Pub Date : 2022-02-13DOI: 10.22453/lsj-021.2.252-261
Mahmoud Nemer Abboud
In mathematics, any equation is formed from specific elements; these elements are connected to each other according to a system of relationships (Borowski, 1995). This system allows us to build the general rule for the equation or the mathematical issue; similarly, the sentence is formed from elements that have grammatical properties, which can be transformed to mathematical data. Hence, the elements or the words that carry the grammatical properties of the sentence correlate to each other to form a mathematical relation; this mathematical relation forms the theory of sentence construction. Therefore, the analysis process is correct when we can collect mathematical data contained within the elements; in other words, we indicate the mathematical data contained in the words located in a specific sentence. These mathematical data will form the elements of the mathematical theory of the Arabic sentence.
{"title":"Arabic Grammar by Mathematical Principles.","authors":"Mahmoud Nemer Abboud","doi":"10.22453/lsj-021.2.252-261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22453/lsj-021.2.252-261","url":null,"abstract":"In mathematics, any equation is formed from specific elements; these elements are connected to each other according to a system of relationships (Borowski, 1995). This system allows us to build the general rule for the equation or the mathematical issue; similarly, the sentence is formed from elements that have grammatical properties, which can be transformed to mathematical data. Hence, the elements or the words that carry the grammatical properties of the sentence correlate to each other to form a mathematical relation; this mathematical relation forms the theory of sentence construction. Therefore, the analysis process is correct when we can collect mathematical data contained within the elements; in other words, we indicate the mathematical data contained in the words located in a specific sentence. These mathematical data will form the elements of the mathematical theory of the Arabic sentence.","PeriodicalId":31081,"journal":{"name":"Lebanese Science Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45285476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-13DOI: 10.22453/lsj-021.2.156-177
Nelly Hobeika, Afaf Y. M. Younes
This study is done in the framework of CLAIM project (Cleaning Litter by developing & Applying Innovative Methods in European seas). The objective is to advance the knowledge on the current status of marine plastic pollution in the Gulf of Gabes area of the Mediterranean Sea, by quantifying and qualifying the microplastics in water and biota samples. The results obtained show a high abundance of microplastics in all marine compartments studied with an average abundance of 1.16 items/m3 ± 0.83 SD in the water sample. This concentration is relatively high compared to those reported in other Mediterranean regions. Dominance in number of fragments over other shapes of microplastics was reported in all sites. Polyethylene was the main plastic polymer for water samples (73% of the items analyzed are Polyethylene). These data underscore that the Gulf of Gabes region is a hotspot for plastic pollution, and this calls urgently for precautionary measures. Concerning the ingestion of microplastics by marine organisms, one blue plastic particle of 0.13 mm was found in 20 tested fishes. In addition, ecotoxicological tests were run in order to verify whether 1-4 and 20-25 μm polyethylene beads are likely to trigger lethal and sub-lethal responses in marine planktonic crustaceans and the results show that microplastics were accumulated in crustaceans, and may affect mortality.
{"title":"Microplastics In The Marine Environment, Presence In Water And Interaction With Marine Organisms.","authors":"Nelly Hobeika, Afaf Y. M. Younes","doi":"10.22453/lsj-021.2.156-177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22453/lsj-021.2.156-177","url":null,"abstract":"This study is done in the framework of CLAIM project (Cleaning Litter by developing & Applying Innovative Methods in European seas). The objective is to advance the knowledge on the current status of marine plastic pollution in the Gulf of Gabes area of the Mediterranean Sea, by quantifying and qualifying the microplastics in water and biota samples. The results obtained show a high abundance of microplastics in all marine compartments studied with an average abundance of 1.16 items/m3 ± 0.83 SD in the water sample. This concentration is relatively high compared to those reported in other Mediterranean regions. Dominance in number of fragments over other shapes of microplastics was reported in all sites. Polyethylene was the main plastic polymer for water samples (73% of the items analyzed are Polyethylene). These data underscore that the Gulf of Gabes region is a hotspot for plastic pollution, and this calls urgently for precautionary measures. Concerning the ingestion of microplastics by marine organisms, one blue plastic particle of 0.13 mm was found in 20 tested fishes. In addition, ecotoxicological tests were run in order to verify whether 1-4 and 20-25 μm polyethylene beads are likely to trigger lethal and sub-lethal responses in marine planktonic crustaceans and the results show that microplastics were accumulated in crustaceans, and may affect mortality.","PeriodicalId":31081,"journal":{"name":"Lebanese Science Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43535508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-13DOI: 10.22453/lsj-021.2.262-265
Ali H. Badreddine, G. Bitar
A young specimen of the blackfish, Centrolophus niger (Gmelin, 1789) was reported for the first time from the Lebanese waters. It was caught and photographed by a professional fisherman in Beirut, on 15th November 2014. The present note reports details about this first record.
{"title":"First record of the blackfish Centrolophus Niger (Teleostei: Centrolophidae) from the Lebanese waters in the eastern Mediterranean sea.","authors":"Ali H. Badreddine, G. Bitar","doi":"10.22453/lsj-021.2.262-265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22453/lsj-021.2.262-265","url":null,"abstract":"A young specimen of the blackfish, Centrolophus niger (Gmelin, 1789) was reported for the first time from the Lebanese waters. It was caught and photographed by a professional fisherman in Beirut, on 15th November 2014. The present note reports details about this first record.","PeriodicalId":31081,"journal":{"name":"Lebanese Science Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44431591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-13DOI: 10.22453/lsj-021.2.203-231
Ghassan Aziz Issa
I think this work is intriguing for a wide circle of readers interested in the history of ancient Lebanese churches. Monumental historical temples are the symbol of cultural identity showing the spiritual value of their old period and reflecting the social, cultural and economic endurance of the past. They are the main part of the architectural heritage that signalizes the continuity of history and the important link between our time and history that helps to understand the development of the architectural features in time and space. Like in many countries, ancient churches need to be identified, classified and then assessed; for this reason, in this research, I will offer an overall picture of the original ecclesiastical parts, which is based on the latest architectural and documental data. The study of these structures is important because it helps to identify the structural forms, the disaster preparedness and the potential hazards. The original damaged and undamaged parts of these churches should be examined in order to achieve proper results, considering the first step to accomplish this, is to recognize them in their original status, so that the applied intervention could be implemented respecting these results. Documentation, protection and conservation of historic monuments are the most important procedures of the cultural heritage preservation, therefore large inventory of these temples should be well documented before starting to detailed analyses and restoration projects.
{"title":"The architectural evolution of the ancient Lebanese churches in Koura, Batroun and Byblos, from the 8th Century to the 13th Century.","authors":"Ghassan Aziz Issa","doi":"10.22453/lsj-021.2.203-231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22453/lsj-021.2.203-231","url":null,"abstract":"I think this work is intriguing for a wide circle of readers interested in the history of ancient Lebanese churches. Monumental historical temples are the symbol of cultural identity showing the spiritual value of their old period and reflecting the social, cultural and economic endurance of the past. They are the main part of the architectural heritage that signalizes the continuity of history and the important link between our time and history that helps to understand the development of the architectural features in time and space. Like in many countries, ancient churches need to be identified, classified and then assessed; for this reason, in this research, I will offer an overall picture of the original ecclesiastical parts, which is based on the latest architectural and documental data. The study of these structures is important because it helps to identify the structural forms, the disaster preparedness and the potential hazards. The original damaged and undamaged parts of these churches should be examined in order to achieve proper results, considering the first step to accomplish this, is to recognize them in their original status, so that the applied intervention could be implemented respecting these results. Documentation, protection and conservation of historic monuments are the most important procedures of the cultural heritage preservation, therefore large inventory of these temples should be well documented before starting to detailed analyses and restoration projects.","PeriodicalId":31081,"journal":{"name":"Lebanese Science Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48598433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-27DOI: 10.22453/LSJ-021.2.240-243
Ali H. Badreddine, G. Bitar
A young specimen of the blackfish, Centrolophus niger (Gmelin, 1789) was reported for the first time from the Lebanese waters. It was caught and photographed by a professional fisherman in Beirut, on 15th November 2014. The present note reports details about this first record.
{"title":"First record of the blackfish Centrolophus Niger (Teleostei: Centrolophidae) from the Lebanese waters in the eastern Mediterranean sea","authors":"Ali H. Badreddine, G. Bitar","doi":"10.22453/LSJ-021.2.240-243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22453/LSJ-021.2.240-243","url":null,"abstract":"A young specimen of the blackfish, Centrolophus niger (Gmelin, 1789) was reported for the first time from the Lebanese waters. It was caught and photographed by a professional fisherman in Beirut, on 15th November 2014. The present note reports details about this first record.","PeriodicalId":31081,"journal":{"name":"Lebanese Science Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49401039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-27DOI: 10.22453/LSJ-021.2.129-145
E. Tabet, Reda A. Awali, Dalida Darazi, C. Hosri
This research aims at optimizing eggplant cultivation by comparing hydroponic fertigation recipes in coco-peat substrate with traditional soil cultivation. The first two groups of 36 plants each are fertilized according to the recipes recommended by two companies (A and B), treatments 1 and 2 respectively. The third is fertilized according to the conventional method in the soil adopted by farmers (group C). Company A applies standard fertilizer application protocol throughout the life of the plant with a stable pH and electro conductivity of 6 and 2.8 mS / cm respectively. Company B applies an upward fertilizer scheme during the plant's production cycle with a stable pH of 5.6, but an electro conductivity that varies from 2.1 mS / cm at the vegetative phase to 2.5 mS / cm from the appearance of the 1st fruit. Despite its high investment, the two hydroponic treatments T1 and T2 showed greater plant size (127 cm and 129 cm respectively at the 12th week), more fruits (15 fruits per plant each week, compared to 8 fruits per plant in the soil), and higher yield (average mass per plant reached a maximum value at the 11th week of 1.192 g for T1 and 1,189 g for T2 compared to 499 g for the soil). The difference in revenues shows a negligible financial advantage in favor of Company B. Adopting fertilization recipe of Company A or B is not a limiting factor at the financial level hence either one of the two formulations is adequate.
{"title":"Optimizing fertigation of eggplant production in hydroponic coco-peat substrate","authors":"E. Tabet, Reda A. Awali, Dalida Darazi, C. Hosri","doi":"10.22453/LSJ-021.2.129-145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22453/LSJ-021.2.129-145","url":null,"abstract":"This research aims at optimizing eggplant cultivation by comparing hydroponic fertigation recipes in coco-peat substrate with traditional soil cultivation. The first two groups of 36 plants each are fertilized according to the recipes recommended by two companies (A and B), treatments 1 and 2 respectively. The third is fertilized according to the conventional method in the soil adopted by farmers (group C). Company A applies standard fertilizer application protocol throughout the life of the plant with a stable pH and electro conductivity of 6 and 2.8 mS / cm respectively. Company B applies an upward fertilizer scheme during the plant's production cycle with a stable pH of 5.6, but an electro conductivity that varies from 2.1 mS / cm at the vegetative phase to 2.5 mS / cm from the appearance of the 1st fruit. Despite its high investment, the two hydroponic treatments T1 and T2 showed greater plant size (127 cm and 129 cm respectively at the 12th week), more fruits (15 fruits per plant each week, compared to 8 fruits per plant in the soil), and higher yield (average mass per plant reached a maximum value at the 11th week of 1.192 g for T1 and 1,189 g for T2 compared to 499 g for the soil). The difference in revenues shows a negligible financial advantage in favor of Company B. Adopting fertilization recipe of Company A or B is not a limiting factor at the financial level hence either one of the two formulations is adequate.","PeriodicalId":31081,"journal":{"name":"Lebanese Science Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46474425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-27DOI: 10.22453/LSJ-021.2.230-239
Mahmoud Abboud
In mathematics, any equation is formed from specific elements; these elements are connected to each other according to a system of relationships (Borowski, 1995). This system allows us to build the general rule for the equation or the mathematical issue; similarly, the sentence is formed from elements that have grammatical properties, which can be transformed to mathematical data. Hence, the elements or the words that carry the grammatical properties of the sentence correlate to each other to form a mathematical relation; this mathematical relation forms the theory of sentence construction. Therefore, the analysis process is correct when we can collect mathematical data contained within the elements; in other words, we indicate the mathematical data contained in the words located in a specific sentence. These mathematical data will form the elements of the mathematical theory of the Arabic sentence.
{"title":"Arabic grammar by mathematical principles","authors":"Mahmoud Abboud","doi":"10.22453/LSJ-021.2.230-239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22453/LSJ-021.2.230-239","url":null,"abstract":"In mathematics, any equation is formed from specific elements; these elements are connected to each other according to a system of relationships (Borowski, 1995). This system allows us to build the general rule for the equation or the mathematical issue; similarly, the sentence is formed from elements that have grammatical properties, which can be transformed to mathematical data. Hence, the elements or the words that carry the grammatical properties of the sentence correlate to each other to form a mathematical relation; this mathematical relation forms the theory of sentence construction. Therefore, the analysis process is correct when we can collect mathematical data contained within the elements; in other words, we indicate the mathematical data contained in the words located in a specific sentence. These mathematical data will form the elements of the mathematical theory of the Arabic sentence.","PeriodicalId":31081,"journal":{"name":"Lebanese Science Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47622384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-27DOI: 10.22453/LSJ-021.2.211-229
Lana Kazkaz
Social media brings to the fore new opinion leaders. Due to their supposed role in public debate as well as persuasion and promotion of opinions and new behaviours among users of such networks, they are called Influences. In the last few decades, communication research has explored opinion leaders as effective influences on their environments and societies. They present and interpret information, give opinions and adopt innovation before the audience, in addition to mediating between the audience and media in the communication process. More particularly, Facebook represents a new space for discussion in the Arab World. The phenomenon spread during the Arab Spring in 2011 and even expanded later. It took different forms, like the transfer of information, interpretation of incidents, and mobilization for mass events, political and cultural polarization and new critical discourse. However, what is taking place in cyberspace is still debatable. The present study looks into the new opinion leaders’ phenomenon in the Arab public sphere and their part in political and religious polarization. The discourse of posts on three Facebook accounts of new opinion leaders (Influences) in Jordan is analysed. As these figures play disparate roles in national political and cultural events and dilemmas, lessons can be derived from such a rising phenomenon. The study aims at exploring the discourse features of the posts addressing public issues which sparked widespread controversies in the period 2017-2018, such as the civil state, theocratic state, school curriculum reform and political reform in Jordan. Study has found that the new opinion leaders’ phenomenon on social media in Jordan is on the rise, in terms of political and religious polarization. That would reveal some characteristics and roles of new opinion leaders, in addition to the features of their discourse with reference to major political and religious issues and values as well as political and religious polarization.
{"title":"ole of New Opinion Leaders on Social Media in Political and Religious Polarization (Jordanian case study)","authors":"Lana Kazkaz","doi":"10.22453/LSJ-021.2.211-229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22453/LSJ-021.2.211-229","url":null,"abstract":"Social media brings to the fore new opinion leaders. Due to their supposed role in public debate as well as persuasion and promotion of opinions and new behaviours among users of such networks, they are called Influences. In the last few decades, communication research has explored opinion leaders as effective influences on their environments and societies. They present and interpret information, give opinions and adopt innovation before the audience, in addition to mediating between the audience and media in the communication process. More particularly, Facebook represents a new space for discussion in the Arab World. The phenomenon spread during the Arab Spring in 2011 and even expanded later. It took different forms, like the transfer of information, interpretation of incidents, and mobilization for mass events, political and cultural polarization and new critical discourse. However, what is taking place in cyberspace is still debatable. The present study looks into the new opinion leaders’ phenomenon in the Arab public sphere and their part in political and religious polarization. The discourse of posts on three Facebook accounts of new opinion leaders (Influences) in Jordan is analysed. As these figures play disparate roles in national political and cultural events and dilemmas, lessons can be derived from such a rising phenomenon. The study aims at exploring the discourse features of the posts addressing public issues which sparked widespread controversies in the period 2017-2018, such as the civil state, theocratic state, school curriculum reform and political reform in Jordan. Study has found that the new opinion leaders’ phenomenon on social media in Jordan is on the rise, in terms of political and religious polarization. That would reveal some characteristics and roles of new opinion leaders, in addition to the features of their discourse with reference to major political and religious issues and values as well as political and religious polarization.","PeriodicalId":31081,"journal":{"name":"Lebanese Science Journal","volume":"8 24","pages":"211-229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41308480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-27DOI: 10.22453/LSJ-021.2.119-128
Asma Rafa, M. Berrichi, A. Haddad
In this study, on the aspects of the resilience of woody species to the passage of fire, we wanted to test the alveolar specificity represented by the size of the pores of the secondary xylem of the root system in Quercus coccifera L., Pore size assessment is based on measuring 100 pores in cross sections, from the roots of 10 shrubs. The aim of this study is to explain how the roots can maintain their vitality after passing a fire and thus guarantee regeneration. In addition to the vigor of the root system of this species, the release of pyrolysis gases and the propagation of heat by conduction are provided by the porosity of the material. The results show that the pores are qualified as “fine” in the initial wood with an average diameter of 83.35 µm. In final wood, they are "very thin" with 42.30 µm in diameter. The absence of oxygen and the less porous structure delay the combustion cycle of the root system, the roots distant from the surface are thus protected from proliferation by heat conduction and thus guarantee regeneration.
{"title":"Resilience aspects of woody plant species at the passage of fire: case of Quercus coccifera in Tlemcen Mountains (Algeria)","authors":"Asma Rafa, M. Berrichi, A. Haddad","doi":"10.22453/LSJ-021.2.119-128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22453/LSJ-021.2.119-128","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, on the aspects of the resilience of woody species to the passage of fire, we wanted to test the alveolar specificity represented by the size of the pores of the secondary xylem of the root system in Quercus coccifera L., Pore size assessment is based on measuring 100 pores in cross sections, from the roots of 10 shrubs. The aim of this study is to explain how the roots can maintain their vitality after passing a fire and thus guarantee regeneration. In addition to the vigor of the root system of this species, the release of pyrolysis gases and the propagation of heat by conduction are provided by the porosity of the material. The results show that the pores are qualified as “fine” in the initial wood with an average diameter of 83.35 µm. In final wood, they are \"very thin\" with 42.30 µm in diameter. The absence of oxygen and the less porous structure delay the combustion cycle of the root system, the roots distant from the surface are thus protected from proliferation by heat conduction and thus guarantee regeneration.","PeriodicalId":31081,"journal":{"name":"Lebanese Science Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46299790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-27DOI: 10.22453/LSJ-021.2.182-210
G. Issa
I think this work is intriguing for a wide circle of readers interested in the history of ancient Lebanese churches. Monumental historical temples are the symbol of cultural identity showing the spiritual value of their old period and reflecting the social, cultural and economic endurance of the past. They are the main part of the architectural heritage that signalizes the continuity of history and the important link between our time and history that helps to understand the development of the architectural features in time and space. Like in many countries, ancient churches need to be identified, classified and then assessed; for this reason, in this research, I will offer an overall picture of the original ecclesiastical parts, which is based on the latest architectural and documental data. The study of these structures is important because it helps to identify the structural forms, the disaster preparedness and the potential hazards. The original damaged and undamaged parts of these churches should be examined in order to achieve proper results, considering the first step to accomplish this, is to recognize them in their original status, so that the applied intervention could be implemented respecting these results. Documentation, protection and conservation of historic monuments are the most important procedures of the cultural heritage preservation, therefore large inventory of these temples should be well documented before starting to detailed analyses and restoration projects.
{"title":"The architectural evolution of the ancient Lebanese churches in Koura, Batroun and Byblos, from the 8th Century to the 13th Century","authors":"G. Issa","doi":"10.22453/LSJ-021.2.182-210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22453/LSJ-021.2.182-210","url":null,"abstract":"I think this work is intriguing for a wide circle of readers interested in the history of ancient Lebanese churches. Monumental historical temples are the symbol of cultural identity showing the spiritual value of their old period and reflecting the social, cultural and economic endurance of the past. They are the main part of the architectural heritage that signalizes the continuity of history and the important link between our time and history that helps to understand the development of the architectural features in time and space. Like in many countries, ancient churches need to be identified, classified and then assessed; for this reason, in this research, I will offer an overall picture of the original ecclesiastical parts, which is based on the latest architectural and documental data. The study of these structures is important because it helps to identify the structural forms, the disaster preparedness and the potential hazards. The original damaged and undamaged parts of these churches should be examined in order to achieve proper results, considering the first step to accomplish this, is to recognize them in their original status, so that the applied intervention could be implemented respecting these results. Documentation, protection and conservation of historic monuments are the most important procedures of the cultural heritage preservation, therefore large inventory of these temples should be well documented before starting to detailed analyses and restoration projects.","PeriodicalId":31081,"journal":{"name":"Lebanese Science Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45957921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：