoT solutions at a lower cost. In this paper, we present the results of a preliminary study of four open source IoT development frameworks. In particular, we used these frameworks to implement a sample of three IoT applications and we analyze them against a minimal set of IoT requirements. We focus in our study on the IoT development for Raspberry PI as it is a very low-cost and popular platform.","PeriodicalId":309659,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering Workshops","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128585125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite the long tradition on the study of human values, the impact of this field in the software engineering domain is rarely studied. To these regards, this study focuses on applying human values to agile software development process, more specifically to scrum roles. Thus, the goal of the study is to explore possible associations between human values and scrum roles preferences among students. Questionnaires are designed by employing the Short Schwartz's Value Survey and are distributed among 57 students. The results of the quantitative analysis process consisting of descriptive statistics, linear regression models and Pearson correlation coefficients, revealed that values such as power and self-direction influence the preference for the product owner role, the value of hedonism influences the preference for scrum masters and self-direction is associated with team members' preference.
{"title":"Mapping human values and scrum roles: a study on students' preferences","authors":"Selina Demi, Ricardo Colomo Palacios, Stig Henning Johansen, Mary-Luz Sánchez-Gordón","doi":"10.1145/3387940.3391467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3387940.3391467","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the long tradition on the study of human values, the impact of this field in the software engineering domain is rarely studied. To these regards, this study focuses on applying human values to agile software development process, more specifically to scrum roles. Thus, the goal of the study is to explore possible associations between human values and scrum roles preferences among students. Questionnaires are designed by employing the Short Schwartz's Value Survey and are distributed among 57 students. The results of the quantitative analysis process consisting of descriptive statistics, linear regression models and Pearson correlation coefficients, revealed that values such as power and self-direction influence the preference for the product owner role, the value of hedonism influences the preference for scrum masters and self-direction is associated with team members' preference.","PeriodicalId":309659,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering Workshops","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129053920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anthony S Peruma, Christian D. Newman, Mohamed Wiem Mkaouer, Ali Ouni, Fabio Palomba
An essential activity of software maintenance is the refactoring of source code. Refactoring operations enable developers to take necessary actions to correct bad programming practices (i.e., smells) in the source code of both production and test files. With unit testing being a vital and fundamental part of ensuring the quality of a system, developers must address smelly test code. In this paper, we empirically explore the impact and relationship between refactoring operations and test smells in 250 open-source Android applications (apps). Our experiments showed that the type of refactoring operations performed by developers on test files differ from those performed on non-test files. Further, results around test smells show a co-occurrence between certain smell types and refactorings, and how refactorings are utilized to eliminate smells. Findings from this study will not only further our knowledge of refactoring operations on test files, but will also help developers in understanding the possible ways on how to maintain their apps.
{"title":"An Exploratory Study on the Refactoring of Unit Test Files in Android Applications","authors":"Anthony S Peruma, Christian D. Newman, Mohamed Wiem Mkaouer, Ali Ouni, Fabio Palomba","doi":"10.1145/3387940.3392189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3387940.3392189","url":null,"abstract":"An essential activity of software maintenance is the refactoring of source code. Refactoring operations enable developers to take necessary actions to correct bad programming practices (i.e., smells) in the source code of both production and test files. With unit testing being a vital and fundamental part of ensuring the quality of a system, developers must address smelly test code. In this paper, we empirically explore the impact and relationship between refactoring operations and test smells in 250 open-source Android applications (apps). Our experiments showed that the type of refactoring operations performed by developers on test files differ from those performed on non-test files. Further, results around test smells show a co-occurrence between certain smell types and refactorings, and how refactorings are utilized to eliminate smells. Findings from this study will not only further our knowledge of refactoring operations on test files, but will also help developers in understanding the possible ways on how to maintain their apps.","PeriodicalId":309659,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering Workshops","volume":"48 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132851871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jens Bæk Jørgensen, Kim Henning Jönsson, Sofie Aaskov Nielsen, C. Skovgaard, Johan Rugager Vase, Mohamed Ghonemi, Rasha Adel Hassan
We have recently developed a new component for an existing healthcare system for Scandinavian users. The project setup included outsourced development in Egypt. In this experience report, we describe the project and the way we did requirements engineering. We identify and discuss a number of lessons learnt regarding requirements. Some of the lessons relate to the relatively long path from understanding and capturing of the needs of Scandinavian healthcare workers to providing software developers in Egypt the proper basis to do their work efficiently and with high quality. In our case, this path had four main constituents: (1) the Scandinavian healthcare domain; (2) a Scandinavian software company which was our customer; (3) the Danish software company Mjølner; (4) Mjølner's subcontractor Crossworkers in Egypt.
{"title":"Requirements Engineering in Implementing IT Support for Scandinavian Healthcare Work Processes Using Outsourced Development in Egypt","authors":"Jens Bæk Jørgensen, Kim Henning Jönsson, Sofie Aaskov Nielsen, C. Skovgaard, Johan Rugager Vase, Mohamed Ghonemi, Rasha Adel Hassan","doi":"10.1145/3387940.3392239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3387940.3392239","url":null,"abstract":"We have recently developed a new component for an existing healthcare system for Scandinavian users. The project setup included outsourced development in Egypt. In this experience report, we describe the project and the way we did requirements engineering. We identify and discuss a number of lessons learnt regarding requirements. Some of the lessons relate to the relatively long path from understanding and capturing of the needs of Scandinavian healthcare workers to providing software developers in Egypt the proper basis to do their work efficiently and with high quality. In our case, this path had four main constituents: (1) the Scandinavian healthcare domain; (2) a Scandinavian software company which was our customer; (3) the Danish software company Mjølner; (4) Mjølner's subcontractor Crossworkers in Egypt.","PeriodicalId":309659,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering Workshops","volume":"62 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128828057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Current work on automatic program repair has not focused on actually prevalent vulnerabilities in web applications, such as described in the OWASP Top 10 categories, leading to a scarcely explored field, which in turn leads to a gap between industry needs and research efforts. In order to assess the extent of this gap, we have surveyed and analyzed the literature on fully automatic source-code manipulating program repair of OWASP Top 10 vulnerabilities, as well as their corresponding test suites. We find that there is a significant gap in the coverage of the OWASP Top 10 vulnerabilities, and that the test suites used to test the analyzed approaches are highly inadequate. Few approaches cover multiple OWASP Top 10 vulnerabilities, and there is no combination of existing test suites that achieves a total coverage of OWASP Top 10.
{"title":"Automatic repair of OWASP Top 10 security vulnerabilities: A survey","authors":"Alexander Marchand-Melsom, Duong Bao Nguyen Mai","doi":"10.1145/3387940.3392200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3387940.3392200","url":null,"abstract":"Current work on automatic program repair has not focused on actually prevalent vulnerabilities in web applications, such as described in the OWASP Top 10 categories, leading to a scarcely explored field, which in turn leads to a gap between industry needs and research efforts. In order to assess the extent of this gap, we have surveyed and analyzed the literature on fully automatic source-code manipulating program repair of OWASP Top 10 vulnerabilities, as well as their corresponding test suites. We find that there is a significant gap in the coverage of the OWASP Top 10 vulnerabilities, and that the test suites used to test the analyzed approaches are highly inadequate. Few approaches cover multiple OWASP Top 10 vulnerabilities, and there is no combination of existing test suites that achieves a total coverage of OWASP Top 10.","PeriodicalId":309659,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering Workshops","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125538200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rise in popularity of machine learning (ML), and deep learning in particular, has both led to optimism about achievements of artificial intelligence, as well as concerns about possible weaknesses and vulnerabilities of ML pipelines. Within the software engineering community, this has led to a considerable body of work on ML testing techniques, including white- and black-box testing for ML models. This means the oracle problem needs to be addressed. For supervised ML applications, oracle information is indeed available in the form of dataset 'ground truth', that encodes input data with corresponding desired output labels. However, while ground truth forms a gold standard, there still is no guarantee it is truly correct. Indeed, syntactic, semantic, and conceptual framing issues in the oracle may negatively affect the ML system's integrity. While syntactic issues may automatically be verified and corrected, the higher-level issues traditionally need human judgment and manual analysis. In this paper, we employ two heuristics based on information entropy and semantic analysis on well-known computer vision models and benchmark data from ImageNet. The heuristics are used to semi-automatically uncover potential higher-level issues in (i) the label taxonomy used to define the ground truth oracle (labels), and (ii) data encoding and representation. In doing this, beyond existing ML testing efforts, we illustrate the need for software engineering strategies that especially target and assess the oracle.
{"title":"Oracle Issues in Machine Learning and Where to Find Them","authors":"Cynthia C. S. Liem, Annibale Panichella","doi":"10.1145/3387940.3391490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3387940.3391490","url":null,"abstract":"The rise in popularity of machine learning (ML), and deep learning in particular, has both led to optimism about achievements of artificial intelligence, as well as concerns about possible weaknesses and vulnerabilities of ML pipelines. Within the software engineering community, this has led to a considerable body of work on ML testing techniques, including white- and black-box testing for ML models. This means the oracle problem needs to be addressed. For supervised ML applications, oracle information is indeed available in the form of dataset 'ground truth', that encodes input data with corresponding desired output labels. However, while ground truth forms a gold standard, there still is no guarantee it is truly correct. Indeed, syntactic, semantic, and conceptual framing issues in the oracle may negatively affect the ML system's integrity. While syntactic issues may automatically be verified and corrected, the higher-level issues traditionally need human judgment and manual analysis. In this paper, we employ two heuristics based on information entropy and semantic analysis on well-known computer vision models and benchmark data from ImageNet. The heuristics are used to semi-automatically uncover potential higher-level issues in (i) the label taxonomy used to define the ground truth oracle (labels), and (ii) data encoding and representation. In doing this, beyond existing ML testing efforts, we illustrate the need for software engineering strategies that especially target and assess the oracle.","PeriodicalId":309659,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering Workshops","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121036382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hackathons, which are collaborative time-bounded events that are a sort of application development marathon, lasting between 24 and 48 hours, are increasing as an alternative and popular method for fast learning and networking, bringing people together in a short space of time to do creative projects. However, the number of women participating in such events is extremely low and worrying, and literature lacks empirical evidence about that. This preliminary study aims to gather more data in an attempt to understand better why women are not so interested in this type of event.
{"title":"A preliminary study about the low engagement of female participation in hackathons","authors":"Lavínia Paganini, Kiev Gama","doi":"10.1145/3387940.3392163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3387940.3392163","url":null,"abstract":"Hackathons, which are collaborative time-bounded events that are a sort of application development marathon, lasting between 24 and 48 hours, are increasing as an alternative and popular method for fast learning and networking, bringing people together in a short space of time to do creative projects. However, the number of women participating in such events is extremely low and worrying, and literature lacks empirical evidence about that. This preliminary study aims to gather more data in an attempt to understand better why women are not so interested in this type of event.","PeriodicalId":309659,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering Workshops","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125298219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Genetic improvement (GI) uses automated search to find improved versions of existing software. If over the years the potential of many GI approaches have been demonstrated, the intrinsic cost of evaluating real-world software makes comparing these approaches in large-scale meta-analyses very expensive. We propose and describe a method to construct synthetic GI benchmarks, to circumvent this bottleneck and enable much faster quality assessment of GI approaches.
{"title":"Synthetic Benchmarks for Genetic Improvement","authors":"Aymeric Blot, J. Petke","doi":"10.1145/3387940.3392175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3387940.3392175","url":null,"abstract":"Genetic improvement (GI) uses automated search to find improved versions of existing software. If over the years the potential of many GI approaches have been demonstrated, the intrinsic cost of evaluating real-world software makes comparing these approaches in large-scale meta-analyses very expensive. We propose and describe a method to construct synthetic GI benchmarks, to circumvent this bottleneck and enable much faster quality assessment of GI approaches.","PeriodicalId":309659,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering Workshops","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121783493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leonardo A. F. Leite, Fabio Kon, Gustavo Pinto, Paulo Meirelles
Software-producing organizations are seeking to release faster and more efficiently new versions of their products to their customers to remain competitive in the fierce software market. Continuous delivery practices arise as a potential solution since every commit to the repository could result in a production-candidate version of a product, accelerating time to market, and improving customer satisfaction. In this work, we employed Grounded Theory to investigate how organizations pursuing continuous delivery should organize their development and operations teams. We collected data from 27 IT professionals. After a careful analysis, we started the elaboration of a taxonomy with four patterns of organizational structures: (1) siloed departments, (2) classical DevOps, (3) cross-functional teams, and (4) platform teams. We observed that the platform team structure is the most distinctive classification of our taxonomy, and it has promising results regarding delivery performance. Some relevant aspects we found out about platform teams include: infrastructure specialists need coding skills; product teams have to operate their business services; and much of the non-functional concerns are handled by the platform, alleviating product teams.
{"title":"Platform Teams: An Organizational Structure for Continuous Delivery","authors":"Leonardo A. F. Leite, Fabio Kon, Gustavo Pinto, Paulo Meirelles","doi":"10.1145/3387940.3391455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3387940.3391455","url":null,"abstract":"Software-producing organizations are seeking to release faster and more efficiently new versions of their products to their customers to remain competitive in the fierce software market. Continuous delivery practices arise as a potential solution since every commit to the repository could result in a production-candidate version of a product, accelerating time to market, and improving customer satisfaction. In this work, we employed Grounded Theory to investigate how organizations pursuing continuous delivery should organize their development and operations teams. We collected data from 27 IT professionals. After a careful analysis, we started the elaboration of a taxonomy with four patterns of organizational structures: (1) siloed departments, (2) classical DevOps, (3) cross-functional teams, and (4) platform teams. We observed that the platform team structure is the most distinctive classification of our taxonomy, and it has promising results regarding delivery performance. Some relevant aspects we found out about platform teams include: infrastructure specialists need coding skills; product teams have to operate their business services; and much of the non-functional concerns are handled by the platform, alleviating product teams.","PeriodicalId":309659,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering Workshops","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128053837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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