Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.22453/lsj-020.2.206-214
Ghefar Mohammed, D. Belkheir
The decline of cork oak trees in North-West of Algeria was supposed to be caused by a combination of primary or predisposing factors, and secondary or opportunistic factors. There is a broad consensus about the role of water scarcity and nutrients in the primary causes, given the similarity of symptoms of cork oak decline and of chronic water deficits. To identify and characterize the cork oak decline in M’sila forest, a cork oak mortality index was determined for each transience area using a GIS approach and a linear regression model formulated by analyzing the interactions between the attributes of station (competition of superior and inferior floor); and allowing a justification of cork oaks mortality. The mortality index is significantly high in the invasive shrub plots and where the Aleppo pine density is very high; in which competition for soil water between the trees and the inferior floor increases. The lowest mortality value characterized by a lower density of Aleppo pine and herbaceous inferior floor.
{"title":"A GIS approach to identify the Cork Oak Decline in M’Sila Forest (North-West of Algeria)","authors":"Ghefar Mohammed, D. Belkheir","doi":"10.22453/lsj-020.2.206-214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22453/lsj-020.2.206-214","url":null,"abstract":"The decline of cork oak trees in North-West of Algeria was supposed to be caused by a combination of primary or predisposing factors, and secondary or opportunistic factors. There is a broad consensus about the role of water scarcity and nutrients in the primary causes, given the similarity of symptoms of cork oak decline and of chronic water deficits. To identify and characterize the cork oak decline in M’sila forest, a cork oak mortality index was determined for each transience area using a GIS approach and a linear regression model formulated by analyzing the interactions between the attributes of station (competition of superior and inferior floor); and allowing a justification of cork oaks mortality. The mortality index is significantly high in the invasive shrub plots and where the Aleppo pine density is very high; in which competition for soil water between the trees and the inferior floor increases. The lowest mortality value characterized by a lower density of Aleppo pine and herbaceous inferior floor.","PeriodicalId":31081,"journal":{"name":"Lebanese Science Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68675741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.22453/lsj-020.2.215-229
E. Hajj, H. Dib, R. Yaacoub, M. Al-Amin, Zeynab Mcheik
The traditional manufacturing method of Kishk involves a daily addition of plain yoghurt to Bourghul (5:1 ratio), followed by heavy handling during the 5-day period of uncontrolled fermentation. In order to improve quality, safety and yield losses, a modified procedure with a single addition of strained yoghurt (Labneh), in a 3:1 ratio, was investigated. The physico-chemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics of both Kishk products were assessed during five days of controlled fermentation (RT: 23- 25 °C; RH: >85%). Green and dried modified-Kishk were of similar quality characteristics when compared to traditional ones. Moisture content was lower in traditional (63 %) compared to modified (66 %), whereas titratable acidity was higher in modified Kishk (1.22 against 1.02 %). Peroxidation (PV = 0; TBARS = 0.2 mg MDA/Kg), and lipolysis (AV max 3.48 %) were always in the acceptable ranges. Pathogenic bacteria (E. coli, Salmonella spp., L. monocytogenes, S. aureus) were not detected neither in green nor in dried Kishk. Sensory analysis revealed a harder texture, higher viscosity and higher scores for appearance, odor and overall acceptability in green Modified-Kishk. After drying into fine powder, Modified-Kishk showed improved nutritional, organoleptic and physical quality attributes. The modified end-product can conveniently be safely produced on an industrial scale with optimum conditions.
{"title":"Effect of modified manufacturing procedure on the overall quality attributes and safety of Kishk","authors":"E. Hajj, H. Dib, R. Yaacoub, M. Al-Amin, Zeynab Mcheik","doi":"10.22453/lsj-020.2.215-229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22453/lsj-020.2.215-229","url":null,"abstract":"The traditional manufacturing method of Kishk involves a daily addition of plain yoghurt to Bourghul (5:1 ratio), followed by heavy handling during the 5-day period of uncontrolled fermentation. In order to improve quality, safety and yield losses, a modified procedure with a single addition of strained yoghurt (Labneh), in a 3:1 ratio, was investigated. The physico-chemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics of both Kishk products were assessed during five days of controlled fermentation (RT: 23- 25 °C; RH: >85%). Green and dried modified-Kishk were of similar quality characteristics when compared to traditional ones. Moisture content was lower in traditional (63 %) compared to modified (66 %), whereas titratable acidity was higher in modified Kishk (1.22 against 1.02 %). Peroxidation (PV = 0; TBARS = 0.2 mg MDA/Kg), and lipolysis (AV max 3.48 %) were always in the acceptable ranges. Pathogenic bacteria (E. coli, Salmonella spp., L. monocytogenes, S. aureus) were not detected neither in green nor in dried Kishk. Sensory analysis revealed a harder texture, higher viscosity and higher scores for appearance, odor and overall acceptability in green Modified-Kishk. After drying into fine powder, Modified-Kishk showed improved nutritional, organoleptic and physical quality attributes. The modified end-product can conveniently be safely produced on an industrial scale with optimum conditions.","PeriodicalId":31081,"journal":{"name":"Lebanese Science Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68675835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-27DOI: 10.22453/lsj-019.3.343372
H. Amine, J. Halwani, E. Gomez, F. Merhabi
Contamination of the marine environment is associated with continental activities, marine activities and accidental spills. Providing answers to the origin of the contamination ofthe aquatic environment by PAHsis an objective of the present work. The originality of this work is to study pollutants in two types of matrix (water and sediments) during2 seasons (dry and wet) for an environmental monitoringof 6 years. This study provides a more complete overview of the state of contaminationin three coastal rivers, their transition zones and harborsin the Eastern Mediterranean following the Jiyyeh oil spill in 2006.Contaminantsconcentrations wereexpressed asthe sum of the 16 PAHs classified as prority substances by the United StatesEnvironmental Protection Agency(US-EPA). Overall,contamination was noted for all the analyzedsites. Oil spill seem to be one of the main sources of pollution in the area, as the highest levels of PAH(> 9000 ng.g-1s.w&> 8000 ng.L-1) were reported in the coastal environment of the three rivers and harbors.High levels of PAHswere also observed in rivers transitional zones, revealing the importance of terrestrial inputs (untreated wastewater discharge, leachate, solid wastes, etc.).Comparing the PAHsconcentrations measured in the sediments of the sitesanalyzed with the empirical sediment quality criteria "SQG" for the support of the general assessment of sediment toxicity, we can notice that some individual PAHand their sum can present a significant ecotoxicological risk to aquatic organisms. Further research through monitoring campaigns and toxicity tests is encouraged, as the exposure of the resident aquatic organisms and human population to these chemicals might be expected to increase over the years.
{"title":"Study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in sediments and northern waters Lebanon: Rivers, transition zones and port sites.","authors":"H. Amine, J. Halwani, E. Gomez, F. Merhabi","doi":"10.22453/lsj-019.3.343372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22453/lsj-019.3.343372","url":null,"abstract":"Contamination of the marine environment is associated with continental activities, marine activities and accidental spills. Providing answers to the origin of the contamination ofthe aquatic environment by PAHsis an objective of the present work. The originality of this work is to study pollutants in two types of matrix (water and sediments) during2 seasons (dry and wet) for an environmental monitoringof 6 years. This study provides a more complete overview of the state of contaminationin three coastal rivers, their transition zones and harborsin the Eastern Mediterranean following the Jiyyeh oil spill in 2006.Contaminantsconcentrations wereexpressed asthe sum of the 16 PAHs classified as prority substances by the United StatesEnvironmental Protection Agency(US-EPA). Overall,contamination was noted for all the analyzedsites. Oil spill seem to be one of the main sources of pollution in the area, as the highest levels of PAH(> 9000 ng.g-1s.w&> 8000 ng.L-1) were reported in the coastal environment of the three rivers and harbors.High levels of PAHswere also observed in rivers transitional zones, revealing the importance of terrestrial inputs (untreated wastewater discharge, leachate, solid wastes, etc.).Comparing the PAHsconcentrations measured in the sediments of the sitesanalyzed with the empirical sediment quality criteria \"SQG\" for the support of the general assessment of sediment toxicity, we can notice that some individual PAHand their sum can present a significant ecotoxicological risk to aquatic organisms. Further research through monitoring campaigns and toxicity tests is encouraged, as the exposure of the resident aquatic organisms and human population to these chemicals might be expected to increase over the years.","PeriodicalId":31081,"journal":{"name":"Lebanese Science Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42483666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-27DOI: 10.22453/lsj-019.3.465485
Sofiane Salaouatchi, Nesrine Boucha
En Algérie, la gouvernance hospitalière et l’évaluation des performances des hôpitaux s’inscrit dans un axe de priorité du gouvernement dans le cadre de la réforme du secteur de la santé. Son importance s’est encore plus marqué suite à la conjoncture économique que vit le pays depuis 2015, et ce en raison des grands moyens financiers alloué par l’état àce dernier secteur.Ce papier testequelques principes dela gouvernance et les perspectives d’application du nouveau management public décrit par les spécialistes sur un centre hospitalo-universitaire Algérien et en conclut de sérieusesinsuffisances en matière de pratiques managériales qui découlent des effets de la transition du modèle socialet économiquedu pays, entamée depuis le début des années quatre-vingt-dix.
{"title":"ospital governance and new public management in a university hospital center in Algeria","authors":"Sofiane Salaouatchi, Nesrine Boucha","doi":"10.22453/lsj-019.3.465485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22453/lsj-019.3.465485","url":null,"abstract":"En Algérie, la gouvernance hospitalière et l’évaluation des performances des hôpitaux s’inscrit dans un axe de priorité du gouvernement dans le cadre de la réforme du secteur de la santé. Son importance s’est encore plus marqué suite à la conjoncture économique que vit le pays depuis 2015, et ce en raison des grands moyens financiers alloué par l’état àce dernier secteur.Ce papier testequelques principes dela gouvernance et les perspectives d’application du nouveau management public décrit par les spécialistes sur un centre hospitalo-universitaire Algérien et en conclut de sérieusesinsuffisances en matière de pratiques managériales qui découlent des effets de la transition du modèle socialet économiquedu pays, entamée depuis le début des années quatre-vingt-dix.","PeriodicalId":31081,"journal":{"name":"Lebanese Science Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41473860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-27DOI: 10.22453/lsj-019.3.453464
M. Aoun, Hassan Alaaraj
Although most of studies have identified different dynamic factors that influence hospitals business development, there is always an increasing interest to find the best practices that ensure effective and sustainable marketing strategies in healthcare. The purpose of this study was to make an approach between patients and hospital managers to develop an effective marketing strategy for hospitals in Lebanon. A quantitative methodology was applied to statistically test both patients and managers’ attitudesthrough conducting two different simple surveys among patients and managers from fourdifferent hospitals in Lebanon. Self-administered questionnaires were designed in terms of marketing mix and hospitalization experience, and distributed randomly among participants to assess the implemented marketing strategies.Majority of patients were satisfied from the healthcare service provided and 93.3% of patients showed high level of loyalty to these hospitals. In terms of experiencing the marketing mix, majorityof patients were able to identify the most significant 7ps in hospitals especially in terms of price and people. Similarly, the results obtained from managers’ surveyshowed consistency of the marketing strategies applied by these hospitals with the patients’ attitudesbut with some conservation regarding the pricing strategies in the Lebanese healthcare system.The importance of healthcare marketing falls mainly in the framework of strengthening public relations with patients and maintaining a proper pricing strategy that is backed by the government and mediated by the guarantors. Future studies can be extended empirically in terms of geographical distribution of hospitals and the methodology applied.
{"title":"Healthcare Marketing: An Empirical Study among Lebanese Hospitals","authors":"M. Aoun, Hassan Alaaraj","doi":"10.22453/lsj-019.3.453464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22453/lsj-019.3.453464","url":null,"abstract":"Although most of studies have identified different dynamic factors that influence hospitals business development, there is always an increasing interest to find the best practices that ensure effective and sustainable marketing strategies in healthcare. The purpose of this study was to make an approach between patients and hospital managers to develop an effective marketing strategy for hospitals in Lebanon. A quantitative methodology was applied to statistically test both patients and managers’ attitudesthrough conducting two different simple surveys among patients and managers from fourdifferent hospitals in Lebanon. Self-administered questionnaires were designed in terms of marketing mix and hospitalization experience, and distributed randomly among participants to assess the implemented marketing strategies.Majority of patients were satisfied from the healthcare service provided and 93.3% of patients showed high level of loyalty to these hospitals. In terms of experiencing the marketing mix, majorityof patients were able to identify the most significant 7ps in hospitals especially in terms of price and people. Similarly, the results obtained from managers’ surveyshowed consistency of the marketing strategies applied by these hospitals with the patients’ attitudesbut with some conservation regarding the pricing strategies in the Lebanese healthcare system.The importance of healthcare marketing falls mainly in the framework of strengthening public relations with patients and maintaining a proper pricing strategy that is backed by the government and mediated by the guarantors. Future studies can be extended empirically in terms of geographical distribution of hospitals and the methodology applied.","PeriodicalId":31081,"journal":{"name":"Lebanese Science Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44892949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-27DOI: 10.22453/lsj-019.3.400409
S. Saggaï, D. Boutoutaou, Oum El kheir Bachi
The extremely high rate of evaporation from surface water bodies in arid and semi-arid regions greatly reduces optimal utilization of water reservoirs. Therefore, techniques to reduce evaporation are greatly needed. During the last decades, a large number of dams (68 dams)were constructed and distributed over the entire country. Hence, preserving and protecting the stored waterby reducing evaporation is strategic future task of the Algerian state. Experiment was conducted in Touggourt during summer with four Colorado evaporation pans and weather station. Two fatty alcohols emulsion were selected and applied to reduce the evaporation in different pans. The first pan (OP) was filled with water without adding emulsion,while in the second pan (P2, Hexa)Hexadecanol emulsion was added at the concentration of 0.15g/m2. For the third pan (P3, Hexa/Octa)amixture of Hexadecanol/Octadecanol emulsion was added at the same concentration (0.075g Hexa:0.075g Octa)and for the fourth pan (P4, Octa) Octadecanol emulsion was added with a concentration of 0.15g/m2. The different formulations and concentrations were repeated on the respective water surface every three daysin order to form a monolayer.
{"title":"Effects of monolayers made from different emulsions on surface water evaporation in a typical Algerian oasis","authors":"S. Saggaï, D. Boutoutaou, Oum El kheir Bachi","doi":"10.22453/lsj-019.3.400409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22453/lsj-019.3.400409","url":null,"abstract":"The extremely high rate of evaporation from surface water bodies in arid and semi-arid regions greatly reduces optimal utilization of water reservoirs. Therefore, techniques to reduce evaporation are greatly needed. During the last decades, a large number of dams (68 dams)were constructed and distributed over the entire country. Hence, preserving and protecting the stored waterby reducing evaporation is strategic future task of the Algerian state. Experiment was conducted in Touggourt during summer with four Colorado evaporation pans and weather station. Two fatty alcohols emulsion were selected and applied to reduce the evaporation in different pans. The first pan (OP) was filled with water without adding emulsion,while in the second pan (P2, Hexa)Hexadecanol emulsion was added at the concentration of 0.15g/m2. For the third pan (P3, Hexa/Octa)amixture of Hexadecanol/Octadecanol emulsion was added at the same concentration (0.075g Hexa:0.075g Octa)and for the fourth pan (P4, Octa) Octadecanol emulsion was added with a concentration of 0.15g/m2. The different formulations and concentrations were repeated on the respective water surface every three daysin order to form a monolayer.","PeriodicalId":31081,"journal":{"name":"Lebanese Science Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41389102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-27DOI: 10.22453/lsj-019.3.432452
Nour Wehbe, B. Assaf, S. Darwich
This article studies the causal relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in Lebanon over the period 1971-2012. This relationship is examined using cointegration and Granger causality tests. The results of the estimates indicate that economic growth and electricity consumption in Lebanon are not cointegrated and that there is no causal relationship between variables according to Granger’s tests. However, a unidirectional causality is detected in the post-war period (1990-2012), ranging from electricity consumption to economic growth. The results of this research prove strongly, and with an econometric approach, that electricity consumption was the fundamental sourceof economic growth after the civil war in Lebanon, which explains the appearance of this causal relationship. In addition, the most relevant implication of this study is that mitigation of current power generation shortages should be a national priority, given its potential positive effect on the Lebanese economy.
{"title":"Causality study between electricity consumption and economic growth in Lebanon","authors":"Nour Wehbe, B. Assaf, S. Darwich","doi":"10.22453/lsj-019.3.432452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22453/lsj-019.3.432452","url":null,"abstract":"This article studies the causal relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in Lebanon over the period 1971-2012. This relationship is examined using cointegration and Granger causality tests. The results of the estimates indicate that economic growth and electricity consumption in Lebanon are not cointegrated and that there is no causal relationship between variables according to Granger’s tests. However, a unidirectional causality is detected in the post-war period (1990-2012), ranging from electricity consumption to economic growth. The results of this research prove strongly, and with an econometric approach, that electricity consumption was the fundamental sourceof economic growth after the civil war in Lebanon, which explains the appearance of this causal relationship. In addition, the most relevant implication of this study is that mitigation of current power generation shortages should be a national priority, given its potential positive effect on the Lebanese economy.","PeriodicalId":31081,"journal":{"name":"Lebanese Science Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46828022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-27DOI: 10.22453/lsj-019.3.305329
Arnaud Caiserman, Ghaleb Faour, D. Dumas, Karine Bennafla, Georges Chemaly, Salim Kouroz
In the Mount-Lebanon, the agricultural territory of Aaqoura is significant despite high elevations reaching 2100 m. In the 1960’s, apple orchards were subsidized by a state-owned service of planning: the Green Plan, but the increasing urbanization in Lebanon requires nowadays a solid knowledge of the remaining and not yet developed lands for agricultural extension. The challenge of this study is dual: environmental and socio-economic. Two models of potential site identification and location of new cultivable lands and new hill lakes have been developed in this study. These models are based on pedologic, topographic, geologic criteria and simultaneously integrate socio-economic surveys with farmers in order to assess the convenience of such new infrastructures and to strengthen its relevance in this region. The results of these models lead to two maps that locate sites with high potential for the implementation of new infrastructure, but its analysis must be completed through survey’s results. After field verifications of these maps, 14% of the area is still available for new agricultural lands and only 4% for hill lakes on account of steep slopes, permeability of soil, and farmers stressed out economic challenges, such as the lack of profitable markets, which undermines the local agricultural growth. However, farmers are interested in new hill lakes for the purpose of satisfying orchard high water needs. This integrated approach of rural development, appeared as an interesting tool for planning office such as the Green Plan as much as for farmers since they are the first users of these infrastructures.
{"title":"Identification et classification des terres cultivables et des sites potentiels pour l’aménagement de retenues collinaires dans l’est du bassin méditerranéen: le cas du Haut-Jbeil (Liban)","authors":"Arnaud Caiserman, Ghaleb Faour, D. Dumas, Karine Bennafla, Georges Chemaly, Salim Kouroz","doi":"10.22453/lsj-019.3.305329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22453/lsj-019.3.305329","url":null,"abstract":"In the Mount-Lebanon, the agricultural territory of Aaqoura is significant despite high elevations reaching 2100 m. In the 1960’s, apple orchards were subsidized by a state-owned service of planning: the Green Plan, but the increasing urbanization in Lebanon requires nowadays a solid knowledge of the remaining and not yet developed lands for agricultural extension. The challenge of this study is dual: environmental and socio-economic. Two models of potential site identification and location of new cultivable lands and new hill lakes have been developed in this study. These models are based on pedologic, topographic, geologic criteria and simultaneously integrate socio-economic surveys with farmers in order to assess the convenience of such new infrastructures and to strengthen its relevance in this region. The results of these models lead to two maps that locate sites with high potential for the implementation of new infrastructure, but its analysis must be completed through survey’s results. After field verifications of these maps, 14% of the area is still available for new agricultural lands and only 4% for hill lakes on account of steep slopes, permeability of soil, and farmers stressed out economic challenges, such as the lack of profitable markets, which undermines the local agricultural growth. However, farmers are interested in new hill lakes for the purpose of satisfying orchard high water needs. This integrated approach of rural development, appeared as an interesting tool for planning office such as the Green Plan as much as for farmers since they are the first users of these infrastructures.","PeriodicalId":31081,"journal":{"name":"Lebanese Science Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41348308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-01DOI: 10.22453/LSJ-019.3.410431
F Ghoussayni, A. Ali, A Bayyati
Over the Eastern Mediterranean Coast, a historical centre,well known as the port of the Phoenicians, stands facingthe sea whereships sail across the blue horizon.There lie the oldest historicalmonuments of Sidon thatremain undocumented. This paper’saimis to study thesebuildings thathave been damaged by urbanizationbyusing methodological norms and predict their social practices that were inhabited with the lifestyle of fishermen and by which we came across many repetitive patterns that turned out to be modular. Byenvisaging the modular spatial practices of ruined buildings, their coresofwhich we had no previous information, we can restore those buildings to their original state.
{"title":"Rehabilitation of Historical Cities in the Mediterranean using Modular Patterns – Case Study of Sidon","authors":"F Ghoussayni, A. Ali, A Bayyati","doi":"10.22453/LSJ-019.3.410431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22453/LSJ-019.3.410431","url":null,"abstract":"Over the Eastern Mediterranean Coast, a historical centre,well known as the port of the Phoenicians, stands facingthe sea whereships sail across the blue horizon.There lie the oldest historicalmonuments of Sidon thatremain undocumented. This paper’saimis to study thesebuildings thathave been damaged by urbanizationbyusing methodological norms and predict their social practices that were inhabited with the lifestyle of fishermen and by which we came across many repetitive patterns that turned out to be modular. Byenvisaging the modular spatial practices of ruined buildings, their coresofwhich we had no previous information, we can restore those buildings to their original state.","PeriodicalId":31081,"journal":{"name":"Lebanese Science Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46772510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-27DOI: 10.22453/lsj-019.2.297304
Rania Karam, Mohamad Abou Haidar, Abbas Khawaja, Ghida Allaziki
“Specialization is for insects,diversification is for humans”.Horizontal division of labor is based on specialization of work. The basic assumption underlying horizontal division of labor is that by making each worker’s task specialized, more work can be produced with the same effort through increased efficiency and quality.However, no known studies in Lebanon were conducted to investigatethe implications of specialization of labor at the workplace.This survey studied the attitude of the production managers in Lebanon towards the specialization of labor, in general, and the consequences of the implementation of specialization at the workplace, in particular. An exploratory survey was conducted using a 17–item questionnairewith 20production managers.It was concludedthat the attitude of the production managers in Lebanon toward the specialization of labor, in general, and the consequences of the implementation of specialization at the workplace, in particular, cannot be considered completely positive; specialization offers advantages and disadvantages for both the management and the labor. Moreover, production managers are hesitant to implement specialization concept in an unpredictable environment like Lebanon; they recommend a flexible specialization.
{"title":"A Preliminary Exploratory Study on the Implications of Specialization of Labor at the Workplace: The Case of Production Managers in Lebanon, their attitude towards Specialization of Labor and the Consequences of the Implementation of Specialization at the Workplace","authors":"Rania Karam, Mohamad Abou Haidar, Abbas Khawaja, Ghida Allaziki","doi":"10.22453/lsj-019.2.297304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22453/lsj-019.2.297304","url":null,"abstract":"“Specialization is for insects,diversification is for humans”.Horizontal division of labor is based on specialization of work. The basic assumption underlying horizontal division of labor is that by making each worker’s task specialized, more work can be produced with the same effort through increased efficiency and quality.However, no known studies in Lebanon were conducted to investigatethe implications of specialization of labor at the workplace.This survey studied the attitude of the production managers in Lebanon towards the specialization of labor, in general, and the consequences of the implementation of specialization at the workplace, in particular. An exploratory survey was conducted using a 17–item questionnairewith 20production managers.It was concludedthat the attitude of the production managers in Lebanon toward the specialization of labor, in general, and the consequences of the implementation of specialization at the workplace, in particular, cannot be considered completely positive; specialization offers advantages and disadvantages for both the management and the labor. Moreover, production managers are hesitant to implement specialization concept in an unpredictable environment like Lebanon; they recommend a flexible specialization.","PeriodicalId":31081,"journal":{"name":"Lebanese Science Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45232196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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