W. Ostrowski, Konrad Górski, M. Pilarska, Adam Salach, K. Bakuła
STRESZCZENIE: This article provides description of new achievements in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in the field of photogrammetry and remote sensing related to laser scanning technology. Platforms equipped with laser scanners are becoming a growing trend in UAV mapping. Two perspectives of development, which use laser sensors, as payload are described in this paper. The first solution is related to application of advanced LiDAR sensor, which collects data with simulated Beyond Visual Line Of Sight UAV (BVLOS UAV) platform from high altitude. The second development was less expensive UAV laser scanning system that acquires data from low-altitude Visual Line Of Sight (VLOS) platform. Additionally, state-of-art of LiDAR sensors, which can be mounted on UAVs, is presented, including categorization of ultralight laser scanners, legal restriction related to operating UAVs equipped with LiDAR system. In the experiment described in the article two datasets are introduced, one collected with Riegl VUX-1 UAV mounted on the first platform and the second with YellowScan Mapper that is a part of second UAV system. Captured datasets are evaluated concerning point density, spatial resolution, vegetation penetration and noise of laser beam assessment. The comparison indicates the differences between the platforms, what determines fields of their application. Therefore, conclusion related to the presented perspectives of development of UAV laser scanning can be drawn and possible future applications of both platforms are discussed.
{"title":"Comparison of the laser scanning solutions for the unmanned aerial vehicles","authors":"W. Ostrowski, Konrad Górski, M. Pilarska, Adam Salach, K. Bakuła","doi":"10.14681/AFKIT.2017.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14681/AFKIT.2017.008","url":null,"abstract":"STRESZCZENIE: This article provides description of new achievements in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in the field of photogrammetry and remote sensing related to laser scanning technology. Platforms equipped with laser scanners are becoming a growing trend in UAV mapping. Two perspectives of development, which use laser sensors, as payload are described in this paper. The first solution is related to application of advanced LiDAR sensor, which collects data with simulated Beyond Visual Line Of Sight UAV (BVLOS UAV) platform from high altitude. The second development was less expensive UAV laser scanning system that acquires data from low-altitude Visual Line Of Sight (VLOS) platform. Additionally, state-of-art of LiDAR sensors, which can be mounted on UAVs, is presented, including categorization of ultralight laser scanners, legal restriction related to operating UAVs equipped with LiDAR system. In the experiment described in the article two datasets are introduced, one collected with Riegl VUX-1 UAV mounted on the first platform and the second with YellowScan Mapper that is a part of second UAV system. Captured datasets are evaluated concerning point density, spatial resolution, vegetation penetration and noise of laser beam assessment. The comparison indicates the differences between the platforms, what determines fields of their application. Therefore, conclusion related to the presented perspectives of development of UAV laser scanning can be drawn and possible future applications of both platforms are discussed.","PeriodicalId":30976,"journal":{"name":"Archiwum Fotogrametrii Kartografii i Teledetekcji","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66829832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Wyznaczenie mapy deformacji obiektu inżynierskiego","authors":"R. Gradka, A. Kwinta","doi":"10.14681/AFKIT.2017.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14681/AFKIT.2017.004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":30976,"journal":{"name":"Archiwum Fotogrametrii Kartografii i Teledetekcji","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66829929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Kolecki, M. Prochaska, P. Piątek, J. Baranowski, Z. Kurczynski
The paper presents the experiments on the ultralight, stabilized mapping system designed for the gyrocopters (autogyros). It attempts to answer the following question: in what extent the applied stabilization solution (based on the Stewart platform) improves the quality of acquired LiDAR and photogrammetric data? The number of simulations resulting in measures of the influence of the stabilization on the point cloud density, point pattern and image overlaps has been carried out. As the input data the angular parameters of the trajectories recorded within the first test flight were utilized. Using the data, the artificial points clouds were generated. The clouds ware free of the geometric disturbances caused by such a factors as height differences of the terrain and instable flight speed. The only disturbances observed were to be caused by angular deflections that were not stabilized. Obtained results confirm that the stabilization system helps to keep the planned cloud density and overlaps of the images. However the disturbances in point pattern are caused mainly by vibrations and cannot by properly suppressed by the stabilization system. In the summary the ways of further system improvements were suggested.
{"title":"A mapping platform for gyrocopters - the influence of the stabilization on data geometry","authors":"J. Kolecki, M. Prochaska, P. Piątek, J. Baranowski, Z. Kurczynski","doi":"10.14681/AFKIT.2017.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14681/AFKIT.2017.005","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents the experiments on the ultralight, stabilized mapping system designed for the gyrocopters (autogyros). It attempts to answer the following question: in what extent the applied stabilization solution (based on the Stewart platform) improves the quality of acquired LiDAR and photogrammetric data? The number of simulations resulting in measures of the influence of the stabilization on the point cloud density, point pattern and image overlaps has been carried out. As the input data the angular parameters of the trajectories recorded within the first test flight were utilized. Using the data, the artificial points clouds were generated. The clouds ware free of the geometric disturbances caused by such a factors as height differences of the terrain and instable flight speed. The only disturbances observed were to be caused by angular deflections that were not stabilized. Obtained results confirm that the stabilization system helps to keep the planned cloud density and overlaps of the images. However the disturbances in point pattern are caused mainly by vibrations and cannot by properly suppressed by the stabilization system. In the summary the ways of further system improvements were suggested.","PeriodicalId":30976,"journal":{"name":"Archiwum Fotogrametrii Kartografii i Teledetekcji","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66829976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years the term "precise forestry" has been used more and more often, referring to a modern and sustainable model of forest management. Functioning of such management of wood biomass resources is based, among others, on precisely defined and log-term monitored selected forest taxation parameters of single trees and whole forest stands based on modern geoinformation technologies, including Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) and digital photogrammetry. The purpose of the work was the analysis of the usefulness of the CHM (Canopy Height Model) generated from the image-based point cloud or ALS technology to define the number of trees using the method of the segmentation of single Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) crowns. The study was carried out in the Scots pine stands located in the Bory Tucholskie National Park (Poland). Due to the intentional lack of certain silviculture treatments, over the recent decades, these forest stands have been characterized by relatively high tree density, compared to managed forests. The CHM was generated from digital airborne photos (CIR composition; GSD 0.15 m) and on the other hand from the ALS point clouds (4 points/m; ISOK project). To generate point clouds from airborne photos using stereomatching method, the PhotoScan Professional (Agisoft) software was applied. The CHM coming from the Image-Based Point Cloud (CHM_IPC; GSD: 0.30 m) and ALS data (CHM_ALS; GSD: 0.75 m) were generated using FUSION (USDA Forest Service) software. The segmentation of tree crowns was carried out in eCognition Developer (TRIMBLE GeoSpatial) software. Apart from height models, also spectral information was used (so-called true CIR orthophotomaps; GSD: 0.3 and 0.75 m). To assess the accuracy of the obtained results, the ground truth data from 248 reference areas were used. The carried out analyses showed that in forest stands of younger age classes (< 120 years) better results were achieved applying the method of image matching (CHM_IPC), while in the case of older stands (> 120 years) the accuracy of the detection rate of tree crowns was the highest when CHM_ALS model was applied. The mean percentage error (defined by the number of trees, based on the detection of single pine crowns), calculated based on 248 ground truth areas was 0.89%, which shows a great potential of digital photogrammetry (IPC) and GEOBIA. In case of almost full nationwide cover in Poland of airborne digital images (present IPC models) and ALS point clouds
{"title":"Determination of the number of trees in the Bory Tucholskie National Park using crown delineation of the canopy height models derived from aerial photos matching and airborne laser scanning data","authors":"P. Wężyk, P. Hawryło, Marta Szostak","doi":"10.14681/AFKIT.2016.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14681/AFKIT.2016.011","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years the term \"precise forestry\" has been used more and more often, referring to a modern and sustainable model of forest management. Functioning of such management of wood biomass resources is based, among others, on precisely defined and log-term monitored selected forest taxation parameters of single trees and whole forest stands based on modern geoinformation technologies, including Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) and digital photogrammetry. The purpose of the work was the analysis of the usefulness of the CHM (Canopy Height Model) generated from the image-based point cloud or ALS technology to define the number of trees using the method of the segmentation of single Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) crowns. The study was carried out in the Scots pine stands located in the Bory Tucholskie National Park (Poland). Due to the intentional lack of certain silviculture treatments, over the recent decades, these forest stands have been characterized by relatively high tree density, compared to managed forests. The CHM was generated from digital airborne photos (CIR composition; GSD 0.15 m) and on the other hand from the ALS point clouds (4 points/m; ISOK project). To generate point clouds from airborne photos using stereomatching method, the PhotoScan Professional (Agisoft) software was applied. The CHM coming from the Image-Based Point Cloud (CHM_IPC; GSD: 0.30 m) and ALS data (CHM_ALS; GSD: 0.75 m) were generated using FUSION (USDA Forest Service) software. The segmentation of tree crowns was carried out in eCognition Developer (TRIMBLE GeoSpatial) software. Apart from height models, also spectral information was used (so-called true CIR orthophotomaps; GSD: 0.3 and 0.75 m). To assess the accuracy of the obtained results, the ground truth data from 248 reference areas were used. The carried out analyses showed that in forest stands of younger age classes (< 120 years) better results were achieved applying the method of image matching (CHM_IPC), while in the case of older stands (> 120 years) the accuracy of the detection rate of tree crowns was the highest when CHM_ALS model was applied. The mean percentage error (defined by the number of trees, based on the detection of single pine crowns), calculated based on 248 ground truth areas was 0.89%, which shows a great potential of digital photogrammetry (IPC) and GEOBIA. In case of almost full nationwide cover in Poland of airborne digital images (present IPC models) and ALS point clouds","PeriodicalId":30976,"journal":{"name":"Archiwum Fotogrametrii Kartografii i Teledetekcji","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66829520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT: Generation of precise and, at the same time, high resolution architectural documentation, acquired on the basis of terrestrial laser scanning or dense point clouds from digital images is still and open issue, which forms many challenges. Today, close range photogrammetry has great potential for development through the use of low-cost image acquisition tools. Mobile phones, digital camcorders or compact cameras are all sources of data, which potentially allow for the creation of reliable and accurate three-dimensional models of analysed scenes. This paper presents the results of a comparison between these aforementioned sources of image information, acquired by simple and popular cameras, and data acquired from a close range laser scanner. These sets of photos produced several virtual models of small architectural details, supported by Agisoft software. A final rating was conducted using data acquired for the same object using a laser scanner, which was taken as a referential approximation of the three-dimensional shape.
{"title":"Acquisition of a three-dimensional virtual model using popular cameras","authors":"M. Kowalczyk, J. Markiewicz","doi":"10.14681/AFKIT.2016.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14681/AFKIT.2016.002","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: Generation of precise and, at the same time, high resolution architectural documentation, acquired on the basis of terrestrial laser scanning or dense point clouds from digital images is still and open issue, which forms many challenges. Today, close range photogrammetry has great potential for development through the use of low-cost image acquisition tools. Mobile phones, digital camcorders or compact cameras are all sources of data, which potentially allow for the creation of reliable and accurate three-dimensional models of analysed scenes. This paper presents the results of a comparison between these aforementioned sources of image information, acquired by simple and popular cameras, and data acquired from a close range laser scanner. These sets of photos produced several virtual models of small architectural details, supported by Agisoft software. A final rating was conducted using data acquired for the same object using a laser scanner, which was taken as a referential approximation of the three-dimensional shape.","PeriodicalId":30976,"journal":{"name":"Archiwum Fotogrametrii Kartografii i Teledetekcji","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66829105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Z. Kurczynski, Abeldina R. Kaltaevna, Kurmanova G. Kenesovna, Smunyova L. Vladimirovna, Moldumarova Z. Elibaevna, Yermekov F. Kerimbaevich
The development of digital photogrammetric technology, supported by the appearance of high resolution digital aerial cameras and new satellite imaging systems, has resulted in the transformation of the quality of photogrammetric products and their wide distribution. This has created new areas of interests, including their use for cadastral works. This paper discusses the issues related to the creation and modernization of cadastral maps in Poland and Kazakhstan. Extensive works in this field are performed in both countries: in Kazakhstan, this work results from systematic changes and in Poland, they are performed within the Governmental Programme of Development of an Integrated Real Estate Information System (ZSIN). Different conditions and demands for cadastral maps exist in both countries and they may be met by different technical means. In Kazakhstan, high resolution satellite images are useful. Their use has been fostered by two Earth satellite observation systems which were introduced two years ago. In Poland the conditions and demands dictate the use of high resolution aerial photographs. This paper discusses also in more detail the status of these works and demands, the existing capabilities of satellite imaging systems and the technical and organizational conditions relating to the use of contemporary photogrammetry for the modernization of cadastral maps in both countries.
{"title":"Possibilities of applying modern photogrammetry for the modernization of cadastral maps in Poland and Kazakhstan","authors":"Z. Kurczynski, Abeldina R. Kaltaevna, Kurmanova G. Kenesovna, Smunyova L. Vladimirovna, Moldumarova Z. Elibaevna, Yermekov F. Kerimbaevich","doi":"10.14681/AFKIT.2016.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14681/AFKIT.2016.004","url":null,"abstract":"The development of digital photogrammetric technology, supported by the appearance of high resolution digital aerial cameras and new satellite imaging systems, has resulted in the transformation of the quality of photogrammetric products and their wide distribution. This has created new areas of interests, including their use for cadastral works. This paper discusses the issues related to the creation and modernization of cadastral maps in Poland and Kazakhstan. Extensive works in this field are performed in both countries: in Kazakhstan, this work results from systematic changes and in Poland, they are performed within the Governmental Programme of Development of an Integrated Real Estate Information System (ZSIN). Different conditions and demands for cadastral maps exist in both countries and they may be met by different technical means. In Kazakhstan, high resolution satellite images are useful. Their use has been fostered by two Earth satellite observation systems which were introduced two years ago. In Poland the conditions and demands dictate the use of high resolution aerial photographs. This paper discusses also in more detail the status of these works and demands, the existing capabilities of satellite imaging systems and the technical and organizational conditions relating to the use of contemporary photogrammetry for the modernization of cadastral maps in both countries.","PeriodicalId":30976,"journal":{"name":"Archiwum Fotogrametrii Kartografii i Teledetekcji","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66829310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current, appropriate and highly accurate digital terrain model (DTM) is one of the essential aspects of the spatial database in 3D open-pit mining monitoring. Remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS), named unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), are becoming standard platforms for moving the digital camera in space and allowing for the collection of aerial images. The images can be processed using computer vision (CV) and structure from motion (SfM) with the traditional, established procedures of photogrammetry. The presented work shows the processing workflow of low-cost multi-rotor UAV platforms, capable of acquiring the photogrammetric data with a singlelens reflex (SLR) digital camera and Agisoft PhotoScan post-processing software. Regarding the photogrammetric minimum constraints results, like digital surface model (DSM) / DTM and contour lines, textured point clouds can be produced. With high-quality UAV equipment and resources, this study is focused on the feasibility and adaptability analysis of low-cost UAV techniques and their applications for 3D mapping. The first tests were developed using the multimedia Pergola fountain in Wroclaw regarding image acquisition, big data problems and data reduction. The objective of the study is to determine the accuracy of the photogrammetry output and to evaluate the internal quality control (IQC) of the DSM of the region of interest (ROI) regarding the open-pit mine characteristics.
{"title":"Experiment with remotely piloted aircraft systems imagery for dtm modelling","authors":"J. Wajs","doi":"10.14681/AFKIT.2016.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14681/AFKIT.2016.010","url":null,"abstract":"The current, appropriate and highly accurate digital terrain model (DTM) is one of the essential aspects of the spatial database in 3D open-pit mining monitoring. Remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS), named unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), are becoming standard platforms for moving the digital camera in space and allowing for the collection of aerial images. The images can be processed using computer vision (CV) and structure from motion (SfM) with the traditional, established procedures of photogrammetry. The presented work shows the processing workflow of low-cost multi-rotor UAV platforms, capable of acquiring the photogrammetric data with a singlelens reflex (SLR) digital camera and Agisoft PhotoScan post-processing software. Regarding the photogrammetric minimum constraints results, like digital surface model (DSM) / DTM and contour lines, textured point clouds can be produced. With high-quality UAV equipment and resources, this study is focused on the feasibility and adaptability analysis of low-cost UAV techniques and their applications for 3D mapping. The first tests were developed using the multimedia Pergola fountain in Wroclaw regarding image acquisition, big data problems and data reduction. The objective of the study is to determine the accuracy of the photogrammetry output and to evaluate the internal quality control (IQC) of the DSM of the region of interest (ROI) regarding the open-pit mine characteristics.","PeriodicalId":30976,"journal":{"name":"Archiwum Fotogrametrii Kartografii i Teledetekcji","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66829120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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