Pub Date : 2022-01-25DOI: 10.30834/kjp.35.1.2022.288
B. Mathew, Soumya P. Thomas, R. Kallivayalil
{"title":"Gender differences in bipolar disorder- a cross-sectional study in central Kerala","authors":"B. Mathew, Soumya P. Thomas, R. Kallivayalil","doi":"10.30834/kjp.35.1.2022.288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30834/kjp.35.1.2022.288","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":31047,"journal":{"name":"Kerala Journal of Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49010167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-20DOI: 10.30834/kjp.35.1.2022.299
Deepthi Vijay Hudge, Aneesh Bhat, A. Cherian, S. Rao, Francis N. P. Monteiro
{"title":"Intimate partner violence and its association with common mental disorders among spouses of men with alcohol dependence syndrome attending tertiary care hospital","authors":"Deepthi Vijay Hudge, Aneesh Bhat, A. Cherian, S. Rao, Francis N. P. Monteiro","doi":"10.30834/kjp.35.1.2022.299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30834/kjp.35.1.2022.299","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":31047,"journal":{"name":"Kerala Journal of Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44640425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-07DOI: 10.30834/kjp.34.2.2021.284
B. Dorai, Sanila Sara Alex, C. Pradeep
Background: The easy availability of various gadgets with the provision of faster internet at affordable prices has exponentially increased internet usage in the past few years. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of internet addiction and describe its association with disordered eating in medical college students. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 300 medical college students in south India. After obtaining ethical clearance and informed consent, students were given a questionnaire containing sociodemographic variables, Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT), and Eating Attitudes Test questionnaires (EAT). Descriptive analysis was carried out by mean and standard deviation for quantitative variables, frequency, and proportion for categorical variables. Categorical outcomes were compared between study groups using the chi-square test. Univariate binary logistic regression analysis was performed to test the association between the variables. Results: The prevalence of internet addiction was 46.7% in this study. Disordered eating was found to be 12.3% in medical students. Internet addiction was observed to be more in the younger age group. (P <0.001) A significant association was obtained between internet addiction and disordered eating. (P <0.05). Conclusion: Nearly half of the medical students in this study were addicted to the internet, and disordered eating was also high among medical students. A closer look into the aspects like internet addiction and eating disorders is required, as these may silently impact the life and productivity of the budding doctors.
{"title":"Prevalence of internet addiction and its relationship with disordered eating among medical college students in south India: a cross-sectional study","authors":"B. Dorai, Sanila Sara Alex, C. Pradeep","doi":"10.30834/kjp.34.2.2021.284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30834/kjp.34.2.2021.284","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The easy availability of various gadgets with the provision of faster internet at affordable prices has exponentially increased internet usage in the past few years. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of internet addiction and describe its association with disordered eating in medical college students. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 300 medical college students in south India. After obtaining ethical clearance and informed consent, students were given a questionnaire containing sociodemographic variables, Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT), and Eating Attitudes Test questionnaires (EAT). Descriptive analysis was carried out by mean and standard deviation for quantitative variables, frequency, and proportion for categorical variables. Categorical outcomes were compared between study groups using the chi-square test. Univariate binary logistic regression analysis was performed to test the association between the variables. Results: The prevalence of internet addiction was 46.7% in this study. Disordered eating was found to be 12.3% in medical students. Internet addiction was observed to be more in the younger age group. (P <0.001) A significant association was obtained between internet addiction and disordered eating. (P <0.05). Conclusion: Nearly half of the medical students in this study were addicted to the internet, and disordered eating was also high among medical students. A closer look into the aspects like internet addiction and eating disorders is required, as these may silently impact the life and productivity of the budding doctors.","PeriodicalId":31047,"journal":{"name":"Kerala Journal of Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45815387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-12DOI: 10.30834/kjp.34.2.2021.295
A. S, G. Kini, A. Kakunje
Background: Bipolar Affective Disorder is defined as an affective or mood illness characterised by distinct episodes of elevated mood and sad mood. However, many patients report recurrent episodes of mania but no depressive episodes usually termed as Unipolar Mania. Our study aimed to identify Unipolar Mania among patients diagnosed with Bipolar Affective Disorder and assess any difference in the clinical and socio-demographic profile between the two groups. Material and methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted between April 2020 and March 2021 at the outpatient clinic of a tertiary care medical college hospital. Patients aged >18 years and diagnosed with Bipolar Affective Disorder as per ICD-10 criteria constituted the study population. Patients with a history of any medical illness that may significantly influence CNS function or structure as judged by clinical evidence were excluded. Results: A total of 52 patients were included in the present study after obtaining informed consent, 26 patients each in both groups. The mean age of patients in the Unipolar Mania (UM) group was 38.77±12.42 yrs, and Bipolar Affective Disorder (BPAD) group was 41.15±12.47yrs. The younger age of onset was noted among UM group (25.62±5.31) compared to the BPAD group (28.69±6.29). Psychotic symptoms in the first episode, suicidal attempts, comorbid anxiety disorder, substance use disorder and medical illness were more common among the BPAD group. In contrast, the seasonality was more common among UM group. There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding the number of episodes, the number of psychotic episodes, and mood-congruent psychotic episodes. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire score was almost similar in both groups. Conclusion: There were no significant differences between the Unipolar Mania (UM) group and Bipolar Affective Disorder (BPAD) group regarding clinical and socio-demographic variables. Unipolar mania, perhaps, is not a distinct nosological disorder. Unipolar mania could be considered a course specifier similar to how rapid cycling, seasonality, and peripartum onset mood disorders are considered rather than a separate nosological entity.
{"title":"Comparison of socio-demographic and clinical factors between “unipolar mania” and bipolar affective disorder","authors":"A. S, G. Kini, A. Kakunje","doi":"10.30834/kjp.34.2.2021.295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30834/kjp.34.2.2021.295","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Bipolar Affective Disorder is defined as an affective or mood illness characterised by distinct episodes of elevated mood and sad mood. However, many patients report recurrent episodes of mania but no depressive episodes usually termed as Unipolar Mania. Our study aimed to identify Unipolar Mania among patients diagnosed with Bipolar Affective Disorder and assess any difference in the clinical and socio-demographic profile between the two groups. Material and methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted between April 2020 and March 2021 at the outpatient clinic of a tertiary care medical college hospital. Patients aged >18 years and diagnosed with Bipolar Affective Disorder as per ICD-10 criteria constituted the study population. Patients with a history of any medical illness that may significantly influence CNS function or structure as judged by clinical evidence were excluded. Results: A total of 52 patients were included in the present study after obtaining informed consent, 26 patients each in both groups. The mean age of patients in the Unipolar Mania (UM) group was 38.77±12.42 yrs, and Bipolar Affective Disorder (BPAD) group was 41.15±12.47yrs. The younger age of onset was noted among UM group (25.62±5.31) compared to the BPAD group (28.69±6.29). Psychotic symptoms in the first episode, suicidal attempts, comorbid anxiety disorder, substance use disorder and medical illness were more common among the BPAD group. In contrast, the seasonality was more common among UM group. There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding the number of episodes, the number of psychotic episodes, and mood-congruent psychotic episodes. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire score was almost similar in both groups. Conclusion: There were no significant differences between the Unipolar Mania (UM) group and Bipolar Affective Disorder (BPAD) group regarding clinical and socio-demographic variables. Unipolar mania, perhaps, is not a distinct nosological disorder. Unipolar mania could be considered a course specifier similar to how rapid cycling, seasonality, and peripartum onset mood disorders are considered rather than a separate nosological entity.","PeriodicalId":31047,"journal":{"name":"Kerala Journal of Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47996490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-31DOI: 10.30834/kjp.34.2.2021.286
Nimmy Abraham, R. Kallivayalil
Background: Breast cancer is the commonest cancer among women worldwide. The diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer are strongly associated with anxiety and depression, which negatively affects the patient's quality of life (QOL). We aimed to study the prevalence of anxiety and depression in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and their quality of life. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 30 women aged 18-65 years diagnosed with breast cancer and undergoing chemotherapy in a tertiary care centre in Kerala, India. Anxiety and depression were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). QOL and its domains were assessed using the WHOQOL ‑ BREF. Results: The mean age of women in the study was 53.57±7.33 years. Of the 30 patients, the prevalence of anxiety and depression was 16.7% and 20.0%, respectively. The severity of anxiety was mild, and among patients with depression, 3.3% had moderate depression. In the domains of QOL, the physical domain score was minimal, while the domain of the social relation had a maximum score. The physical domain of QOL was significantly associated with chemotherapy-related hair loss and mouth sores, psychological domain with a family history of psychiatric illness, chemotherapy-related nausea/vomiting and mouth sores. Occupation and total monthly income were associated with the environment domain and postsurgical status with the social relations domain. Conclusion: Anxiety and depression were found in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, and the overall QOL was not affected by anxiety or depression.
{"title":"Anxiety, depression and quality of life in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy in a tertiary care centre- a cross-sectional study","authors":"Nimmy Abraham, R. Kallivayalil","doi":"10.30834/kjp.34.2.2021.286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30834/kjp.34.2.2021.286","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Breast cancer is the commonest cancer among women worldwide. The diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer are strongly associated with anxiety and depression, which negatively affects the patient's quality of life (QOL). We aimed to study the prevalence of anxiety and depression in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and their quality of life. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 30 women aged 18-65 years diagnosed with breast cancer and undergoing chemotherapy in a tertiary care centre in Kerala, India. Anxiety and depression were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). QOL and its domains were assessed using the WHOQOL ‑ BREF. Results: The mean age of women in the study was 53.57±7.33 years. Of the 30 patients, the prevalence of anxiety and depression was 16.7% and 20.0%, respectively. The severity of anxiety was mild, and among patients with depression, 3.3% had moderate depression. In the domains of QOL, the physical domain score was minimal, while the domain of the social relation had a maximum score. The physical domain of QOL was significantly associated with chemotherapy-related hair loss and mouth sores, psychological domain with a family history of psychiatric illness, chemotherapy-related nausea/vomiting and mouth sores. Occupation and total monthly income were associated with the environment domain and postsurgical status with the social relations domain. Conclusion: Anxiety and depression were found in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, and the overall QOL was not affected by anxiety or depression.","PeriodicalId":31047,"journal":{"name":"Kerala Journal of Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44151446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-18DOI: 10.30834/KJP.34.2.2021.278
C. Tomy, Anju Lakshmi, K. Mathew, Arya Jith
Background: Eating disorders are one of the most under-recognised psychiatric conditions which can lead to considerable morbidity. With their high workloads, academic pressure, and peer influence, medical students may be more likely to develop eating disorders. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of eating disorders among medical students in a college in Kerala. It was also planned to find its association with body shape concerns, depression, anxiety and stress. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 472 undergraduate medical students and interns at a medical college in Kerala. Socio-demographic proforma, Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26), Body Shape Questionnaire-8C (vBSQ-8C), Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21(DASS-21)-were administered after obtaining informed written consent. Statistical analysis was done using the chi-square test and Pearson correlation. Results: The prevalence of risk of eating disorders among medical students was 19.1%. Depression, anxiety and stress were significantly associated with the risk of eating disorders (p=0.034, p=0.001 and p=0.001, respectively). A positive correlation was found between the risk of eating disorders, body shape concerns and body mass index (p=0.001). Conclusion: A considerable risk of eating disorders was noted among medical students in Kerala. Body shape concerns and symptoms suggestive of depression, anxiety, and stress showed a significant association with the risk of eating disorders. Increased awareness and early identification can help institute timely interventions.
{"title":"Risk of eating disorders and its association with body image concerns, depression, anxiety and stress among medical students in a college in Kerala","authors":"C. Tomy, Anju Lakshmi, K. Mathew, Arya Jith","doi":"10.30834/KJP.34.2.2021.278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30834/KJP.34.2.2021.278","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Eating disorders are one of the most under-recognised psychiatric conditions which can lead to considerable morbidity. With their high workloads, academic pressure, and peer influence, medical students may be more likely to develop eating disorders. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of eating disorders among medical students in a college in Kerala. It was also planned to find its association with body shape concerns, depression, anxiety and stress. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 472 undergraduate medical students and interns at a medical college in Kerala. Socio-demographic proforma, Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26), Body Shape Questionnaire-8C (vBSQ-8C), Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21(DASS-21)-were administered after obtaining informed written consent. Statistical analysis was done using the chi-square test and Pearson correlation. Results: The prevalence of risk of eating disorders among medical students was 19.1%. Depression, anxiety and stress were significantly associated with the risk of eating disorders (p=0.034, p=0.001 and p=0.001, respectively). A positive correlation was found between the risk of eating disorders, body shape concerns and body mass index (p=0.001). Conclusion: A considerable risk of eating disorders was noted among medical students in Kerala. Body shape concerns and symptoms suggestive of depression, anxiety, and stress showed a significant association with the risk of eating disorders. Increased awareness and early identification can help institute timely interventions.","PeriodicalId":31047,"journal":{"name":"Kerala Journal of Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44674671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-07DOI: 10.30834/KJP.34.2.2021.271
V. Vipin, Praveeen Arathil
Background: Refractory focal epilepsy is a disorder associated with a significant impact on quality of life and disability. Having comorbid psychiatric disorders among these subjects has been well documented. Recently studies have looked at how this impacts the quality of life and disability, but they are few in number. Methodology: Subjects were taken from the epilepsy clinic whom neurologist diagnosed as having refractory focal epilepsy. MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) was used to identify psychiatric comorbidity. Two groups of 25 subjects were made based on whether they had or did not have psychiatric comorbidities and further assessed with the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL)-BREF for quality of life and World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0) for disability. Results: Analysis of the two groups showed quality of life score lesser in the group with psychiatric comorbidities, which was significant (p<0.001). Similarly, the disability score was higher in the group with psychiatric comorbidities, which was significant (p<0.001). The quality of life was lowest in major depressive disorder (60.80±8.47) and disability was highest in psychosis (105.33±1.53). Conclusion: Psychiatric comorbidities in subjects with refractory focal epilepsy significantly impact the quality of life and disability. It is essential to have a good team approach, and liaison between neurology and psychiatry for early detection and treatment of such symptoms will decrease healthcare costs and improve quality of life.
{"title":"Does psychiatric comorbidity influences quality of life and disability among subjects with refractory focal epilepsy- a comparative cross-sectional study","authors":"V. Vipin, Praveeen Arathil","doi":"10.30834/KJP.34.2.2021.271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30834/KJP.34.2.2021.271","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Refractory focal epilepsy is a disorder associated with a significant impact on quality of life and disability. Having comorbid psychiatric disorders among these subjects has been well documented. Recently studies have looked at how this impacts the quality of life and disability, but they are few in number. Methodology: Subjects were taken from the epilepsy clinic whom neurologist diagnosed as having refractory focal epilepsy. MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) was used to identify psychiatric comorbidity. Two groups of 25 subjects were made based on whether they had or did not have psychiatric comorbidities and further assessed with the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL)-BREF for quality of life and World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0) for disability. Results: Analysis of the two groups showed quality of life score lesser in the group with psychiatric comorbidities, which was significant (p<0.001). Similarly, the disability score was higher in the group with psychiatric comorbidities, which was significant (p<0.001). The quality of life was lowest in major depressive disorder (60.80±8.47) and disability was highest in psychosis (105.33±1.53). Conclusion: Psychiatric comorbidities in subjects with refractory focal epilepsy significantly impact the quality of life and disability. It is essential to have a good team approach, and liaison between neurology and psychiatry for early detection and treatment of such symptoms will decrease healthcare costs and improve quality of life.","PeriodicalId":31047,"journal":{"name":"Kerala Journal of Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44787822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-04DOI: 10.30834/KJP.34.2.2021.273
Nitin Pattanashetty, Jitendra Mugali, Niharika Hs
Background: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) has consequences on behaviour, cognitive abilities, mental health status, academic performance, and overall quality of life. The study examined the prevalence of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) among high school going girls of Gadag. Methods: A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 900 high school going girls aged 12-16 years from government and private schools of Gadag district. The data was collected using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. The proforma included socio-demographic profile and symptoms related to PMDD. A detailed history was obtained from parents and teachers. Data were analysed using coGuide software, V.1.03 and the p-value was set at < 0.05. Results: In the present study, the prevalence of PMDD was 4.89%. Out of 900 girls, 650(70%) were studying in 9th and 10th standard. Forty-four students were diagnosed with PMDD, out of which 14 (4.32%) were aged 14years, 17 (4.89%) were in 9th St, 30 (4.3%) belonged to English medium, and the majority, 39 (10.1%), were Hindus. Hindu religion was found to be significantly associated with PMDD (P-value of <0.001). No significant difference in PMDD was seen with age (p-value 0.325), the standard of studying (P-value of 0.948), and medium of instruction (P-value of 0.123). Conclusion: The magnitude of PMDD, according to this study, is 4.89%, and the menstrual health of young schoolgirls, particularly those in the age group 12 to 16 years, needs significant public health attention.
{"title":"Prevalence of premenstrual dysphoric disorder among high school girls of Gadag district, Karnataka, india- a school-based cross-sectional study","authors":"Nitin Pattanashetty, Jitendra Mugali, Niharika Hs","doi":"10.30834/KJP.34.2.2021.273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30834/KJP.34.2.2021.273","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) has consequences on behaviour, cognitive abilities, mental health status, academic performance, and overall quality of life. The study examined the prevalence of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) among high school going girls of Gadag. Methods: A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 900 high school going girls aged 12-16 years from government and private schools of Gadag district. The data was collected using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. The proforma included socio-demographic profile and symptoms related to PMDD. A detailed history was obtained from parents and teachers. Data were analysed using coGuide software, V.1.03 and the p-value was set at < 0.05. Results: In the present study, the prevalence of PMDD was 4.89%. Out of 900 girls, 650(70%) were studying in 9th and 10th standard. Forty-four students were diagnosed with PMDD, out of which 14 (4.32%) were aged 14years, 17 (4.89%) were in 9th St, 30 (4.3%) belonged to English medium, and the majority, 39 (10.1%), were Hindus. Hindu religion was found to be significantly associated with PMDD (P-value of <0.001). No significant difference in PMDD was seen with age (p-value 0.325), the standard of studying (P-value of 0.948), and medium of instruction (P-value of 0.123). Conclusion: The magnitude of PMDD, according to this study, is 4.89%, and the menstrual health of young schoolgirls, particularly those in the age group 12 to 16 years, needs significant public health attention.","PeriodicalId":31047,"journal":{"name":"Kerala Journal of Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44399193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-03DOI: 10.30834/kjp.34.1.2021.292
P. Indu, K. Vidhukumar
Case-control studies (CSS) are observational analytic studies done often in instances of rare cases or outcomes. In a case-control study, clearly defined cases and controls arising from the same population is compared for well-measured exposures. The ease of conduct of the study in terms of resources makes CSS popular. However, since the direction of the study is retrospective, selection and measurement biases are potential threats to the validity of conclusions from CSS. Moreover, CSS gives not give a direct estimate of the risk. Another issue with the CSS study is confounding. How these validity issues could be addressed are also discussed.
{"title":"Case-Control Studies (Research Methods in Psychiatry)","authors":"P. Indu, K. Vidhukumar","doi":"10.30834/kjp.34.1.2021.292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30834/kjp.34.1.2021.292","url":null,"abstract":"Case-control studies (CSS) are observational analytic studies done often in instances of rare cases or outcomes. In a case-control study, clearly defined cases and controls arising from the same population is compared for well-measured exposures. The ease of conduct of the study in terms of resources makes CSS popular. However, since the direction of the study is retrospective, selection and measurement biases are potential threats to the validity of conclusions from CSS. Moreover, CSS gives not give a direct estimate of the risk. Another issue with the CSS study is confounding. How these validity issues could be addressed are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":31047,"journal":{"name":"Kerala Journal of Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42712403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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